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1. Explosives
Explosives can be classified as unstable explosives or stable explosives. For stable
explosives, there are 6 divisions under GHS (see the table below).
Division
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Characteristics
Mass explosion hazard
Projection hazard
Fire hazard or minor projection hazard
No significant hazard
Very insensitive substances with mass explosion hazard
Extremely insensitive substances with no mass explosion hazard
Explosive properties are usually associated with certain chemical groups (see picture below)
that can react to give very rapid increases in temperature or pressure. GHS allows you to
classify a substance as non-explosive if there are no functional groups associated with
explosive properties in the molecule. If a substance is identified to be a potential explosive,
acceptance procedure/testing must be followed to determine right division.
Category
Flammable
gases
Category
1
Flammable
gases
Category
2
Pyrophoric
gases
Chemically
unstable gases
Chemically
unstable gases
Category
1
Category
A
Category
B
3. Aerosols
Aerosols are any gas compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure within a nonrefillable container made of metal, glass or plastic, with or without a liquid, paste or powder.
Aerosols should be considered for classification as either a Category 1 or Category 2
Flammable Aerosol if they contain any component classified as flammable according to the
GHS criteria for flammable liquids, flammable gases, or flammable solids.
Type
Category
GHS Classification Criteria
Category The concentration of the flammable components 1% and the heat of
Aerosols
3
combustion is < 20 kJ/g or other spray/foam aerosols.
Category The concentration of the flammable components >85% and the heat of
Aerosols
1
combustion is 30 kJ/g.
Spray
Category Ignition occurs at a distance >=75cm in an ignition test.
Aerosols 1
Type
Category
4. Oxidizing Gases
Category
6. Flammable Liquids
7. Flammable Solids
8. Self-reactive Substances
Type
A
B
C
E
F
9. Pyrophoric Solids
Category
Category 1
10.Pyrophoric Liquids
Category
GHS Classification Criteria
Category The liquid ignites within 5 mins when added to an inert carrier or exposed to air,
1
or it ignites or chars a filter paper on contact with air within 5 mins.
13.Oxidizing Liquids
It shall be noted that above ignition test is not necessary to determine whether or not a
substance or mixture is oxidizing; examination of its structural formula may provide
Organic substance or mixture that does not contain oxygen, flourine or chlorine; or
The substance or mixture contains oxygen, flourine or chlorine and there elements are
bonded only to hydrogen or carbon;
14.Oxidizing Solids
It shall be noted that above ignition test is not necessary to determine whether or not a
substance or mixture is oxidizing; examination of its structural formula may provide
predictive information. Organic peroxides, for instance, are generally considered as
oxidizing. However, the following substances are not considered as oxidizing:
Organic substance or mixture that does not contain oxygen, flourine or chlorine; or
The substance or mixture contains oxygen, flourine or chlorine and there elements are
bonded only to hydrogen or carbon;
15.Organic Peroxides
Type
GHS Classification Criteria
A
Any organic peroxide which, as packaged, can detonate or deflagrate rapidly.
B
Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties and which, as packaged, neither
Type
E
F
Detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent effect
when heated under confinement; or
Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no violent effect when
heated under confinement; or
Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect when heated
under confinement.
Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor deflagrates at
all and shows low or no effect when heated under confinement.
Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the cavitated
state nor deflagrates at all and shows only a low or no effect when heated under
confinement as well as low or no explosive power.
Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the cavitated
state nor deflagrates at all and shows no effect when heated under confinement nor any
explosive power, provided that it is thermally stable (self-accelerating decomposition
temperature is 60C or higher for a 50 kg package).
16.Corrosive to Metals
Category
17.Desensitized Explosives
Acute Toxicity
Substances are assigned to one of the five toxicity categories on the basis of LD50 (oral,
dermal) or LC50 (inhalation).from acute toxicity studies. Some countries/region (i.e, EU)
have not adopted acute toxicity category 5.
Skin Irritation/Corrosion
Category 1 Corrosive
Category 2 Irritant
For substances and tested For substances and tested mixtures: For substances and tested
mixtures:
mixtures:
Human experience or data
Human experience
showing reversible damage to the Animal experience or test
showing irreversible
skin following exposure of up to 4 data that indicates that the
damage to the skin;
hours;
substance/mixture causes
reversible damage to the skin
following exposure of up to 4
Structure/activity or
Structure/activity or structure
structure property
property relationship to a substance hours, mean value of 1.5 <
relationship to a substance or mixture already classified as an 2.3 for erythema/eschar in 2 of
3 tested animals.
or mixture already
irritant;
classified as corrosive;
For mixtures where substances
Positive results in a valid and
pH extremes of <=2 and accepted in vitro skin irritation test; can be added:
>=11.5 including
or
acid/alkali reserve
The sum of the
capacity;
concentrations of irritant
Animal experience or test data
substances in the mixture is
that indicate that the
1% but 10%;
Positive results in a
substance/mixture causes
valid and accepted in
reversible damage to the skin
vitro skin corrosion test; following exposure of up to 4
For mixtures where substances
or
hours, mean value of 2.3 < 4.0 cannot be added:
for erythema/eschar or for oedema,
or inflammation that persists to the The sum of the
Animal experience or
Category 1 Corrosive
test data that indicate that
the substance/mixture
causes irreversible
damage to the skin
following exposure of up
to 4 hours.
Category 2 Irritant
end of the observation period, in 2
of 3 tested animals.
For mixtures where substances
can be added:
Category 2A Irritant
Category 2B Mild
Irritant
Category 1 Corrosive
Category 2A Irritant
Category 2B Mild
Irritant
Criteria
Chemicals known to induce or regarded as if they induce heritable mutations
in human germ cells
Carcinogenicity
Category
Category
1A
Criteria
Chemicals known to have carcinogenic potential to humans - largely based
on human evidence
Mixtures containing 0.1% of such a category 1A carcinogen.
Category
Category
1B
Criteria
Chemicals presumed to have carcinogenic potential to humans - largely
based on animal evidence.
Mixtures containing 0.1% of such a category 1B carcinogen.
Suspected human carcinogen - evidence from human and/or animal studies
is limited
Reproductive Toxicity
Category
Category 1A
Criteria
Known human reproductive toxicants
Mixtures containing 0.1% or 0.3 % of such a substance. (EU's value is
0.3%).
Presumed human reproductive toxicants - largly based on animal
studies
Category 1B
Category 2
Effects on via
lactation
Category
Category
2
Mixture that lacks sufficient data, but contains Category 1 ingredient: 1.0 but
10% for some authorities and/or contains Category 2 ingredient: 1.0 or 10%.
Aspiration Toxicity
Criteria
The value of multiplying factor (M-factor) can be found in the table below:
Criteria
Any of the controlled substances in the annexes to the Montreal Protocol; or any
Category
mixture containing at least 1 ingredient listed in the annexes to the Montreal
1
protocal, at a concentration>=0.1%;