International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology

(IJARET)
Volume 7, Issue 3, MayJune 2016, pp. 4255, Article ID: IJARET_07_03_004
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
IAEME Publication

A STUDY ON THE ABRASION

RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
AND HARDNESS OF BANANA FIBRE
REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER
COMPOSITES
R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
Noorul Islam University,
Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an
agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile
strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness
make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic
fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana
fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural
fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to
transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level
of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface
treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre
surface impregnation with rubber. The pretreatment of fibres and the
composite manufacturing process has a great influence on the properties of
banana fibre reinforced elastomer composites. In this work composites are
made of short (6mm) banana fibre in the natural rubber matrix, with a 30%
v/v fibre content. Banana fibre and natural rubber are selected for our work,
because of their abundance of natural resources in India and their total
environment friendliness. The composites are prepared using compression
moulding at 150C and the specimens obtained evaluated for their mechanical
properties like compression, abrasion resistance and hardness. Six specimens
are made and they are subjected to various mechanical tests to study the effect
of the different fibre surface treatments.
Abrasion resistance is best for the composite with untreated fibre
reinforcement followed by alkali-permanganate treated fibre composites. Best
hardness value obtained for rubber composite with impregnated fibre followed
by untreated fibre composite. This work establishes improvements in
mechanical properties by the alkalization and other surface treatments of
cellulose filler used as reinforcing material for natural rubber.
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A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre

Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Key words: Alkalisation; Pre-impregnation; Banana fibre; Natural fibre;

Compression set; Hardness; Abrasion.
Cite this article: R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh. A Study on the Abrasion
resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre Reinforced
Natural Rubber Composites. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp 4255
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=3

1. INTRODUCTION
The birthplace of natural rubber is Central America but is cultivated mainly in
Southeast Asia, in India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The interest in natural fibres is
growing globally as a cheap, abundant and eco-friendly alternative to the toxic, nonbiodegradable and expensive synthetic fibres [1]. Many lignocelluloses fibres like
banana, sisal, bamboo, hemp etc., are more and more applied as reinforcement of
composites [2]. Natural fibres such as jute, hemp, sisal, pineapple, abaca and coir
have been studied as reinforcement and filler in composites [3]. Abundance of banana
fibre and its excellent tensile properties makes it a good choice for reinforcement in
composites. The aim of our work is to develop an eco-friendly, economical and useful
elastomer composite by using natural materials only- with natural rubber as matrix
and banana fibre as reinforcement. This should have good wear resistance,
compressive strength and hardness. Such a material can find a lot of applications in
modern industries, consumer articles and load bearing bushes etc.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure
that is better than the sum of the individual components. The new material can be
stronger, lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials.
A lot of research has been done in the field of fibre reinforced elastomer
composites. Researchers have studied the effect of different fibres in natural and
synthetic rubber [4].
Wear of rubber and its components is of great importance because rubber parts are
widely used in different engineering applications. The wear resistance may be defined
as the resistance to wearing away by rubbing or sliding the surface against abrasives
materials, resulting in materials removal. Rubber composite applications in
compressive and abrasion loadings are limited by incomplete understanding of their
abrasion resistance and the means by which it can be controlled and improved. A
number of studies on polymer matrix composites subjected to sliding and abrasive
war indicated that wear resistance depends on the properties of the materials as well
as on the external wear conditions such as applied pressure and contact velocity [58].The right combination of polymers, rubber chemicals and reinforcing filler systems
can change their performance[9]. For most of these researches petroleum - based
resources have been used, however, they are non- biodegradable and their disposal
contribute to many environmental problems. This motivated research to develop
biodegradable materials [10].The investigation of physical- mechanical properties
carried out on natural rubber- coconut fibre composites, showed that coconut fibre is
potential reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds. In addition, palm kernel
husk was also found to be potential reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds
[11]. Previous work also indicated that the use of lignocellulosic fibres as fillers can

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R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh

improve the properties of polymers. The aim of this research work is to explore the
possibilities of banana cellulose fibres as potential reinforcement in natural rubber.
The most important parameters that effect the fibre reinforcement are fibre dispersion,
fibre orientation and adhesion between the fibre and matrix [12]. Natural fibres have
advantages over synthetic fibres because of their renewable nature, low cost,
biodegradability and ease of chemical modification [13] and currently find
applications in automobile and building industries.
The Characteristics and properties of fillers which are imparted to a rubber
compound are particle size, particle shape, surface area and surface activity. Surface
activity relates to the compatibility of the filler with a specific elastomer and the
ability of the elastomer to adhere to the filler [5]. Fillers have been used to colour,
reinforce, extend and cheapen compounds. Two major classes are used: particulate
and fibres .Parameters affecting composite properties are fibre properties, matrix
properties, modifier properties, fibre volume content, curing conditions of resins and
process parameters (pressure, temperature, cure time etc).
For a continuous fibre reinforced composite, the fibre content and modulus in
composites is governed by the Rule of mixture (ROM) :E- EfVf+EmVm where Ef,
Vf, Em and Vm are the moduli and volume fractions of the fiber and matrix
respectively, when the load is applied along the fibre direction. This is not applicable
to a randomly oriented short fibre reinforced composites.

2.1. Banana Fibre

Bilba et al. determined the chemical composition of banana pseudostem by elemental
analysis and the results are cellulose-14-17% and lignin 15-16% [14]. Dynamic and
Mechanical behaviour of banana -glass hybrid fibre reinforced polyester composites
were studied by Pothan et al. [15]; Reinforcing efficiency of natural fibre is depends
on upon the nature of cellulose and its crystallinity [16]. Components which are
present in natural fibres are cellulose hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin and waxes.
Cellulose is a natural polymer consisting of Danhydroglucose repeating units [17].
Hemicellulose is different from cellulose. It comprises a group of polysaccharides.
Lignin is a complex hydrocarbon polymer with both aliphatic and aromatic
constituents and it is totally insoluble in most of the solvents and can't be broken
down into monomeric units. It is totally amorphous and hydrophobic in nature. It is
not hydrolyzed by acids, but soluble in hot alkali, readily oxidised and easily
condensable with phenol [18, 19, and 20].Lignin is considered to be a thermoplastic
polymer having a glass transition temperature of around 90C and melting
temperature of around 170C [21].

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A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre

Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
Table 1 Banana Fibre Properties.
Properties
Cellulose (%)
Micro fibril angle
Hemi cellulose
Lignin (%)
Moisture content (%)
Density (kg/cm)
Lumen size (mm)
Tensile strength (MPa)
Youngs modulus (GPa)

Fibre
63-64
11
6-19
5-10
10-11
1350
5
529-914
27-32

Figure 1 SEM of an untreated banana fibre [22].

Natural fibres, often referred to as vegetable fibres, are extracted from plants and
are classified into three categories, depending on the part of the plant they are
extracted from like Fruit fibres: extracted from the fruits of the plant, they are light
and hairy, and allow the wind to carry the seeds (coconut Fibres). Bast fibres: are
found in the stems of the plant providing the plant with its strength, they run across
the entire length of the stem and are therefore very long (banana fibre). Leaf fibres:
extracted from the leaves, are rough and sturdy and form part of the plant
transportation system (sisal fibres).

Figure 2 Cellulose fibre ingredients (a) cellulose (b) hemicelluloses (c) lignin [23]

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R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh

Figure 3 Natural fibre Cell [23]

2.2. Natural Rubber (NR).

Natural rubber is a linear polymer of an unsaturated called isoprene (2-methyl
butadiene).there may be as many 11,000 to 20, 0000 isoprene units in a polymer chain
of natural rubber. Natural rubber is the prototype of all elastomers and is a major
produce of India. NR is an elastomer and a thermoplastic. On vulcanization, it turns
into a thermoset. It is extracted from the latex of a tree, the Hevea braziliensis. It has a
density of 0.93 at 20C, and has a very uniform microstructure that provides the
material with some very unique and important characteristics, namely the ability to
crystallise under strain, a phenomenon known as strain-induced crystallisation, and
has a very low hysteresis. The final properties of a rubber product depends on the
polymer and also on the modifiers used like reinforcing fibres, filler powders etc [21].
Table 2 Natural Rubber
Sl No.
1
2
3
4
5

Natural Rubber
Hydrocarbon
Acetone extract
Protein
Moisture
Ash

%
93.3
2.9
2.8
0.6
0.4

Natural Rubber NR
Polyisoprene IR

3. MATERIALS
ISNR20 a moderate grade natural rubber obtained from Silverstone rubbers,
Trivandrum. A density for the NR of 1g/cm 3 is determined, Banana fibres with an
average diameter of 802 microns, approximately, are used in the form of short fibres

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A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre

Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

(6 mm long) are collected from Tirunelveli. Sodium Hydroxide, Toluene, Potassium

permanganate, benzyl chloride Acetone from Trivandrum.

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
4.1 Fibre surface treatments
4.1.1. Alkalisation
The fibres are treated with aqueous solution (4% w/v) for 4 hrs at 30C keeping the
fibre: water ratio 1:30. They are then washed with distilled water until all the sodium
hydroxide is eliminated. Dilute acetic acid is added to it to neutralise any alkali
residue in the fibres. Subsequently, the fibres are dried at 30C for 24hrs and then at
60C for 5hrs.
Fibre-OH + NaOHFiber-ONa +HO

Figure 4 (i)Untreated&(ii)alkalised banana fiber [23]

Figure 5 NaOH treated fibers.

4.1.2. Benzoylation
The hydroxyl groups of the cellulose and lignin in the banana fibre is initially
activated by alkaline pre-treatment. Fibres are then suspended in 10% NaOH and
Benzyl chloride (C6H5COCl) solution for 15miniutes. The fibres are then removed
from the solution and soaked in ethanol for 1hr. to remove the benzyl chloride and
finally was washed with water and dried at 30C for 24hrs. and then at 30C for 24hrs
and then at 60C for 5hrs.

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R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh

4.1.3. Potassium permanganate treatment of alkalized fibres

The procedure involved a 4% alkaline treated fibre soaked in 0.2% potassium
permanganate solution (in 2% acetone) for 3minutes. The fibres then are taken out
and dried at 30C for 24hrs and at 60C for 5hrs.

4.1.4. Surface pre-impregnation with a natural rubber dilute solution

The banana fibres are impregnated with a 1.5% w/w NR-Toluene solution. Rubber in
particulate form is dissolved in toluene at 80C in a steel vessel by continuous
stirring. The natural fibres are immersed in the hot solution and stirred continuously
for 1hr. Bunches of fibres are then transferred to a flat plate and dried at 30C for
24hrs for complete solvent evaporation. The impregnated fibres are disposed before
mixing them with the matrix.

4.2. Composite processing

A 30% v/v fibre content natural rubber/banana fibre composite is chosen to determine
the effect of the different fibre surface treatments on the composite mechanical
properties. The banana fibres are mixed with the rubber in a laboratory model two roll
rubber mill. The mixing process was performed in a sequential order. One-half of the
rubber is placed in the two roll rubber mill for about 10minutes; the banana fibres are
added then over a period of 5minutes. The other half of rubber is then fed into the two
roll mill and mixed for 10minutes. The total mixing time is 25minutes. The resulting
material is compression moulded at a pressure of 2Ton using a Carver laboratory
press at a temperature of 150C for about 10minutes. The specimens for the
mechanical tests were obtained from the according to ASTM standards.

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A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre

Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Figure 6 Mould for Compression set

4.2.1. Compounding
The compounding recipe for the natural rubber composites is given the table below.
Mixing is carried out on a laboratory two roll mill in accordance with the method
described in ASTM-D3184-80. Cured samples produced on the electrically heated
press at 150C for 10 minutes at a pressure of 2Ton.
Table 3 Compounding recipe
Sl No.

Material

Phr

1
2
3
4
5
6

Natural Rubber
Stearic acid
Zinc oxide
MBT
Sulphur
Banana Fibre

100
0.2
5
0.5
3
30% v/v

4.3. Mechanical Properties

4.3.1. Abrasive wear test
Two body abrasive wear tests were conducted on a pin-on-drum abrasive wear tester,
designed for standard wear tests described in ASTM standard D5963-97a. In this
method, the test specimen translates over the surface of an abrasive paper, which is
mounted on a revolving drum. The resulting wear of material expressed as volume
loss [24]. The test setup is schematically illustrated in Figure.7.
An alumina (AlO) abrasive which is substantially harder than the matrix and the
reinforcement is used. The pin specimen, 0.95mm diameter and 20mm long is placed
on the top of the drum. The drum 150 mm diameter rotates at 25rpm resulting in a
tangential velocity of 0.2m/s. While the drum is rotating, the specimens translated at a
speed of 4.2mm per revolution along the axis of rotation. Thus, the specimen is in
continuous contact with the abrasive drum surface. A static normal load L is applied
directly on the specimen to press it against the drum centre, its magnitude is varied
from 1to 5N. The sliding distance is set as 50cm for the entire tests. All tests are
carried out in dry ambient laboratory conditions.

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R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh

Figure 7 Drum type Abarder

A counter records the number of revolutions. Since the relative size of the
reinforcement is small in particulate reinforced composites, the effect of the
interfacial toughness on the wear rate can be significant. For example, when the
interface is weak, the reinforcement can be readily removed during abrasive wear
situations, such that a negative reinforcement effect is observed.
To estimate the abrasion resistance, wear rate could be computed by using the
following equation:
Kc = m/ (c.Vc.T).
Where
m = m-m
m = Weight of specimen before test (g).
m = Weight of specimen after test (g).
c = density of the specimen (g/mm).
Vs =sliding speed (mm/s).
T = sliding time.
4.3.2. Compressive strength
The ability of a material to resist breaking under compressive stress is an important
property of materials and used in engineering applications. The value of the uniaxial
compressive strength reached when the material fails completely is designed as the
compressive strength of that material. The compressive strength is usually obtained
experimentally by means of a compressive set.
Compressive strength is determined by finding compression set for the specimens.
Cylindrical samples are used for the purpose. The equipment is shown in the figure.
The differences between the original and the deformed heights obtained after keeping
the samples for 24hrs under a constant load of 80kg.
Compression Set = [(Original length- Deformed length)/ Original length] x 100
%.
4.3.3. Hardness test
The hardness of the cured composites is measured in Shore A; using Durometer,
model 5019. The measurement is accordance with ASTM-D2240.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The alkali treatment removed the pectin, wax, oil and other soluble carbohydrates like
hemicelluloses etc., leaving only alkali resistant cellulose. This exposes the hydroxyl
groups of the fibre and increases bonding sites in the fibre interface.

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A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre

Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
Table 4 Test results
Specim
en No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Relative
Abrasion
(mm)
410.62
489.94
306.55
310.07
253.69

Hardness
(Shore A)

Nomenclature
Rubber only
Alkalised fib. Comp.
Benzoylated fib comp.
Permanganate fib comp.
Impreg. fib comp.
Untreated fib comp.

25
52
39
42
62
61

Compressi
on Set (%)
12.5
12
12
15.11
7.17

5.1. Wear resistance

It is a common practice to increase the wear resistance of elastomers by adding fibres
and fillers to the elastomer matrix. The theory is that the sliding of the abrasive on
solid surface results in volume removal and the wear mechanism depends on the
hardness of a material. The presence of hard and inelastic fibres in a composite
increase the effective hardness of the composite which acts to reduce the amount of
material removal [26].
The results (Fig.8) shows that the rubber reinforced with untreated fibre has a
lower wear rate (higher abrasion resistance) followed by rubber filled with alkalipotassium permanganate treated fibres. This may be due to the high level of rigidity
offered by the dry-untreated raw banana fibre embedded in the rubber matrix.
Mechanical properties of the reinforcement (Banana fibres) are harder than rubber in
nature. Due to this stiffness and rigidity offered by the untreated fibre along with the
fibre-matrix bonding, a higher abrasion resistance is offered by the composite.

Relative Abrasion (mm)

500
400
300
200
100
0

Relative Abrasion (mm)

Figure 8 Abrasion Resistance

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R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh

In the case of permanganate composite, the better fibre-matrix mechanical and

chemical interlocking is the reason for the good abrasion resistance offered. In other
cases, a low wear resistance is observed compared to the previous samples due to the
failure at the matrix-reinforcement interface or in the reinforcement itself.
Furthermore, two distinct wear mechanisms can be seen operating on the
composite surface. In some areas, fatigue failure associated with micro cracking is
clearly observed, whereas in other areas micro cutting is observed. The micro
cracking areas can be associated with hard fibre rich regions.

5.2. Compressive strength

From the compression set graph (Fig.9), it can be seen that the least compression set
value is for untreated fibre-rubber composite. Only a deformation of 7.17% from the
original length, exhibiting a maximum compressive strength. This is due to the high
level of stiffness and rigidity offered by the raw fibre and their resistance to
deformation and bending, thus giving the composite a high level of hardness. Banana
fibres have less elasticity and higher rigidity than the matrix rubber. Other samples
didnt show any significant improvement in compressive strength.

Compression Set (%)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Compression Set (%)

Figure 9 Compression Set

5.3. Hardness
The hardness results of the different samples are shown in Figure 10. The maximum
hardness is obtained for the rubber impregnated fibres. An improvement of 148%
compared to rubber composite without reinforcement. This is due to the better and
rich fibre-rubber interphase and hence a close packing of the material. This is in line
with the reduced elasticity as a result of the reinforcement in the molecules. This
increase in rigidity decreases the elasticity of the virgin rubber. The next better
hardness is shown is shown by rubber reinforced with untreated fibre. This is because
of the fact that untreated banana fibre has more rigidity than the chemically treated
other samples.

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A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of BananaFibre

Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites

Hardness Shore A
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Hardness Shore A

Figure 10 Hardness

Banana fibres have large surface area, which can form a strong physical bond with
the rubber matrix. Composites with strong bonds make it harder by impeding matrix
motion along the stress direction.

6. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS
Wear of rubber and its components is of great importance because rubber parts are
wi9dely used in a lot of engineering applications. But their industrial applications are
limited by incomplete understanding of their abrasion resistance and the methods by
which this can be controlled and improved.
Enhanced properties of rubber-like, hardness, wear resistance and compressive
strength finds applications in the development of products like load bearing bushes in
automobiles, aerospace, vibration damping devices etc.

7. CONCLUSION
Four different treatments (alkali, permanganate, benzoylation and fibre impregnation
with rubber) are carried out on Banana cellulose fibre and the treated, as well as
untreated fibres are used for the making of natural rubber composites. The effect of
different fibre treatments on the hardness, wear and compressive strength of rubber
are analysed. The mechanical properties such as wear resistance, compressive strength
and hardness of composites are found to increase with an increase in better interphase
properties. These results suggest that Banana fibre has immense potential in the
making of natural fibre reinforced rubber composites. Such a material can find a lot of
engineering and industrial applications.
The use of banana fibres as filler for natural rubber is of economical value and
their consumption as filler would help in the disposal of agricultural waste. The
hardness of rubber composites increases with the better interfacial bonding of
reinforcing fibres and reaches a maximum value (62 Shore A) for rubber composite
reinforced with rubber impregnated fibre. The hardness of this composite is higher
than that of alkalized fibre at the same fibre v/v and loading level. The wear rate
decreased with the surface modification of reinforcing fibres and better fibre-matrix
interfacial bonding.

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R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express the support given by the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Noorul Islam University, Thuckalai, TN.,India.

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