i

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MEDICATION

RECOMMENDER

MILLICENT AMOLLO
REG NO: BIT-C006-0510/2014

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO JKUAT UNIVERSITY AS A

PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENT TO CONDUCT RESEARCH.
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project report entitled Artificial Intelligence Medication
Recommender submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Information Technology embodies work done by myself in the final semester of this diploma
under the supervision of the undersigned.
The project or any other part of it has not been submitted earlier to other University/Institution
for the award of any Diploma or Degree.

Name: MILLICENT AMOLLO

Signature: ____________________________

Date: ______________________

This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor

Name: FELIZ SIGEI

Signature: ____________________________

Date: ______________________

DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my beloved parents, who supported me morally and financially during
the project development.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My sincere thanks are due to my parents; and my sweet brothers for their support both
spiritually, financially and otherwise.
I also acknowledge with thanks the assistance given me by my supervisor Mr. Feliz Sigei, and
my lecturers, throughout this research.
I also wish to acknowledge the help of my friends, above all my lovely ones and that of my
course mates too numerous to mention.
I am also indebted to the JKUAT family, whose efforts has helped me in the pursuit of my career.

iii

ABSTRACT

This project, Expert system on Malaria and Typhoid Diagnosis, is a software system tailored for
use in the diagnosis of malaria and typhoid diseases. The software is an expert system with a
database containing an expert knowledge. The user only uses it to determine whether he or she
has any of the diseases within its domain. The software has been designed to be interactive with
audio capability eliciting from the user if they have symptoms of the diseases. The user response
helps the expert system to determine the level at which the disease is present. The user is further
advised on what next to do.

This software is implemented in visual basic programming

environment, Health care facility should be accessible by all at all time. But some of the people
that should access these facilities are far removed from these facilities. It would be of great
necessity to provide a computerized system that will provide a complementary medical service,
such as medical disease diagnosis in places where accessibility is a problem as well as health
care facilities where qualified experts are lacking, hence this topic, Expert System on Malaria
and typhoid fever Diagnose.

Table of Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................. i
iv

DEDICATION................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents............................................................................................................. v
Definitions of Key Terms................................................................................................. vii
Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................. 1
1.0

Introduction....................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study............................................................................................ 1

1.2 Expert System Architecture........................................................................................ 2
1.3 Statement of Problem................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Objectives of the Study.............................................................................................. 3
1.5 Motivation and Research Questions..............................................................................3
1.5 Scope of the Project.................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Limitations of the Project........................................................................................... 4
1.7

Definition of Terms/Variables.................................................................................4

Symptoms: Signs of an ill health......................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................. 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................... 6
2.1 Overview of Expert System........................................................................................ 6
2.2

Prominent expert systems and languages...................................................................6

2.3

The study of expert systems................................................................................... 7

2.3.1

Knowledge representation............................................................................... 7

2.3.2

Knowledge engineer...................................................................................... 7

2.4.
2.4.1

End user........................................................................................................... 8
Explanation of the end-user system..................................................................8

2.5

Expert systems versus problem-solving systems..........................................................9

2.6

Individuals involved with expert systems................................................................10

2.6.1 User interface.................................................................................................. 10

2.7

Application of expert systems............................................................................... 11

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2.8

Advantages and disadvantages.............................................................................12

2.8.1

Advantages:............................................................................................... 12

2.8.2

Disadvantages:........................................................................................... 12

2.9

Types of problems solved by expert systems............................................................12

CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................ 14
3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN................................................................................................. 14
3.2

Facts Finding Methods........................................................................................ 14

3.3

Objective of the Existing System...........................................................................14

3.4

Input Analysis of the Existing System.....................................................................14

3.5 Output Analysis of the Existing System........................................................................15

3.6 Information Flow Diagram....................................................................................... 15
3.7

Problems of the Existing System...........................................................................15

References and Bibliography............................................................................................ 17

Definitions of Key Terms

vi

The knowledge base is the central component of an expert system. It stores

knowledge in the form of facts and rules. Usually predicate logic is used for
this purpose.
The knowledge base may also store the confidence level that a fact or rule is
true or valid.
The inference machine is used to make logical inferences from stored
knowledge.
The user interface is used to exchange information with the user of the
system, for example, for input of questions and output of answers.
The explanation component provides the user with information about the
reasoning of the system, including a report of how answers were found by the
system.
The knowledge base editor is used for building and maintaining a knowledge
base.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronym
ESE
Exceptional Student Education

Definition
vii

ESE
ESE
ESE
ESE

Erasmus School of Economics (Erasmus University Rotterdam; Netherlands)

Extensible Storage Engine (Microsoft Exchange Server)
Environmental Science and Engineering
Exonic Splicing Enhancer

viii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
An Expert System is a piece of software programmed using artificial intelligence techniques.
Such systems use databases of expert knowledge to offer advice or make decisions in such areas
as medical diagnosis and trading on the stock exchange.
1.1 Background of the Study
An expert system is a software system that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more
human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional application
and/or subfield of artificial intelligence. A wide variety of methods can be used to simulate the
performance of the expert however common to most or all are
1) The creation of a so-called "knowledgebase" which uses some knowled+`ge representation
formalism to capture the subject matter experts (SME) knowledge and
2) A process of gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it according to the
formalism, which is called knowledge engineering. Expert systems may or may not have
learning components but a third common element is that once the system is developed it is
proven by being placed in the same real world problem solving situation as the human SME,
typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to some information system.
As a premiere application of computing and artificial intelligence, the topic of expert systems has
many points of contact with general systems theory, operations research, business process
reengineering and various topics in applied mathematics and management science.
Two illustrations of actual expert systems can give an idea of how they work. In one real world
case at a chemical refinery a senior employee was about to retire and the company was
concerned that the loss of his expertise in managing a fractionating tower would severely impact
operations of the plant. A knowledge engineer was assigned to produce an expert system
reproducing his expertise saving the company the loss of the valued knowledge asset. Similarly a
system called Mycin was developed from the expertise of best diagnosticians of bacterial
infections whose performance was found to be as good as or better than the average clinician. An
1

early commercial success and illustration of another typical application (a task generally
considered overly complex for a human) was an expert system fielded by DEC in the 1980s to
quality check the configurations of their computers prior to delivery. The eighties were the time
of greatest popularity of expert systems and interest lagged after the onset of the AI Winter.
In like manner, developing one of such system to represent the repository of the knowledge of a
medical doctor is as essential as any other expert system. To this end, this project, Expert
System on the Diagnosis of non communicable diseases is a necessity.

1.2 Expert System Architecture

Figure 1 Below shows the Expert Systems Shell

1.3 Statement of Problem

Many rural communities in Kenya have extremely limited access to medical advice. People
travel long distances to clinics or medical facilities, and there is a shortage of medical experts in
most of these facilities. This results in slow service, and patients end up waiting long hours
without receiving any attention. Hence medical expert systems can play a significant role in such
cases where medical experts are not readily available. This work presents the design of a
knowledge-based expert system that aims to provide the patients with medical advice and basic
knowledge on disases.
Health care facility should be accessible by all at all times. But some of the people that should
access these facilities are far removed from these facilities. More so, in the few available
facilities, qualified medical personnel are always key issues that need urgent redress.
In view of the foregoing, it would be of great necessity to provide a computerized system that
will provide a complementary medical service, such as medical disease diagnosis in places where
accessibility is a problem as well as health care facilities where qualified experts are lacking,
hence this topic, Expert System on Malaria and typhoid fever Diagnosis.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1. The major objective of this work is to develop an expert system on diagnosis of non
communicable diseases. It also targets towards contributing to academic research work.
2. It is also to ascertain whether the diseases could be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms.
3. It will also examine a patient based on simple clinical signs, and to improve family and
community health

1.5 Motivation and Research Questions

Motivation

1.7 Significance of the Research

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If this prototype is fully developed will be very useful in many areas such as:
i.

It will help to retain the skill of an expert medical doctor in case of any eventuality;

ii.

It can support academic development;

iii.

It can be useful in many hospitals, both private and government, cases where the expert
is not on seat;

iv.

It can also be used in the laboratory for quick research work.

1.5 Scope of the Project

The scope of this work will include the following
1.

A dynamic database system that can act as a knowledge based system

2.

A complete model of an expert system to portray sample troubleshooter

3.

Explore the power of visual basic in data handling

4.

To implement a dynamic search system

1.6 Limitations of the Project

The major constraint faced during the implementation of this work was finance. This is among
other frustrations such as program failures during modular construction stages.

Time was

another important factor that limited the extent to which I want to research.
1.7

Definition of Terms/Variables

Diagnose: The identifying of an illness or disorder in a patient through physical examination,

medical tests, or other procedures

Medical:

Relating to medicine, physical examination to determine health: a physical

examination by a doctor to check

4

Malaria: An infectious disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by the bite of infected
mosquitoes. Common in tropical countries, the disease is characterized by recurring chills and
fever.
Typhoid:

A disease condition or a serious fatal bacterial infection of the digestive system,

caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacillus Salmonella typhoid.
Communicable: A communicable disease that can be passed from one person
Expert: somebody with a great deal of knowledge, skill, training, or experience in a particular
field or activity eg a medical expert
Knowledge-based: Information system that store wealth of ones knowledge
Symptoms: Signs of an ill health

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of Expert System
According to Omenyi A.S,(1995),The most common form of expert system is a computer
program, with a set of rules that analyzes information (usually supplied by the user of the
5

system) about a specific class of problems, and recommends one or more courses of user action.
The expert system may also provide mathematical analysis of the problem(s). The expert system
utilizes what appears to be reasoning capabilities to reach conclusions.
A related term is wizard. A wizard is an interactive computer program that helps a user solves a
problem. Originally the term wizard was used for programs that construct a database search
query based on criteria supplied by the user. However, some rule-based expert systems are also
called wizards. Other "Wizards" are a sequence of online forms that guide users through a series
of choices, such as the ones which manage the installation of new software on computers, and
these are not expert systems. Nissanoff, Daniel (2006).
2.2

Prominent expert systems and languages

ART - An early general-purpose programming language used in the development of
expert systems

CADUCEUS (expert system) - Blood-borne infectious bacteria

CLIPS - Programming language used in the development of expert systems

Drools - An open source offering from JBOSS labs

Dendral - Analysis of mass spectra

Jess - Java Expert System Shell. A CLIPS engine implemented in Java used in the
development of expert systems

KnowledgeBench expert system for building new product development applications

LogicNets - Web based expert system modeling environment to create expert systems (in
collaboration with NASA)

MQL 4 - MetaQuotes Language 4, a customized language for financial strategy

programming

Mycin - Diagnose infectious blood diseases and recommend antibiotics (by Stanford
University)

Prolog - Programming language used in the development of expert systems

Forth - Programming language used in the development of expert systems

STD Wizard - Expert system for recommending medical screening test

2.3

The study of expert systems

2.3.1 Knowledge representation

Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial
intelligence. In cognitive science, it is concerned with how people store and process information.
According to Kelly D,(2001).In artificial intelligence (AI) the primary aim is to store knowledge
so that programs can process it and achieve the verisimilitude of human intelligence. AI
researchers have borrowed representation theories from cognitive science. Thus there are
representation techniques such as frames, rules and semantic networks which have originated
from theories of human information processing. Since knowledge is used to achieve intelligent
behavior, the fundamental goal of knowledge representation is to represent knowledge in a
manner as to facilitate inferencing i.e. drawing conclusions from knowledge.

2.3.2 Knowledge engineer

According to Seybold, pat (2001), engineers are concerned with the representation chosen for the
expert's knowledge declarations and with the inference engine used to process that knowledge.
He / she can use the knowledge acquisition component of the expert system to input the several
characteristics known to be appropriate to a good inference technique, including:

A good inference technique is independent of the problem domain.

In order to realize the benefits of explanation, knowledge transparency, and reusability of

the programs in a new problem domain, the inference engine must not contain domain
specific expertise.

Inference techniques may be specific to a particular task, such as diagnosis of hardware

configuration. Other techniques may be committed only to a particular processing
technique.

Inference techniques are always specific to the knowledge structures.

Successful examples of rule processing techniques are forward chaining and backward chaining
French,C.S(1993).
2.4.
End user
The end-user usually sees an expert system through an interactive dialog, an example of which
follows:
7

Q. Do you know which restaurant you want to go to?

A. No
Q. Is there any kind of food you would particularly like?
A. No
Q. Do you like spicy food?
A. No
Q. Do you usually drink wine with meals?
A. Yes
Q. When you drink wine, is it French wine?
A. Why
As can be seen from this dialog, the system is leading the user through a set of questions, the
purpose of which is to determine a suitable set of restaurants to recommend. This dialog begins
with the system asking if the user already knows the restaurant choice (a common feature of
expert systems) and immediately illustrates a characteristic of expert systems; users may choose
not to respond to any question. In expert systems, dialogs are not pre-planned. There is no fixed
control structure. Dialogs are synthesized from the current information and the contents of the
knowledge base. Because of this, not being able to supply the answer to a particular question
does not stop the consultation.Omenyi, A.S,(1997).
2.4.1

Explanation of the end-user system

Another major distinction between expert systems and traditional systems is illustrated by the
following answer given by the system when the user answers a question with another question,
"Why", as occurred in the above example. The answer is:
A. I am trying to determine the type of restaurant to suggest. So far Chinese is not a likely
choice. It is possible that French is a likely choice. I know that if the diner is a wine
drinker, and the preferred wine is French, then there is strong evidence that the restaurant
choice should include French.
It is very difficult to implement a general explanation system (answering questions like "Why"
and "How") in a traditional computer program. An expert system can generate an explanation by
retracing the steps of its reasoning. The response of the expert system to the question WHY is an
exposure of the underlying knowledge structure. It is a rule; a set of antecedent conditions which,
8

if true, allow the assertion of a consequent. The rule references values, and tests them against
various constraints or asserts constraints onto them. This, in fact, is a significant part of the
knowledge structure. There are values, which may be associated with some organizing entity.
For example, the individual diner is an entity with various attributes (values) including whether
they drink wine and the kind of wine. There are also rules, which associate the currently known
values of some attributes with assertions that can be made about other attributes. It is the orderly
processing of these rules that dictates the dialog itself.
2.5 Expert systems versus problem-solving systems
According to Nadler Ed,(1984).The principal distinction between expert systems and traditional
problem solving programs is the way in which the problem related expertise is coded. In
traditional applications, problem expertise is encoded in both program and data structures.
In the expert system approach all of the problem related expertise is encoded in data structures
only; none is in programs. This organization has several benefits.
An example may help contrast the traditional problem solving program with the expert system
approach. The example is the problem of tax advice. In the traditional approach data structures
describe the taxpayer and tax tables, and a program in which there are statements representing an
expert tax consultant's knowledge, such as statements which relate information about the
taxpayer to tax table choices. It is this representation of the tax expert's knowledge that is
difficult for the tax expert to understand or modify.
In the expert system approach, the information about taxpayers and tax computations is again
found in data structures, but now the knowledge describing the relationships between them is
encoded in data structures as well. The programs of an expert system are independent of the
problem domain (taxes) and serve to process the data structures without regard to the nature of
the problem area they describe. For example, there are programs to acquire the described data
values through user interaction, programs to represent and process special organizations of
description, and programs to process the declarations that represent semantic relationships within
the problem domain and an algorithm to control the processing sequence and focus.

The general architecture of an expert system involves two principal components: a problem
dependent set of data declarations called the knowledge base or rule base, and a problem
independent (although highly data structure dependent) program which is called the inference
sengine.
2.6 Individuals involved with expert systems
There are generally three individuals having an interaction with expert systems. Primary among
these is the end-user; the individual who uses the system for its problem solving assistance. In
the building and maintenance of the system there are two other roles: the problem domain expert
who builds and supplies the knowledge base providing the domain expertise, and a knowledge
engineer who assists the experts in determining the representation of their knowledge, enters this
knowledge into an explanation module and who defines the inference technique required to
obtain useful problem solving activity. Usually, the knowledge engineer will represent the
problem solving activity in the form of rules which is referred to as a rule-based expert system.
When these rules are created from the domain expertise, the knowledge base stores the rules of
the expert system.

2.6.1 User interface

According to Seybold, pat(2002).The function of the user interface is to present questions and
information to the user and supply the user's responses to the inference engine.
Any values entered by the user must be received and interpreted by the user interface. Some
responses are restricted to a set of possible legal answers, others are not. The user interface
checks all responses to insure that they are of the correct data type. Any responses that are
restricted to a legal set of answers are compared against these legal answers. Whenever the user
enters an illegal answer, the user interface informs the user that his answer was invalid and
prompts him to correct it.

2.7 Application of expert systems

Expert systems are designed and created to facilitate tasks in the fields of accounting, medicine,
process control, financial service, production, human resources etc. Indeed, the foundation of a

10

successful expert system depends on a series of technical procedures and development that may
be designed by certain technicians and related experts.
A good example of application of expert systems in banking area is expert systems for
mortgages. Loan departments are interested in expert systems for mortgages because of the
growing cost of labour which makes the handling and acceptance of relatively small loans less
profitable. They also see in the application of expert systems a possibility for standardized,
efficient handling of mortgage loan, and appreciate that for the acceptance of mortgages there are
hard and fast rules which do not always exist with other types of loans.
While expert systems have distinguished themselves in AI research in finding practical
application, their application has been limited. Expert systems are notoriously narrow in their
domain of knowledgeas an amusing example, a researcher used the "skin disease" expert
system to diagnose his rust bucket car as likely to have developed measlesand the systems
were thus prone to making errors that humans would easily spot. Additionally, once some of the
mystique had worn off, most programmers realized that simple expert systems were essentially
just slightly more elaborate versions of the decision logic they had already been using. Therefore,
some of the techniques of expert systems can now be found in most complex programs without
any fuss about them.Popoola, S o,(2000).
An example, and a good demonstration of the limitations of, an expert system used by many
people is the Microsoft Windows operating system troubleshooting software located in the "help"
section in the taskbar menu. Obtaining expert / technical operating system support is often
difficult for individuals not closely involved with the development of the operating system.
Microsoft has designed their expert system to provide solutions, advice, and suggestions to
common errors encountered throughout using the operating systems.
Another 1970s and 1980s application of expert systems which we today would simply call AI
was in computer games. For example, the computer baseball games Earl Weaver Baseball and
Tony La Russa Baseball each had highly detailed simulations of the game strategies of those two
baseball managers. When a human played the game against the computer, the computer queried
the Earl Weaver or Tony La Russa Expert System for a decision on what strategy to follow. Even
11

those choices where some randomness was part of the natural system (such as when to throw a
surprise pitch-out to try to trick a runner trying to steal a base) were decided based on
probabilities supplied by Weaver or La Russa. Today we would simply say that "the game's AI
provided the opposing manager's strategy."
2.8

Advantages and disadvantages

2.8.1

Advantages:
Provides consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks

Holds and maintains significant levels of information

Encourages organizations to clarify the logic of their decision-making

Never "forgets" to ask a question, as a human might

2.8.2

Disadvantages:
Lacks common sense needed in some decision making

Cannot make creative responses as human expert would in unusual circumstances

Domain experts not always able to explain their logic and reasoning

Errors may occur in the knowledge base, and lead to wrong decisions

Cannot adapt to changing environments, unless knowledge base is changed

2.9 Types of problems solved by expert systems

According to Nissanoff, Daniel (2006).Expert systems are most valuable to organizations that
have a high-level of know-how experience and expertise that cannot be easily transferred to other
members. They are designed to carry the intelligence and information found in the intellect of
experts and provide this knowledge to other members of the organization for problem-solving
purposes.
Typically, the problems to be solved are of the sort that would normally be tackled by a medical
or other professional. Real experts in the problem domain (which will typically be very narrow,
for instance "diagnosing skin conditions in human teenagers") are asked to provide "rules of
thumb" on how they evaluate the problems, either explicitly with the aid of experienced systems
developers, or sometimes implicitly, by getting such experts to evaluate test cases and using
computer programs to examine the test data and (in a strictly limited manner) derive rules from
12

that. Generally, expert systems are used for problems for which there is no single "correct"
solution which can be encoded in a conventional algorithm one would not write an expert
system to find shortest paths through graphs, or sort data, as there are simply easier ways to do
these tasks.
1.

Simple systems use simple true/false logic to evaluate data. more sophisticated systems

are capable of performing at least some evaluation, taking into account real-world uncertainties,
using such methods as fuzzy logic. Such sophistication is difficult to develop and still highly
imperfect.

13

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLGYAND SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN
The concept research design is simply referred to the specification of the relevant procedures for
collection and analysis of information (data) which would help solve the research problem at
hand.
3.2 Facts Finding Methods
This project was achieved by gathering materials from different sources. One of the invaluable
sources of data was oral interview, which I conducted with staff of Kisii Level 6 Hospital. I had
some time with doctors and nurses, who assisted me by providing some key technical facts,
especially on issues that border around treatment of some common diseases.
Another source that gave me a wealth of information was the internet, which provided some of
the details used to analyze some key issues. Several web sites were willing to let go vital
information on medical disease diagnosis.
The state and federal library were also resourceful in these achievements.
3.3 Objective of the Existing System
The main objective of the existing system was to be able to determine the level at which a
particular disease has grown in a patient, especially malaria and typhoid. Other objectives
include the following:
1.

Provide a means of examining a patient

2.

To create a medical record for a patients health history

3.

To provide useful information that will help the doctor make some critical decision

concerning a patients health.

3.4 Input Analysis of the Existing System
The input of the existing system is a note from the medical doctor referring the patient to
laboratory test. The note is usually contained in a memo. Other contain of the memo are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The name of the hospital

The Doctors name
The doctors signature
The name of the Laboratory referred to.
14

5. The nature of test to be carried out

Below is a sample doctors medical examination form
3.5 Output Analysis of the Existing System
The output of the existing system is usually a laboratory report on the specified medical test. Is
it always signed by a qualified lab scientist? The information contained in the report includes
the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The name of the Laboratory

The name of the patient
The nature of test carried out
Observations made during test
Summary of test result
Etc.

3.6 Information Flow Diagram

The information flow diagram shows how information flow from one point to another in Park
Lane Medical Diagnosis system. Below is the information flow diagram:

Patient
Obtains a
card
Submits
Completed
Examination
Form

Desk
Officer
Create
Folder

Lab
Scientist

Examinatio
n

Recomends Lab
test
Duty
Nurse

Submits Lab
Result

Submits
Booking

Medical
Doctor
15
Fig. 3.3 Information Flow Diagram

3.7 Problems of the Existing System

The old system is not without its problems. The following information represents some of the
problems faced by the existing system.
1. Lack of proper storage system
2. Delay in the provision of result
3. Possibility of human error
4. Distance and Accessibility is a problem
5. In-availability of the human expert render the job impracticable
6. The death of the human expert will cause a serious disruption n the delivery of health
services
3.8

Justification of the New System

In view of the problems inherent in the existing system, it is important to seek for an
improvement. This improvement is computerization of the diagnosis system. This new system
will be equipped with the following advantages:
1. Proper backup of the knowledge of the human expert
2. Elimination of possible human error, since several experts are involved in the design of
such system
3. Distance and accessibility is not a problem
4. The machine does not die
5. The machine is always there to render services
6. Medical history can always be stored and retrieved with ease.

16

References and Bibliography

Chaudhury, A. J(2002). Medical Infrastructure.
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-247875-6.
Elwood F, Hotton II, James W, Trott Jr, (1996). Programming and the
artificial thinking Development. New York, ACM Press, pp 99-107.
French,C.S.(1993).Data processing and information technology
Dp publication Ltd, London.
Grirr mk, Buchamm,E.M.N.R,Greig,W.R.and Bayer, J.a.(1985)Progress in
medical computing Black wills Scientific Publication, London.
Kelly D, (2001): Expert Systemandmedical issues ,Ibadan,SMEs. London,
Oxford University Press, pp 48-62.
Meacham A, Stab S, Stajanovic N, Studer R, Sure Y, (2003). Theories of
system experT . London, MIT Press, pp 317-359.
McLean G.N, Osman-Gani A.M, Cho E. (Eds), (2002). Expert system text books Miller, R.
(2002). Expert System and medical Issues
Thomson Learning. pp. 741 pages. ISBN 0-324-06188-9.

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