Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Arranged By,
EBENESER GINTING
13210064
Lecturer,
Roikestina Silaban, SS. M.Hum
FOREWORD
I would like to thank for God, because his blessing so that I can
complete the task this English course with titled "HOW TO COMPARE TO
DIFFERENT MEANING SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE". Task is structured aims
to fulfill the task of studying English in the Faculty Of Education And Teacher
Institute (STKIP ) RIAMA Medan.
I realize that there are still many shortcomings and limitations in the
presentation of this paper. Therefore, I expect criticism and suggestions from all
readers of this paper for the sake of perfection. Hopefully this paper is useful and
can add to the knowledge of the reader.
Medan,
April 2016
TABLE OF CONTENS
FOREWORD.........................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENS.........................................................................
ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................
1
3
3
3
4
5
7
7
11
12
18
18
21
3.1 Conclussion.....................................................................
21
REFERENCE........................................................................................
22
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. There are three aspects
to this study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The
earliest activities in the description of language have been attributed to the 4th
century BCE Indian grammarian Pn ini, who was an early student of linguistics
and wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his As t dhyy
(Wikipedia).
Linguistics analyzes human language as a system for relating sounds
(or signs in signed languages) and meaning. Phonetics studies acoustic and
articulatory properties of the production and perception of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, deals with how
languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other aspects of the
world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve
ambiguity. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth
conditions, pragmatics deals with how context influences meanings.
From the study above, I will discuss about how to distinguish between
the meaning of a language system in accordance with my title, namely, How to
compare to different meaning system of language.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
entity to some agent for some purpose". As Augustine states, a sign is something
that shows itself to the senses and something other than itself to the mind
(Signum est quod se ipsum sensui et praeter se aliquid animo ostendit; De dial.,
1975, 86).
The types of meanings vary according to the types of the thing that is
being represented. Namely:
1. There are the things in the world, which might have meaning;
2. There are things in the world that are also signs of other things in the world,
and so, are always meaningful (i.e., natural signs of the physical world and
ideas within the mind);
3. There are things that are always necessarily meaningful, such as words, and
other nonverbal symbols.
(Cruse, Alan 2000) There are four recognisable types of meaning:
lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, sentence meaning and utterance meaning
which refer to the areas of derivational morphology, inflectional morphology,
syntax and pragmatics respectively. External meaning relationships involve sense
(relationships between words) and denotation (relationship of word to what it
signifies).
1. LEXICAL MEANING is that of individual words or of compound words,
for instance, What is the trachea? What is lexicology? What is a drumlin?
2. GRAMMATICAL MEANING is that of form words which only obtain
significance when used in connection with lexical words. Such form words
are the many prepositions, conjunctions or determiners in a language. Their
meaning is only evident in a sentence or phrase containing lexical items. For
Semantic
The word semantics is actually a technical term that refers to the study
of meaning. This term is a new term in the English language. The linguists
provide an understanding of semantics as a branch of linguistics that studies the
relationship between linguistic signs or signs lingual with things that indicated
they (meaning).
Semantics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of
meaning, changes in meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship
between sentences or words and their meanings. It is the study of the relationships
between signs and symbols and what they represent.
Another term that has been used the same thing is semiotics,
semiology, semasiology, and semetik. Talks about the meaning of a word becomes
the object semantics. That is why (Lehrer 1974: 1) say that semantics is the study
of meaning (see also Lyons 1, 1977: 1), the semantic Lehrer is a very broad field
of study because it also alluded to aspects of the structure and function of the
language so that it can be connected with psychology , philosophy, and
anthropology. The opinion states that "semantic is the study of the meaning of"
put forward also by Kambartel (in Bauerle, 1979: 195). According semantics
assumes that the language consists of structures that reveal meaning when
associated with objects in the world of human experience. While (Verhaar 1983:
124) says that the semantic meaning of meaning theory or theories of meaning.
Similar restrictions were also found in the Encyclopedia Britanika (Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Vol. 20, 1965: 313) is translated "Semantics is the study of the
relationship between a linguistic distinction with the relationship of mental
processes or symbols in speech activity." The issue becomes semantic meaning.
Based on this description it can be concluded that the semantics are talking about
the meaning of linguistic sub-disciplines. In other words the object of semantic
meaning.
What Is Semantics?
1.
4.
over time).
It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are
likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and
effects of style.
5. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics.
6.
clarified,
obscured,
illustrated,
simplified,
negotiated,
1.12.2.2
Pragmatic
Pragmatics is The study of language in use. The study of meaning in
10
I have a headache.
11
refer whereas the pragmatic dimension refers to the study of the relationship
between words, the interlocutors and the context.
Although (Bach 1999) stated that viewing the differences between
semantics and pragmatics through their implementation is easier than to
describing them in plain words, certain evidences highlight the differences
between semantics and pragmatics. First of all, one of them is highlighted by the
process of determining meaning. Semanticists adopt a narrow scope because they
deal with only text and analyze the meaning of words and how they are combined
to constitute meaningful sentences. In contrast, pragmaticists work adopts a wider
scope beyond the text itself; indeed, they consider the facts surrounding the
utterance such as the contextual factors, knowledge of the world surrounding the
context of the message, the speakers intended meaning and the hearers
inferences in order to interpret that utterance (Bianchi, 2004). Consequently, the
meaning of an utterance is context-independent in semantics but it is contextdependent in pragmatics. In addition, certain words and expressions cannot be
understood unless they are put in a context. For example, the English use of
sentence it hit me has many different meaning when used in everyday
conversation. It could mean it came into violent contact with the speaker or it
became apparent to the speaker. Either way, the determination of the correct
meaning of this sentence requires knowledge of the context in which it is used.
Another difference can be found in Grices Theory of Implicature which is
pragmatics oriented (Horn, 2006). In fact, this theory shed more light on the fine
line separating semantics and pragmatics. In this theory, Grice focused on the
12
speakers intention with a particular utterance because the speaker may wish to
convey a different meaning than what the sentence itself means (Horn, 2006). For
example, (Horn 2006) detailed a situation in which a person is described as having
a good personality which may imply that he/she is not attractive, thereby
necessitating a discussion about their personality rather than their looks.
In addition to this theory, the two theories of locution and illocution clarify the
importance of and illustrate the difference between pragmatics and semantics in
terms of their approaches to analyzing sentences. Locution refers to uttering a
stretch of words that have been formed in a particular way to carry some degree of
specific meaning while illocution refers to the task that those utterances perform
such as demanding, asking, requesting, etc. (Lyons, 1995). In other words,
locutionary act is what a sentence says and is; therefore, equivalent to meaning in
the traditional sense whereas illocutionary act is what a sentence does when
uttered by a speaker and; as a result, performs a certain act intended by the
speaker. Both of these acts are related to semantics and pragmatics respectively.
Another dissimilarity emerges with the principle of compositionality attributed to
Frege (Partee, 2008). This principle introduces an interesting view based on which
understanding the whole meaning of an expression entails figuring out the
meanings of its constituent parts (Partee, 2008).
For instance, a customer enters a coffee shop where the following
conversation takes place:
Customer: May I have English tea and a glass of water, please?
Waiter: Sure. Right away, sir.
13
14
Finally, (Leech 1980) stated that semantics can be placed in the grammar
domain with a linguistic system or code while pragmatics can be placed in the
rhetoric domain where codes are implemented. Moreover, the former is rulegoverned whereas the later is principle-governed (Leech, 1980). Note that (Leech
1980) mentioned this comparison between rules and principles in relation to
Sealres distinction between regulative and constitutive rules to draw our attention
to the idea that principle is more normative than descriptive, thereby
differentiating it from rules.
Context considered
Pragmatics
Context unconsidered
Traditional semantics
He meant to write.
Intended
Indicate
Has importance
15
Point
Convey
PRAGMATIC
NO PARKING
RESTAURANT
SLIPPERY FLOOR
DANGER
NO LEFT TURN
16
Linguistic knowledge
a. Knowledge of the language they use
b. Knowledge of what has been said before
Extra-linguistic knowledge
a. Knowledge about the world in general
b. Knowledge about the specific situation
c. Knowledge about each other
17
2.
3.
4.
5.
statement
complaint
reminder
criticism (reproach)
Sentence Meaning
1
What does X mean?
2
Sentence : a grammatical concept, abstract, self-contained unit in isolation
from context
3
Sentence meaning : abstract, intrinsic property, decontexualized
Utterance meaning
1
What do you mean by X?
2
Utterance : sth. a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose
3
Utterance meaning : concrete, context-dependent
4
Speakers meaning
Speakers meaning
For example :
(A father is trying to get his 3-year-old daughter to stop lifting up her dress to
display her new underwear to the assemble.)
Father
:
We dont DO that.
Daughter :
I KNOW, Daddy.
You dont WEAR dresses
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSION
18
.1 Conclussion
From the discussion in the previous chapter, some point can be
concluded as follows :
1. Meaning is brances of linguistic (study of language) and There are four
recognisable types of meaning: lexical meaning, grammatical meaning,
sentence meaning and utterance meaning.
2. There are two kinds of meaning system or two brances of meaning in
language. The two brances are : semantic and pragmatic. Semantics is the
branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in
meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences
or words and their meanings. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning,
contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, the
expression of relative distance
3. To compare to difference meaning system of language between semantic
and pragmatic is Semantics the study of meaning that can be determined
from a sentence, phrase or word, symbol, sign and Pragmatics the study of
meaning, as it depends on context (speaker, situation) .
REFRENCE
19
20
21