Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Treatment
Staphylococcus aureus
Characteristics
Associated Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Treatment
penicillin
vancomycin
[erythromycin]
(Many strains are multiabx resistant.
and make -lactamase)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Gram + cocci in clusters, skin/genitourinary Infections outside of hospital, causes 20% of all urinary tract
tract
infections in young women.
Streptococcus pyogenes
(Group A, -hemolytic)
Coagulase negative
Suppurative: Pharyngitis, Scarlet Fever, erysipelas, streptococcal Surface molecules confer adherence to tissues and resistance to
pyoderma (impetigo).
phagocytosis.
Streptococcus agalactiae
(Group B, -hemolytic)
penicillin
Gram + cocci in chains, catalase neg., lower Puerperal sepsis (after childbirth) , neonatal meningitis (early
GI tract & female genital tract.
onset w/50% mortality or late onset w/20% fatality)
vancomycin
chloramphenicol
Viridans Streptococci
(-hemolytic)
penicillin
Enterococcus faecalis
(-hemolytic, non-hemolytic)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(the pneumococcus)
???
penicillin
Organism
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Ampicillin,
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram+, non-encapsulatedrod w/a
characteristic tumbling motility,
facultative intracellular parasite, grows
under many conditions, found nearly
everywhere, transmitted through
improperly pasteurized milk/products, oralfecal contamination of any source (ie- H20
contamination, vegetable fertilized
w/manure, meat, etc).
penicillin with an
aminoglycoside,
erythromycin.
Use only pasteurized milk
products b/c of this
bacterium!!!
Bacillus cereus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheroids
Same habitat, may have same morphological Can cause septicemia in rare instances in immunosuppressed
and biochemical properties as C.diphtheriae individuals with a high fatality rate.
but they do not produce exotoxin
Secretes enterotoxins
Organism
Characteristics
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium dificile
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Botulinus toxin causes path. Released by lysis of bacterial cells in Free toxin can be inactivated
medium. Toxin has two subunits:H-chain causes receptor
with a specific antiserum.
mediated endocytosis by host cell, once in cell the H and L-chain Give a polyvalent antitoxin.
are separated and the L-chain moves by retrograde transport to the Do not give penicillin b/c it
presynaptic terminal where it prevents fusion of the synaptic
causes cell lysis and more
vesicles w/the presynaptic membrane. All toxins are destroyed by toxin.
boiling at 100C for 10 minutes.
Immunization @ 2,4,6 mos.
and boosters every 5-10 y.
Secretes tetanus toxin which is a dimer similar to botulinus toxin
(H and L chain) L chain functions as a synaptobrevin on the
surface of synaptic vesicles that inhibits their fusion with the
Antitoxin + immune globupresynaptic membrane. Tetanus toxin specifically blocks the
lin given to wounded people
inhibitory neurons of spinal motor neurons preventing release of w/o immun. immediately!
GABA and glycine which results in uninhibited transmission of
excitatory impulses and muscular spasms.
Produces two heat labile toxins: A and B. The toxins are released Stop previous abx tx.
by vegetative cells and together cause fluid loss, mucosal damage Vancomycin or
and necrosis of intestinal mucosa. Toxin can be id by ELISA.
metronidazol to stop inf.
Surg-ery for megacolon
Organism
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Pertussis (whooping cough). 4 phases: 1. incubation; 2. catarrhal
(mild cold-like sx. , mild cough of severity,most infectious phase)
Bordetella pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Erythromycin for active
disease.
Vaccination to prevent
disease. Vaccine can cause
some ses but is safe and
prevents epidemics.
Meningitis, epiglottitis (in kids), not seen often any more b/c of
vaccine, 75% unencapsulated causes otitis media, sinusitis,
bronchopneumonia, 5% encapsulated causes pneumonia,
epiglottitis, bacteremia, meningitis
Vaccination
Capsule is antiphagocytic major virulence factor (PRP polymer,
most adults have anti- PRP Ab), pili may have a role in
For active disease give
attachment, LPS, outer membrane proteins, IgA protease
cephalospor-ins, ampicillin
(specific role not yet established)
+ chloramphenicol.
Most common from 3mos to 4 yr after maternal abs have worn off
and T cell response not active. Complications are severe.
Name
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrheae
Treatment
Uncomplicated ceftriaxone
+ doxycycline.
Many pcnase producing
strains, tx for chlamydia
too, tx for sexual partner,
no vax, use a condom
Name
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Ususally combo tx
w/tetracycline and
streptomycin or rifampin;
or co-trimoxazole, vacc for
cattle but not people.
Brucella melitensis
(and suis and abortus)
Francisella tularensis
Pasteurella multocida
Yersinia pestis
In flea gut at lower temps and low Ca the bact can multiply but
does not secrete toxins. In host @ 37 and incr Ca, chaperone
prts allow the translocation of YOPS (virulence factors) out of
the cell. Two cytotoxins are also secreted into the host cell as
well as YopM that binds to human a-thrombin and is thought to
produce the hemorrhagic lesion Killing fleas w/insecticide and
quarantining victims is effective for prevention
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
On entry the bact bind to integrin receptors on the host cell with ampicillin,
invasin proteins on their surface, this allows them to be
chloramphenicol,
phagocytosed.
tetracycline, or
aminoglycosides
Yersinia enterocolitica
same as above
tetracycline,
chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and
gentamicin
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Meningitis of newborn
Name
Escherichia coli
(extraintestinal infections)
Characteristics
Escherichia coli
Infant diarrhea: Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC). Chronic diarrhea Attachment by EPEC: 3 stages; 1st nonintimate adherence to the Rehydration is effective for
of children, can cause dehydration and malnutrition. Nonepithelial cell surface by pili. 2nd is induction of microvilli
travelers diarrhea, coGram - rods, facultative anaerobes, ferment inflammatory enteritis w/ watery diarrhea w/o fecal leukocytes.
effacement (flattening out). 3rd is intimate adherence and host trimoxazole can shorten
duration of sx.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella pneumophila
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Organism
Characteristics
Associated Disease(s)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus
Seawater
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter fetus
fairly rare
Helicobacter pylori
Antibiotics not
recommended for
uncomplicated
enterocolitis, ceftriaxone
for sepsis. Prevent w/
public health measures (ie
restaurant safety) no
vaccine available
Ceftriaxone (1st ),
ampicillin or cotrimoxazole if not severe.
Prevent by public health
measures. Killed and live
-attenuated vaccine
available.
Salmonella enterica
(serotypes referred to as if they are
species)
Salmonella typhi
Shigella
Name
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Chlamydia trachomatis
Genitourinary tract infection:cervicitis, non gonococcal urethritis, (Dx: serology, culture, PCR, direct hybridization, LCR w/ urine)
PID, neonatal ophthalm-orrhea and pneumonia, lymphogranuloma
venereum, Trachoma (ocular inf), chronic sequelae: tubal
infertility, ectopic preg-nancy, blindness.
Chlamydia psittaci
Tetracycline
Rickettsia rickettsii
Chloramphenicol,
tetracyline, rifampin,
ciprofloxacin
Rickettsia prowazekii
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Tetracycline or
doxycycline,
erythromycin,
azithromycin, atypical
pneum-onia d/dx
Chloramphenicol &
tetracycline.
Control human body louse
and sanitation
Rickettsia typhi
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Scrub Typhus: Bite site ulcerates and forms a black crust called an
eschar, regional lymphadenopathy next 4-5 days, fever, HA and
myalgia, rash occurs on the trunk and spreads to extremities, may
be CNS symptoms
Coxiella burnetii
Tetracycline
Dx. by serology and
history
Name
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Erythromycin or
Ureaplasma urealyticum
no cell wall, require sterols for growth, able Nongonococcal urethritis: can progress to prostatitis/epididymitis,
to metabolise urea (have urease), genital
or postpartum fever/abortion/chorioamnionitis(?)
mycoplasm
Mycoplasma hominis
Tetracycline
Name
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Pathogenesis
Borrelia burgdorferi
Hallmarks of Lyme disease are dissemin-ation and persistence of Therapies are being
bacteria, dissem-ination is mediated by the spirochetes ability to developed
invade endothelial intercellular junctions, relative low amounts
of outer membrane spanning proteins is possibly a factor in
ability of bacteria to cause chronic disease.
Borrelia hermsii
Leptospira interrogans
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis: 1: appearance of painless, indurated, well circumscribed Enter through abraded skin or mucous membranes, attach by
their tips to host cells and colonize, w/in hours organisms go to
ulcer (chancre) and regional lymphadenopathy (disease is
spirochete characteristics, stains well with
lymph nodes, then disseminate to liver, spleen & bone marrow
communicable at this stage), lesions heal.
Silver stain. obligate parasite of humans,
via circulation, bact exit through tight junctions of endothelial
does not appear in nature or in animals. Can
cells sets up chronic inflammatory response.
be sexually trans-mitted or congenital, trans. 2: bact in circulation (septicemia) go to lymph nodes and
is greatest during 1 or 2 stage, exogenous tissues:fever, HA, lymphaden-opathy, generalized rash
[Congenital syphilis: Thru placenta 18th week, damage depends
routes, endogenous activation of latent
(palms/soles), mucous patches in oral cavity, condylomata
on stage of disease in mom/# of treponemes. Ususally
disease may also occur
(commun-icable lesions), alopecia. Also hepatoslpen-omegaly,
nephritis, periostitis. Latency: 2 stage may occur again. AIDS pts miscarriage or stillbirth. 1Sx. can present up to age 2. Mucous
membrane lesions, osteochondritis, anemia, organomegaly, CNS
have higher rate of recur, rapidly progr CNS involvement.
disease. Late sx: keratitis, 8th nerve deaf., abn 2nd tooth dvlp
(raspberry molars), abn long bones (sabre shins), perf nasal
3 (or late stage): anywhere from months to >50 years.
septum, gummas.]
neurosyphilis from treponemes in CNS, CV (aneurysm, aortic
endocarditis), benign gummas.
Treatment
Name
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(see HO for sure, this one has a lot of
detail!)
Characteristics
Disease(s)
Tuberculosis: 1TB: exudative response, bacteria are phagocytized Chronic asymptomatic infections: bact. enter and multiply inside
by PMNs but remain inside the cytoplasm, followed by form-ation macrophages and never escape. Unknown cues cause
of a productive lesion w/granuloma and tubercule resulting(caseous multiplication of bacteria and release from macrophages.
necrosis). Ghon complex is hilar lymph node granuloma, caseous
lesions can heal w/fibrosis. Humoral immunity makes dormant but
Survival: resistance to oxidative killing, inhibition of
doesnt elim.bact
phagosome-lysosome fusion, resistance to lysosomal enzymes.
Pathogenesis
Treatment
4 drug regimen:
INH, rifampin,
pyrazinamide, ethambutol
(last 2 for only 1st 3 mo)
give for 9mos, 12 mos in
AIDS pts
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium leprae
hypopigmentation.
Reversal Reaction(lepromatoustuberculoid)
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (systemic)
Lucios reaction(hemorrhagic infarcts)