Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Abstract
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Contents
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3 Geometric Progression(GP)
3.1 Properties of GP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 nth term of a GP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Ratio of consecutive terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 Product of extremes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 Any term is symmetric product of extremes about it
3.1.5 Invariance of Geometric progression . . . . . . . . .
3.1.6 Specic cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.7 GP under logarithmic function . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.8 Geometric mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.9 Inserting n geometric means between a and b . . . .
3.1.10 Sum of a GP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 Properties of HP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 Invariance of Harmonic progression
4.1.2 Harmonic mean . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3 n harmonic means between a and b
4.1.4 Sum of HP . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6 Arithmetico-Geometric Series
7 Standard formulae
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2 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION(AP)
Denition. Series
n
X
then the corresponding series is a1 + a2 + . . . + an = ai
i=1
2 Arithmetic Progression(AP)
Denition. A sequence {ai } is an arithmetic progression if the terms have a
common dierence i.e. ak ak1 = constant
Notation : A sequence a1 , a2 , . . . , an is denoted as {ai } with common dierence with d, nth term of an AP is denoted as Tn
2.1
2.1.1
nth
term of an AP
2.1.3 Geometry of
Tn T1
=d
n1
This is easier to see that a line with x variable taking positive integral values
and y variable taking values of the sequence T1 , T2 , . . . , Tn so d is the slope of
such a line. We can generalise this to state that any two points (p, Tp ), (q, Tq )
have the same slope d. Therefore
Tp Tq
=d
pq
1. We can generalise this about any term in the sequence say about the term
Tr it can be written as
Tr1 + Tr+1 = Tr2 + Tr+2 = = Trk + Tr+k = constant
2. or we can see it with addition of any two and moving towards the midpoint
of those two, i.e.
Tk + Tr = Tk+1 + Tr1 = Tk1 + Tr+1 = = constant
Tkr + Tk+r
where r k n r
2
ai
bi
/ AP
2 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION(AP)
2.2 Sum of AP
a+b
2
Tn+2 T1
(n + 2) (1)
ba
n+1
Therefore,
the n+2 terms
in AP are
a + (i 1)
ba
n+1
= a, a +
ba
2(b a)
n(b a)
,a +
,...,a +
, b where
n+1
n+1
n+1
1in+2
2.2
Sum of AP
=
=
=
=
n
[2a + (n 1)d]
2
n
[T1 + Tn ]
2
T1 + Tn
n
2
(
n (middle term)
; for n odd
n
(sum of middle two terms) ; for n even
2
where a is the rst term and Sn is the sum of the rst n terms with d the
common dierence
5
3 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION(GP)
3 Geometric Progression(GP)
Denition. A sequence {ai } is the Geometric progression if the terms have a
ak
= r = constant
ak1
Notation : We denote the nth term with Tn and common ratio as r
3.1
Properties of GP
3.1.1
nth
term of a GP
Tn = ar
n1
2. Or we can see it any two terms and then going symmetrically inside or
outside between them
Tk Tr = Tk+1 Tr1 = Tk1 Tr+1 = = constant
na o
i
GP with
3 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION(GP)
3.1 Properties of GP
1. Three numbers in GP : , a, ar
ab
GM =
b
a
1
n+1
b
=
a
n+1
given as a, a
1
n+1
b
a
k1
n+1
b
Tk = a
a
2
n
n+1
n+1
b
b
,a
,...,a
,b
a
a
3.1.10 Sum of a GP
Sum of a geometric series is
Sn = a
1 rn
1r
a
1r
where a is the rst term of the series and r the common ratio
7
sequence
are in Arithmetic progression. So if a sequence {ai } is HP means
1
ai
4.1
is in AP.
Properties of HP
na o
i
is also in HP
2ab
a+b
1
+ (n + 1)d
a
(n + 1)d
d =
ab
(n + 1)ab
1 1
ab
1
ab
1
ab
1
ab
, +
, +2
, +3
, , +n
and
a a (n + 1)ab a
(n + 1)ab a
(n + 1)ab
a
(n + 1)ab
reciprocal of these sequence gives the n harmonic means between a & b
4.1.4 Sum of HP
There is no standard formula of harmonic progression for sum of n terms
1. a, b, 2b a is AP
b2
is GP
a
ab
3. a, b,
is GP
2a b
2. a, b,
6 ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC SERIES
5.2
5.2 Inequalities
Inequalities
2ab
a+b
A=
, G = ab, H =
2
a+b
AH = G2 = ab
A,G,H are in GP
1. AM =
ai
i=1
n
Qn
2. GM = ( i=1 ai )1/n
3. HM =
n
n
X
i=1
1
ai
n
n
6 Arithmetico-Geometric Series
A combination of two series one AP and other GP in the following form
a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + + (a + (n 1)d)rn1
is termed as AGP
and
1
Sn =
1r
Tn = (a + (n 1)d)rn1
dr
n1
a [a + (n 1)d]r +
(1 r
)
1r
n
and
S =
1 This
a
dr
+
1 r (1 r)2
7 STANDARD FORMULAE
7 Standard formulae
1.
n
X
k=
i=1
n(n + 1)
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
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2
P
n(n + 1)
3. k3 =
2
2.
4.
k2 =
n
X
2k + 1 = n2
k=1
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