The human body requires a variety of minerals in

different amounts to do numerous metabolic tasks.

A mixed diet of varied foods & adequate energy value
is our best source of the minerals necessary for health,
with individual supplements used according to specific
age & growth needs or clinical requirements.
Of the total amount of minerals a person, only relatively
Minidian Fasitasari
Department of Nutrition
Medical Faculty of UNISSULA 1

limited amount is available to the body.

Absorption
Form: activated ionic
Influenced:

Major minerals

Food form
Body need
Tissue health

Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cl, S

Trace elements

Tissue uptake

< 100mg/day
Essential: Fe, I, Zn, Se, Fl, Cu, Mn, Cr, Mo,
Co, B
Essentiality unclear: Si, V, Ni, Sn, Cd, As, Al

Some minerals controlled by regulating hormones at the point

urine
of their target tissue uptake; excess
TSH control uptake iodine
thyroxine

Occurrence in the body

Free, as ions (Na water balance)
Combined (other mineral: Ca & P bone; organic substance:
iron & heme+globin - hemoglobin)
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Functions
Bone & tooth formation
Blood clotting
Muscle & nerve action
Metabolic reactions

Life cycle needs

Pregnancy & lactation
Adolescence
Adulthood

Requirements
<6 m
7-12 m
1-3 y
4-8 y
9-18 y
19-50 y
>50 y

Clinical needs
Iron-deficiency anemia
Weight-loss programs
Zinc deficiency
Potassium-losing drugs

210 mg/d
270 mg/d
500 mg/d
800 mg/d
1300 mg/d
1000 mg/d
1200 mg/d

Food sources
Milk & milk products, grains, egg yolks, legumes, nuts

Deficiency states
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Bone deformities, rickets, tetany, osteoporosis

Functions

Functions

Bone & tooth formation

Energy metabolism
Acid-base balance

Water balance
Acid-base balance
Muscle action
Glucose absorption

Requirements
Food sources

Requirements
Food sources

All animals & plants cells

High-protein foods: milk & milk products, meat, fish, & eggs.
Plant phytic acid cant digest directly, help: digestive
enzyme, intestinal bacteria

Common table salt

Enough source from food

Deficiency states

Deficiency states

Rare
Long-term antacids (AlOH)
Bone loss, weakness, loss of appetite, fatigue, & pain.

Rare
Heavy body sweating: heavy labor or athletes
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Functions

Functions

Water balance
Metabolic reactions
Muscle action
Insulin release
Blood pressure

General metabolism
Protein synthesis
Muscle action
Basal metabolic rate

Requirements
Food sources

Requirements
Food sources

Unprocessed foods, nuts, soybean, cocoa, seafood, whole

grains, green vegetables.

Unprocessed foods, fruits (oranges & bananas), vegetables,

fresh meats, whole grains, & milk products.

Deficiency states

Deficiency states
Clinical situations: prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic drugs,
severe malnutrition, & surgery
Heart muscle problems, weakness of respiratory muscles, poor9
intestinal muscle tone, overall muscle weakness

Very rare
Clinical situations: starvation, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea,
surgical trauma.
Muscle weakness & cramps, HT, blood vessel constriction
(heart & brain)

Functions

Functions
Digestion

Hair, skin, & nails

Respiration

General metabolic functions

Vitamin structure

Requirements

Collagen structure

Food sources
Sodium chloride

Requirements

table salt

Food sources

Deficiency states
~ sodium loss

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Animal protein foods: meat, eggs, milk, cheese, legumes, &

nuts.

vomiting, diarrhea, or heavy sweating

Deficiency states
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Related to general protein malnutrition or absence of

methionine & cystine

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Functions

Functions

Hb synthesis
General metabolism

Relates to the control of the bodys BMR

role in
synthesizing the controlling hormone tyroxine

Requirements
Food sources

Requirements
Food sources

Seafood, iodized table salt 76 mcg iodine/g salt

Heme & nonheme

Meat, eggs, vegetables & cereals.

Deficiency states

Deficiency states

Goiter
Cretinism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism

Iron deficiency anemia

Inadequate supply of dietary iron
Excessive blood loss
Inability to form Hb (absence of vit B12)
Lack of gastric HCl
help liberate iron for absorption
Presence of various inhibitors of iron absorption
Mucosal lesions affecting the absorbent surface area

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(Find literatures by yourselves)

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