Bibliography for Stoicism

Articles in Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Panaetius of Rhodes, Posidonius, Epictetus, Seneca,
Marcus Aurelius.
Annas, J. (1993) The Morality of Happiness. New York and Oxford.
Arnold, E. Vernon (1911). Roman Stoicism. Cambridge: University Press. Repr. ed. 1958. Not terribly good, but a lot of out of the
way information on minor figures, and quotations of a lot of texts.
Baldry, H.C. (1959). Zenos ideal state. Journal of Hellenic Studies 79: 315. A good account of Zenos Republic.
________ (1965). The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought. Cambridge.
Bobzien, Susanne (1999). Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Brink, C.O. (1955). Theophrastus and Zeno on nature and moral theory. Phronesis 1: 12345.
Brunschwig, Jacques. (1994). Papers in Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge, England.
Brunschwig, J. and M. Nussbaum (1993). Passions and Perceptions: Studies in the Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind. Proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium Hellenisticum. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cicero. On Fate. On the Nature of the Gods. On Divination. On Duties, On Ends, Academica, Tusculan Disputations.
Cooper, John M. (1999). Eudaimonism, the Appeal to Nature, and Moral Duty in Stoicism, in Reason and Emotion (Princeton:
Princeton University Press) 427-448. "Posidonius on Emotions," 449-484. "Greek Philosophers on Euthanasia and
Suicide," pp. 515-541.
De Lacy, P. The Stoic categories as methodological principles. Transactions of the American Philological Association 76: 24663.
________ (1966). The Meaning of Stoicism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
R. Dilcher, Studies in Heraclitus (Hildesheim: Olms, 1995).
H. Granger, Argumentation and Heraclitus Book, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 26 (2006), 1-17.
Engstrom, Stephen and Jennifer Whiting (eds.) (1996). Aristotle, Kant, and the Stoics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Epictetus. Translations of G. Long (London: Bell, 1877) and P.E. Matheson (Oxford: 1916) are best.
Fortenbaugh, William W. (ed.) (1983). On Stoic and Peripatetic Ethics: The Work of Arius Didymus. New Brunswick and London:
Transaction Books.
Gould, Josiah B. (1970). The Philosophy of Chrysippus. Albany: State University of New York Press.
*Hahm, D.E. (1977). The Origins of Stoic Cosmology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Sandbach claims it is important, but
exaggerates the influence of Aristotle.
Hicks, R.D. (1911). Stoic and Epicurean. London: Longmans Green.
Hunt, H.A.K. Some problems in the interpretation of Stoicism. Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association
28: 16577. On determinism and free will.
Ierodiakonou, Katerina (1999). Topics in Stoic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Inwood, Brad (1985). Ethics and Action in Early Stoicism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jones, R.M. (1926). Classical Philology 21: 97113. On Posidonius.
________ (1932). Classical Philology 27: 11335. On Posidonius
Kerferd, G.B. (1972). The search for personal identity in Stoic thought. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 55: 17796.
________ (). Cicero and Stoic ethics. In Cicero and Vergil, Studies in Honour of Harold Hunt, 6074.
Kidd, I.G. "Moral Actions and Rules in Stoic Ethics." In Rist, Ed., The Stoics. Pp.247-258.
Lapidge, M. (1973). Phronesis 18: 24078. On the elements in Stoicism.
________ (1987). "Stoic Cosmology." In Rist (1987) 161-185.
Long, A.A. (1967). Carneades and the Stoic Telos. Phronesis 12: 5990.
________ (1968a). Aristotles legacy to Stoic ethics. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 15: 7285.
________ (1968b). The Stoic concept of evil. Philosophical Quarterly 18 (1968) 32943.
________ (1987). "Emotion and Decision in Stoic Psychology." In Rist (1987)233-246 .
________ (1986). Hellenistic Philosophy : Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics.
________ (1996). Stoic Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reesor, Nargaret E. (1987). "Necessity and Fate in Stoic Philosophy." In Rist (1987)187-202.
Schofield, Malcolm and Gisela Striker (eds.) (1986). The Norms of Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_______ (1991). The Stoic Idea of the City. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Striker, Gisela (1996). Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics. Cambridge, England.
Manning, C.E. (1973). Seneca and the Stoics on the equality of the sexes. Mnemosyne 26 (series iv): 1707.
More, P.E. (1923). Hellenistic Philosophies. Princeton. An excellent work, see pp. 94171 for Epictetus.
Murray, G. (1921). The Stoic philosophy. Essays and Addresses. London: Allen and Unwin.

Nock, A.D. (1959). Journal of Roman Studies 49: 1 ff. On Posidonius.

+Nussbaum, Martha (1994). The Therapy of Desire. Princeton University Press. An excellent treatment of the religious/therapeutic
side of Hellenistic thought.
Pohlenz, M. (1948). Die Stoa. Gttingen:Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht. The best treatment, with no parallel in English.
Reesor, M.E. (1954). The Stoic concept of quality. American Journal of Philology 75: 4058.
________ (1957). The Stoic categories. American Journal of Philology 78: 6382.
________ (1965). Fate and possibility in early Stoic philosophy. Phoenix 19: 28597.
Rist, ed. The Stoics.
Robins, H.R. (1951). Ancient and Medieval Grammatical Theory. London. See pp. 2536 on the Stoics.
Sharples, R.W. (1996). Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics : An Introduction to Hellenistic Philosophy. London and New York:
Routledge,1996.V
Solmsen, F. (1961). Cleanthes or Posidonius? The Basis of Stoic Physics. Amsterdam.
Stanton, G.R. (1968). The cosmopolitan ideas of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. Phronesis 13: 18395.
Stough, Carlotte. Stoic Determinism and Moral Responsibility, in Rist () 203-231.
Striker, Gisela (1996). Origins of the Concept of Natural Law, in Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press) 209-220. Also Following Nature: A Study in Stoic Ethics, 221-280, The Role of Oikeiosis in Stoic
Ethics, 281-297. Also,Platos Socrates and the Stoics, 316-324.
Todd, Robert B. (). "Monism and Immanence: The Foundations of Stoic Physics," In Rist () 137-160.
________ (1973). The Stoic common notions. Symbolae Osloenses 48: 4775.
Toynbee, J.M.C. (1944). Dictators and philosophers in the first century A.D. Greece and Rome 13: 4358.
Watson, G. (1966). The Stoic Theory of Knowledge. Belfast.
Wenley, R.M. (1924; 1925). Stoicism and its Influence. Boston: Marshall Jones; London: Harrap.
Wirszubski, G. (1950). Pp. 13853 in Libertas as a Political Ideal at Rome during the late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge).
Zeller, Eduard (1892). The Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics. London: Longmans and Greeen. Once the standard work. Chiefly valuable
now for Stoic ethics.
Verbeke, G. (1983). The Presence of Stoicism in Medieval Thought. Washington.
Colish, Marcia (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. 2 vols. Leiden.

Hellenistic Greek Religion

Tarn, W.W. (1952). Hellenistic Civilisation. Third ed. New York: World Publishing Co.
Cumont, Franz (1912). Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. G.P.Putnams and Sons.
Grant, Frederick (1953). Hellenistic Religions. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
Hadas, Moses (1959). Hellenistic Culture, Fusion and Diffusion. Columbia University Press.
MacGregor, G.H.C. and A.C. Purdy (1959). Jew and Greek. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press.
Murray, Gilbert (1951). Five Stages of Greek Religion. New York: Doubleday.
Nilsson, Martin (1948). Greek Piety. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Nilsson, Martin (1940). Greek Popular Religion. New York: Columbia University Press.
Nilsson, Martin (1949). A History of Greek Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Nock, A.D. (1933). Conversion. Oxford University Press.
Festugiere, A.J. (1954). Personal Religion among the Greeks. Berkeley: University of California Press.
To note: Third century developments from contact with East, i.e cults of fortune and fate, Sun and planets as gods, orientalizing
mystery religions. Second century, astrology, and mystery religions sometimes as escape from the planetary gods. Tendency
to view the sects god as the only one, or at least the most powerful, others gods as aspects of ones own, or subordinate
to ones own. So Isis cult: purification and lustration, raised to 8th sphere to meet Isis, soul becomes free of influence of stars
once free of the stain of sin, ascends to the goddess after death, freed from the body.
Greek Medicine
Sarton, George. Galen of Pergamon.
Singer, Charles. A Short History of Medicine.

Taylor, H.O. Greek Biology and Medicine.

Momigliano, A. (1976). Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization. Cambridge University Press.
Fraenkel, H. (1975). Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy. Trans. M. Hadas and J. New York: Willis. Brace Jovanovich.
Burdert, W. (1992). The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age. Harvard University
Press.
Kierkegaard (1841). The Concept of Irony, with Continual Reference to Socrates. Trans. H.V. Hong and E.H. Hong. Princeton University
Press, 1989.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The mention of a book or article in the bibliography can be taken as a recommendation for it. Included
are good translations of primary sources, and the most interesting and important secondary sources. Most of
the latter are here because they influenced my exposition, but some argue for interesting views with which I
disagree. I have restricted myself for the most part to works in English.
Aaboe, Asgar (1974). Scientific astronomy in antiquity, in The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World, ed. F.R.
Hodson (Oxford) 21-42.
Ackrill, J.L. (1981). Aristotle the Philosopher. Oxford University Press.
________ (1997). Essays on Plato and Aristotle. Oxford University Press.
Adkins, A.W.H. (1960). Merit and Responsibility. Oxford. An excellent treatment of Greek ethical thought
before the fourth century, working from literary texts. Its conclusions may be somewhat overdrawn,
though many critics seem to overreact, and insist on misunderstanding them. For judicious correction,
see Lloyd-Jones (1971) and A.A. Long (1970).
________ (1970). From the Many to the One: A Study of Personality and Views of Human Nature in the Context of
Ancient Greek Society, Values, and Beliefs. Cornell University Press.
________ (1972). Moral Values and Political Behavior in Ancient Greece.
Algra, Keimpe (1999). The Beginnings of Cosmology. Chapter 3 in A. A. Long (1999), 4565.
________, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfield, and Malcolm Schofield (eds.) (1999). The Cambridge History of
Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Allan, D.J. (2nd ed. 1970). The Philosophy of Aristotle. Oxford University Press.
Allen, Reginald E. (ed.) (1965). Studies in Platos Metaphysics. London and New York: Routledge and Kegan
Paul Ltd and The Humanities Press.
________ (1970). Platos `Euthyphro and the Earlier Theory of Forms. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, New
York: Humanities Press.
________ (1980). Socrates and Legal Obligation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Contains a
translation of the Crito and Apology along with an excellent and well written discussion of Socratess
philosophy of law.
Annas, Julia E. (1981). An Introduction to Platos Republic. Oxford.
________ (1991). Epicuruss Philosophy of Mind. In Everson ed. (1991).
________ (1992). Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
Anthes, Rudolf (1961). Mythology in Ancient Egypt. In Mythologies of the Ancient World, edited by Samuel
Noah Kramer (Garden City, New York: Doubleday), pp. 15-92. An interesting overview, though his
remarks about the general nature of Egyptian myths are unduly influenced by the notion of
mythopoeic thought.
Anton, John P and George L. Kustas (eds.) (1971). Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Vol 1. Albany, New
York: State University of New York Press.
________ and A. Preuss (eds.) (1983). Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Vol 2. Albany, New York: State
University of New York Press.
Aristotle [4th century BCE]. The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan
Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Aristoxenus [4th century BCE]. The Harmonics of Aristoxenus. Edited and translated with notes by Henry S.
Macran. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902.
Armstrong, A.H. (1959). An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy. Third edition, revised. Newman Press.
Revision of 2d edition edition of 1949. Paperback reprint, Beacon Press 1965. A readable and

insightful short introduction, though somewhat dated.

________, ed. (1967). The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge University
Press.
Armstrong, Karen (2005). A Short History of Myth. New York: Canongate.
Bailey, C. (1928). The Greek Atomists and Epicurus: A Study. Oxford. Reprint ed., Russell, 1964.
Baldry, H.C. (1932). Embryological Analogies in Pre-Socratic Philosophy. Classical Quarterly 26: 27-34.
Barnes, Jonathan (1979). The PreSocratic Philosophers. 2 vols. London. Revised edition in one volume,
London: Methuen, 1982. A philosophically lively, but still scholarly, discussion.
________ (1985). Theophrastus and hypothetical syllogistic, in Fortenbaugh, W. W., Huby, P. M. & Long
A. A., edd. (1985) Theophrastus of Eresus: On his Life and Work, RUSCH 2 (New Brunswick/Oxford)
12541
________ (1988). Reply to Burnyeat (1988), in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Supplementary volume
44, 193206.
Barnes, Jonathan, Michael Schofield and Richard Sorabji (197579). Articles on Aristotle. 4 vols. London.
Barnes, Jonathan, ed. (1995).The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle. Cambridge University Press.
Barton, Carlin. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. Princeton University
Press.
Bennett, Jonathan (1964). Rationality. An Essay Towards an Analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. A
sophisticated examination by a first-rate philosopher of what it is to be intelligent, and rational.
Benson, Hugh H., ed. (1992). Essays on the Philosophy of Socrates. New York and Oxford: Oxford University
Press. A good collection of the most important articles published since Vlastos (1971a).
________ (1997). Socrates and the Beginning of Moral Philosophy. In Taylor (1997), Routledge History of
Philosophy: Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to Plato.
________ ed. (2006). A Companion to Plato. Blackwell Publishing.
Bett, R. (2000), Pyrrho, his antecedents, and his legacy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
________ (2002). Timon of Phlius. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.
(http://plato.stanford.edu/).
Bevan, Edwyn (1913). Stoics and Skeptics. Clarendon Press. Repr. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, Ltd., 1959,
1965. Four lectures, two on the Stoics, one on Posidonius, one on the Skeptics. A brief, readable and
intelligent consideration in the old style, arguing for the superiority of Christianity.
________ (1923). Hellenistic Popular Philosophy. In The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge University Press),
79107.
Bobonich, Christopher (2002). Platos Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics. Clarendon Press.
________ (2008). Platos Politics. In Fine (2008).
Bodnar, Istvan M. (2001). Atomic Independence and Indivisibility. Ch. 7 in Preus (2001).
Brandwood, Leonard (1992). Stylometry and chronology. In Kraut (1992). An excellent summary of
stylometric research on Platos dialogues.
Brickhouse, Thomas, and Nicholas D. Smith (1985). The formal charges against Socrates. Journal of the
History of Philosophy 23: 457-81. Reprinted in Benson (1992) 14-34.
________ (1994). Platos Socrates. Oxford University Press.
Brittain, C. (2001). Philo of Larissa. Oxford University Press.
________ (2005). Arcesilaus. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.
(http://plato.stanford.edu).
Broadie, Sarah (1999). Rational Theology. Chapter 10 in A. A. Long (1999) 205224.
Burkert, Walter (1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Mass. Translated by E.L.
Minar, Jr. from the German edition of 1962. Superseded everything previously written on the

subject.
________ (2008). Prehistory of Presocratic Philosophy in an Orientalizing Context. In Curd (2008).
Burnet, John (191516). The Socratic doctrine of the soul. Proceedings of the British Academy 7: 23559.
Reprinted in his Essays and Addresses (London, 1929): 12662.
Burnyeat, Myles F. (1976). Protagoras and self-refutation in later Greek Philosophy. Philosophical Review 91:
3-40. Reprinted in Everson (1990).
________ (1980). Can the Sceptic Live His Scepticism? In Schofield, Burnyeat and Barnes (1980) 2053.
________(1981). Aristotle on understanding knowledge, in E. Berti, 97139.
________, ed. (1983). The Skeptical Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
________(1988). Socrates and the jury: Paradoxes in Platos distinction between knowledge and true belief.
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Supplementary volume 44, 173206.
________(1990). The Theaetetus of Plato. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. M.J. Levetts translation,
revised, with a book length introduction.
Burnyeat, M. and M. Frede, eds. (1997). The Original Sceptics: A Controversy. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing
Company.
Calagero, G. (1957). Gorgias and the Socratic principle Nemo sua sponte peccat. Journal of Hellenic Studies
1: 12-17. Seems to me to get it more or less right, but for criticism, see Coulter (1964).
Canary, Robert and Henry Kozicki (1978). The Writing of History: Literary Form and Historical Understanding.
University of Wisconsin Press.
Cherniss, H. (1935). Aristotle's Criticism of Presocratic Philosophy Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
________ (1944). Aristotles Criticism of Plato and the Academy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Clark, R.T. Rundle (1963). Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt.
Clay, Diskin (1988). Reading the Republic. In Griswold (1988): 19-34.
Cochrane, Charles Norris (1940). Christianity and Classical Culture. Oxford University Press. Paperback edition,
1957.
Cohen, S. Marc (1971). Socrates on the Definition of Piety. In Vlastos (1971a) 158-176.
Cohen, Morris and I.E. Drabkin (1948). Source Book in Greek Science. New York: McGraw Hill. Reissue:
Harvard: 1966.
Cooper, John (1985). Plato, Isocrates, and Cicero on the independence of oratory from philosophy.
Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy, 1: 7796.
________ (1970). Plato on Sense Perception and Knowledge (Theaetetus 184-186). Phronesis 15, 123-46.
Reprinted in Fine, ed. (1999)
Corey, David Dwyer (2002). The Greek Sophists: Teachers of Virtue, Ph.D. dissertation at Louisiana State
University.
Cornford, F.M. (1926). Mystery Religions and Pre-Socratic Philosophy. In Cambridge Ancient History, vol.
IV, Chapter 15. Cambridge.
________ (1952). Principium Sapientiae: The Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought. Cornfords last work,
solidly establishing his pioneering efforts to connect the earliest Greek philosophical speculation to its
mythical background. His readings, brilliant as they are, fail to connect Greek thought to its
ideological functions. For this, see Vernant (1983).
________ (1934). Platos Theory of Knowledge. Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., London. A translation and
commentary on the Sophist and the Theaetetus.
________ (1937). Platos Cosmology. Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., London. A translation and commentary
on the Timaeus.
________ ( ). Plato and Parmenides. A translation and commentary on the Parmenides.
Coulter, J.A. (1964). The Relation of the Apology of Socrates to Gorgias Defense of Palamedes and Platos

critique of Gorgianic rhetoric. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology: 269-303. A criticism of Calagero
(1957).
Couprie, Dirk L. (2003). The Discovery of Space: Anaximanders Astronomy. In Anaximander in Context: New
Studies in the Origins of Greek Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
__________ (2001). Article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (www.utm.edu/research/iep),
Anaximander (c. 610-546 BCE).
Creed, J.L. (1973). "Moral Values in the Age of Thucydides." Classical Quarterly 23, 213-231.
Crombie, I.M. (1962, 1963). An Examination of Platos Doctrines. Vol. I. Plato on Man and Society. Vol. 2: Plato
on Knowledge and Reality. London. An excellent work, though rather repetitive and long-winded, and
often less philosophically penetrating than the later works cited here.
________ (1964). Plato: The Midwifes Apprentice. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. A well-written
summary of the results of Crombie (1962, 1963).
Cross, R.C. and Woozley, A.D. (1964). Platos Republic: A Philosophical Commentary. London: Macmillan.
Somewhat oversimplified commentary.
Couissin, P. (1929), Le Stoicisme de la nouvelle Academie, Revue d'histoire de la philosophie 3: 241-76, tr. by
Jennifer Barnes and M. Burnyeat as The Stoicism of the New Academy, in Burnyeat, ed. (1983)
31-63.
Crivelli, Paolo (2008). Platos Philosophy of Language. In Gail Fine (2008).
Curd, Patricia (1998). The Legacy of Parmenides: Eleatic Monism and Later Presocratic Thought. Princeton University
Press.
Curd, Patricia, and Graham, Daniel (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford University
Press.
Dancy, R. M. (1989). Thales, Anaximander, and infinity. Apeiron 22,149-190.
________ (1991). Two Studies in the Early Academy. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
________ (2003). Speusippus. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusippus).
________ (2004). Platos Introduction of Forms. Cambridge University Press.
________ (2003; rev. 2008). Xenocrates. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N.
Zalta. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/xenocrates).
Dannhauser, Werner J. (1974). Nietzsches View of Socrates. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Dennett, Daniel C. (1995). Darwins Dangerous Idea. Simon & Schuster. A Philosophers wellinformed
account of evolutionary theory, discussing in the last chapters the evolution of mind and thinking.
________ (2006). Breaking the Spell. Penguin Books. A sophisticated account of religion from an evolutionary
point of view.
Denyer, Nicholas (1991). Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Philosophy. London and New York:
Routledge.
Devereux, Daniel T. (1994). Separation and immanence in Platos theory of forms. Oxford Studies in Ancient
Philosophy 12, 6390. Reprinted in Fine (1999).
________ (2008). Socratic Ethics and Moral Philosophy. In Fine (2008).
DeWitt, Norman Wentworth (1954). Epicurus and His Philosophy. University of Minnesota Press.
Dicks, T.R. Thales. Classical Quarterly 9 (1959) 294-309.
Dillon, John (1977; rev. ed. 1996). The Middle Platonists: A Study of Platonism, 80 B.C. to A.D. 220. Duckworth.
________ (1993). Alcinous: The Handbook of Platonism, translated with an introduction and commentary. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
________ (2003). The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 B.C.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; New
York: Oxford University Press.

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1957). Diltheys Philosophy of Existence: Introduction to Weltanschauungslehre. New York:
Bookman Associates. Translation of The Types of World Views and Their Unfolding Within the Metaphysical
Systems, Gesammelte Schriften VIII 75118, by William Kluback and Martin Weinbaum.
Dio Cocceianus Chrysostomus [ca. 40120 CE]. Dio Chrysostom. Discourses. Greek edition with translation by
J.W. Colhoon. 5 vols. The Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press. 1932.
Diogenes Laertius [3d century CE]. Diogenes Laertius. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Greek edition with
translation by R.D. Hicks. 2 vols. The Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press. 1925
(revision of vol. 1, 1938). A set of biographies including many quotations from earlier works not
otherwise preserved.
Dobson, J.F. (1918). The Posidonius myth. Classical Quarterly 12, 179 ff.
Dodds, E.R. (1928). The Parmenides and the origins of the Neoplatonic One. Classical Quarterly 22, 12942
________ (1951). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press: Berkeley. Reprint, Peter
Smith, 1986.
Douglas, Mary (1966). Purity and Danger. An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. Routledge and Kegan
Paul.
Dudley, D.R. (1937) A History of Cynicism, London: Methuen.
Dring, I. and G.E.L. Owen, eds. (1960). Aristotle and Plato in the Mid-Fourth Century. Gteborg.
Edelstein, Ludwig (1936). The philosophical system of Poseidonius. American Journal of Philology 57: 286 ff.
Edwards, C.H., Jr. (1979). The Historical Development of the Calculus. New York: Springer Verlag. Chapter one
provides a conceptually sophisticated review of Greek mathematics.
Eliade, Mircea (1964). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
A detailed study of Shamanism. Claims that it lies behind Indian meditative religions, Taoism in China,
Orphism in Greece, and Nordic mythology.
Ellis, Havelock (1963). Preface to Plato.
Everson, Stephen, ed. (1990). Epistemology. Companions to Ancient Thought 1. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. An excellent collection of philosophically sophisticated essays on Ancient theory of
knowledge.
________ ed. (1991). Psychology. Companions to Ancient Thought 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. An excellent collection of philosophically sophisticated essays on Ancient philosophy of mind.
Ferrari, G.R.F. ed. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Platos Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Field, G.C. (1930). Plato and his Contemporaries. London: Methuen & Co.
Fine, Gail (1978). Knowledge and Belief in Republic V. Archiv fr Geschichte der Philosophie 60: 121-139.
________ (1979a). Knowledge and logos in the Theaetetus. Philosophical Review 88: 366-97. Reprinted in
Fine (2003).
________ (1979b). False belief in the Theaetetus. Phronesis 24, 70-80. Reprinted in Fine (2003).
________ (1980). One over many. Philosophical Review 89.
________ (1984). Separation. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 2: 31-87. Reprinted in Fine (2003). On
Aristotles contention that Plato separated the Forms from particulars, while Socrates did not.
________ (1986). Immanence. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 4: 71-97. Reprinted in Fine (2003).
________ (1994). Protagorean Relativisms. Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy 10 (Latham, Md:
University Press of America), 211-43. Reprinted in Fine (2003).
________ (1996). Conflicting appearances: Theaetetus 153d-154b. In C. Gill and M. McCabe, Form and
Argument in Late Plato. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted in Fine (2003).
________ (1997). Forms as causes: Plato and Aristotle. In A. Graeser, ed. (1997), Mathematics and
Metaphysics (Bern: Haupt), 69112. Reprinted in Fine (2003)

________ (1998). Platos refutation of Protagoras in the Theaetetus. Apeiron 32, 201-34. Reprinted in Fine
(2003).
________ (1990). Knowledge and belief in Republic V-VII. In Everson (1990): 85-115. Reprinted in Fine
(1999).
________ (1992). Inquiry in the Meno. In Kraut (1992): 200226. Reprinted in Fine (2003).
________ ed. (1999). Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Oxford Readings in Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. A first-rate collection of essays by various authors.
________ (2003). Plato on Knowledge and the Forms: Selected Essays. Oxford.
________ (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford.
Fine, John (1983). The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Harvard University Press. In my view, the best political
history of Ancient Greece available.
Finkelberg, Aryeh (1986). The Cosmology of Parmenides. The American Journal of Philology 107: 303317.
________ (1990). Studies in Xenophanes. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 93: 103-167.
________ (1996). Platos Method in the Timaeus. The American Journal of Philology 117: 391-409.
________ (1997). Xenophanes Physics, Parmenides Doxa, and Empedocles Theory of Cosmogonical
Mixture. Hermes 125: 1-16.
________ (1998). On the History of the Greek Cosmos. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 98, 103-136.
________ (1999). Being, Truth and Opinion in Parmenides. Archiv fur Geschichte der Philosophie 81, 233248.
Finley, M.I. (1956). The World of Odysseus. Particularly interesting for Finleys account of views concerning
virtue in the ninth century B.C.E. Finley is a solid historian not much given to nonsense, and always
refreshing to read.
Fraenkel, Herman (1925). Xenophaness empiricism and his critique of knowledge. In Mourelatos (1974)
118-131. Original German version in Hermes 60 (1925) 174-92, as Part II of Xenophanes-studien.
Frankfort, Henri, ed. (1946). The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man. Chicago: University Press. Reprint ed.,
as Before Philosophy. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949. A good overview of the mythological thought
of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Chapters on Mesopotamia by Thorkild Jacobsen.
________ (1948). Kingship and the Gods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A detailed, perceptive, and
scholarly study of kingship and its relation to the religious world views of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Frankfurt, Harry G. (1971). Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. Journal of Philosophy 68.
Reprinted in The Importance of What We Care About. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
1988.
Frede, Dorothea (1992). Disintegration and Restoration: Pleasure and Pain in Platos Philebus. In Kraut
(1992) 425-463.
Frede, Michael (1987a). Essays in Ancient Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
________ (1987b). Numenius, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt, 36 (2): 10341075.
________ (1994). Celsus, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt, 36 (2): 51835213.
Fritz, K. von (1943). Noos and noein in the Homeric poems. Classical Philology 38: 79-93.
________ (1945-6). Nous, noein and their derivatives in Presocratic philosophy. Classical Philology 40:
223242, 41: 1234.
Furley, David J. (1967a). Parmenides of Elea. In Paul Edwards, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 6, 47-51.
________ (1967b). Two Studies in the Greek Atomists. Princeton. A philosophically sophisticated treatment.
Furley, David J. and R.E. Allen (eds.) (1970, 1975). Studies in Pre-Socratic Philosophy. 2 vols. London. An
excellent collection of classic papers.
Furth, Montgomery (1968). Elements of Eleatic ontology. Journal of the History of Philosophy 6: 111-132.
Gallop, David (1975). Plato: Phaedo. Translated with notes. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
Geach, Peter (1966). Platos Euthyphro, an analysis and commentary, Monist 50:3, 369382.

Gerson, Lloyd P. (1996). The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus. Cambridge University Press.
________ (2010). The Cambridge History of Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.
Giannantoni, G. (1990). Socratis et Socraticorum Reliquiae. Second edition. Naples.
Giddens, A. (1985). The Nation State and Violence. Polity Press.
Gill, Christopher, and T.P. Wiseman (eds.) (1993). Lies and Fiction in the Ancient World. Austin: University of
Texas Press.
Gill, Mary Louise (1996). Plato: Parmenides. Translated with Paul Ryan, with Introduction. Hackett Publishing
Company: Indianapolis, Indiana.
Gill, Mary Louise and Pierre Pellegrin, eds. (2006). A Companion to Ancient Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing.
Glucker, John (1978). Antiochus and the Late Academy. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
Gomperz, Theodor (1896). Greek Thinkers. Translated by Laurie Magnus, London: John Murray, 1906.
Goodenough, Ward H. (1990). Evolution of the Human Capacity for Beliefs. American Anthropologist 92(3)
597-612.
Gosling, J.C.B. (1975). Plato: Philebus. Translated with Notes and Commentary. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Gracia, Jorge J.E. (1992). Philosophy and Its History. Issues in Philosophical Historiography. State University of New
York Press. A sensible and thorough consideration of the issues by a practicing historian of philosophy.
Graham, Daniel (1987). Aristotles Two Systems. Oxford.
Graham, D. W. (1994). The Postulates of Anaxagoras. Apeiron 27: 77121.
________ (2008). Leucippuss Atomism. In Curd and Graham (2008).
Grene, Margaret (1963). A Portrait of Aristotle. Chicago.
Griswold, Charles L. (ed.) (1988). Platonic Writings, Platonic Readings. New York, New York: Routledge,
Chapman and Hall.
Grote, George (1850). History of Greece. 2d ed. Chapter 47: The DramaRhetoric and DialecticsThe
Sophists. London: John Murray. Reprinted in Irwin (1995) 2:2112.
Guthrie, Kenneth Sylvan (1917). Numenius of Apamea: The Father of Neo-Platonism. London: George Bell and
Sons.
Guthrie, W.K.C. (1933-34). The development of Aristotles theology. Classical Quarterly 27: 162-171, 28:
9098.
________ (1949). The Greeks and their Gods. 1949. A sound and scholarly general account of Greek Olympian
theology, though somewhat out-dated on some topics.
________ (1952). Orpheus and Greek Religion: A Study of the Orphic Movement. 2d. rev. ed. 1952.
________ (1962-81). A History of Greek Philosophy. 6 vols. Cambridge. I: The Earlier Presocratics and The
Pythagoreans (1962). II: The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (1965). III: The
Fifth-century Enlightenment (1969). IV: Plato. The Man and His Dialogus: Earlier Period (1975).
V: The Later Plato and the Academy (1978). VI: Aristotle: An Encounter (1981). A thorough and
careful work, reviewing all important previous scholarship. Exhaustive bibliographies.
Hadot, P. (1968). Porphyre et Victorinus. Paris.
Hahn, Robert (2003). Proportions and Numbers in Anaximander and Greek Thought. In Anaximander in
Context: New Studies in the Origins of Greek Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hankinson, R.J. (1991). Greek Medical Models of the Mind. In Everson (1991) 194217.
Hare, R.M. (1982). Plato. Past Masters Series. Oxford University Press.
Hasper, Pieter (1999). The Foundations of Presocratic Atomism. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy XVII,
114.
Heath, Sir Thomas (1908). Thirteen Books of Euclid. 3 vols. Oxford. Translation with exhaustive historical and
scholarly commentary. A rich source for ancient geometry in general.
________ (1921). History of Greek Mathematics. 2 vols. Oxford. The authoritative reference, very richly

documented.
Hegel, G.W.F. (1985). Hegels Introduction to the Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Translated by T.M. Knox
and A.V.Miller. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Heidel, W.A. (1906). The dine in Anaximander and Anaximenes. Classical Philology 1: 279-282.
Herman, A.L. (1983). An Introduction to Buddhist Thought: A Philosophic History of Indian Buddhism. London,
Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
Horton, R. (1970). African traditional thought and western science. In Wilson (1970), 137-171. An
abbreviated form of an article in Africa 37 (1967) 50-71, 155-187.
Huffman, C. A. (1993). Philolaus of Croton: Pythagorean and Presocratic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(Greek texts of the fragments and testimonia with translations and commentary in English.)
________ (1988). The Role of Number in Philolaus Philosophy. Phronesis 33: 1-30.
________ (2001). The Philolaic Method: The Pythagoreanism behind the Philebus. In Essays in Ancient Greek
Philosophy VI: Before Plato, A. Preus (ed.) (Albany: State University of New York Press) 67-85.
________ (2002). Archytas and the Sophists, in Presocratic Philosophy: Essays in Honour of Alexander Mourelatos,
Victor Caston and Daniel W. Graham (eds.) (Aldershot: Ashgate) 251-270.
________ (2004). Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
________ (2008). Philolaus. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/philolaus/>.
________ (2011). Archytas. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta
(ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/archytas/>.
Huggett, Nick (1999). Space from Zeno to Einstein: Classic Readings with a Contemporary Commentary. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
________ (2010). Zenos Paradoxes. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward
N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/paradox-zeno/>.
Hussey, Edward (1982). Epistemology and meaning in Heraclitus. In Language and Logos: Studies in Ancient
Greek Philosophy Presented to G.E.L. Owen. Ed. Schofield and Nussbaum. Cambridge.
________ (1990). The beginnings of epistemology: from Homer to Philolaus. In Everson, 11-38.
________ (1999). Heraclitus. Chapter 5 in A. A. Long (1999) 88112.
Iamblichus. On the Pythagorean Way of Life, trans. J.M. Dillon and J. Hershbell (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991).
Inwood, Brad and L.P. Gerson (1988; 1997). Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings. Hackett Publishing
Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Inwood, Brad, editor (2003). The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press.
Irwin, Terence (1977). Platos Heracleitianism. Philosophical Quarterly 27: 1-13.
________ (1977). Platos Moral Theory. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. A keenly perceptive
philosophical analysis of Platos reaction to Socratic thought.
________ (1989). Classical Thought. A History of Western Philosophy, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. An interesting, insightful, and somewhat maverick introduction, dealing with a lot of literary
material not ordinarily treated in histories of philosophy.
________ (1989a). Socrates and Athenian democracy. Philosophy and Public Affairs 18: 184-205. A criticism
of Stone (1988).
________ (1992). Socratic puzzles. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 10.
________, ed. (1995). Classical Philosophy: Collected Papers. Vol. 2: Socrates and his Contemporaries. New York
and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
________ (1995). Platos Ethics. Oxford University Press. A rewriting and expansion of the 1977 volume,

with additional coverage of the Republic and later dialogues added.

________ (1999). The theory of forms. In Fine, ed. (1999) I ch. 5. Adapted from (1995) ch. 10.
Jaeger, Werner (1912). Studien zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Metaphysik des Aristoteles. Berlin. The opening
volume in the modern discussion of Aristotles philosophical development.
________ (1923). Aristoteles, Grundlegung einer Geschichte seiner Entwicklung. English translation as Aristotle:
Fundamentals of the History of his Development (Oxford: 1934; 2nd ed. 1948).
________ (1947). The Theology of the Early Greek Philosophers.
Jones, W.T. (1969-1970). Philosophical disagreements and world views. Proceedings and Addresses of the
American Philosophical Association 43: 24-42.
________ (1970). A History of Western Philosophy. Vol. 1: The Classical Mind. 2nd edition. Harcourt Brace.
Kahn, Charles H. (1960). Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology.
________ (1966). The Greek verb be and the concept of being. Foundations of Language 2, 245-265.
________ (1974a). Pythagorean philosophy before Plato. In Mourelatos (1974), 161-85.
________ (1974b). Religion and natural philosophy in Empedocless doctrine of the soul. In Mourelatos
(1974): 426-456.
________ (1980). The Art and Thought of Heraclitus: An Edition of the Fragments with Translation and
Commentary. Cambridge University Press.
________ (1981). Some philosophical uses of to be in Plato. Phronesis 26:105-134.
________ (1988). Being in Parmenides and Plato. La parola del passato 43: 237-261.
________ (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis,
Indiana.
Karamanolis, George (2009). Numenius. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N.
Zalta. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/numenius).
Keeley, Lawrence (1996), War Before Civilization. Oxford.
Kekes, John (1980). The Nature of Philosophy. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield. I have taken a great deal from
this book, though I disagree with Kekess optimism regarding the possibility of finding a solid rational
defense for a world view, and often find his discussion and argumentation impossibly loose.
Kerferd, G.B. (1981a). The Sophistic Movement. Cambridge. Has become the standard treatment. The best
general work. Shows more philosophical sophistication than Guthrie (1962-1981).
________, ed. (1981b). The Sophists and their Legacy. Proceedings of the Fourth International Colloquium
of Ancient Greek Philosophy at Bad Homburg 1979, Hermes Einzelschriften. Weisbaden.
________ (1997). The Sophists. Ch. 7 in Taylor (1997), Routledge History of Philosophy: Vol. 1: From the
Beginnings to Plato.
Keyt, D. (1973). Plato on Falsity. In Exegesis and Argument, ed. E. Lee, A. Mourelatos, and R. Rorty, Assen:
285305.
Kingsley, Peter (1994a). Empedocles' Sun. Classical Quarterly 44: 316-324.
________ (1994b). Empedocles and his Interpreters: The Four-Element Doxography. Phronesis 39: 235-254.
________ (1995). Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic. Oxford University Press.
________ (1999). In the Dark Places of Wisdom. The Golden Sufi Center. Inverness, California.
Kirk, G.S. (1954). Heraclitus: The Cosmic Fragments. Cambridge University Press. An outstanding study.
________ (1970). Myth. Its Meanings and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures. Cambridge University Press,
1970. An intelligent examination of theories of myth produced by anthropologists, and an application
of anthropological techniques of analysis to ancient Mesopotamian and classical Greek myth.
Sophisticated, judicious and insightful.
________ (1974). The Nature of Greek Myths. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. A reconsideration of the
material in Myth, with some new analyses, but restricted to Greek mythology.

Kirk, G.S., and J.E. Raven (1957; 1983). The Pre-Socratic Philosophers. 2d ed., revised, with M. Schofield.
Contains literal translations of the important fragments and testimonia, extensive scholarly discussion,
and bibliography, with a long and helpful introduction.
Klosko, George (1986). The Development of Platos Political Theory. New York: Methuen.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1944). Sumerian Mythology. Memoir no. 21 of the American Philosophical Society.
Philadelphia. Reprinted in Anchor Books. Many of the myths recounted here are incomplete.
Kramer tends to view the myths as purely theoretical, lacking a sense of their probable role in ritual
and ideology, but his translations provide the best coverage of the Sumerian and Akkadian texts.
________ (1961). Mythology of Sumer and Akkad. In Mythologies of the Ancient World, edited by S.N.
Kramer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961). Written as an update of the authors earlier Sumerian
Mythology. The translations here supplement those there, and the material already in the older book
is only summarized.
Kraut, Richard (1984). Socrates and the State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
________, ed. (1992). The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge University Press.
________ (1992). The Defense of Justice in the Republic. In Kraut, ed. (1992) 311337.
Kretzmann, Norman (1972). Plato on the correctness of names. Philosophical Quarterly.
Lebedev, Andrei (2006). Aristarchos of Samos on Thales theory of eclipses. Apeiron 23 no. 2: 7785.
Lee, E., A. Mourelatos and R. Rorty (1973). Exegesis and Argument. Assen.
Lee, H.D.P. (1936). Zeno of Elea: A Text with Translation and Notes. Cambridge. Reprint 1967.
________ (1948). Place-names and the date of Aristotles biological works. Classical Quarterly 42: 6167.
Lesher, James H. (1978). Xenophaness skepticism. Phronesis 23: 1-21. Reprinted in Anton and Preuss
(1983), 20-40.
________ (1985). Socratess disavowal of knowledge. Philosophical Quarterly 35: 1-31.
________ (1992). Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments. A Text and Translation with a Commentary. Phoenix
Supplementary Volume XXX, Presocratics Volume IV. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
________ (2002). "Xenophanes."In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002 Edition). Edited by
Edward N. Zalta. URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2002/entries/xenophanes/>.
________ (2008). The Humanizing of Knowledge in Presocratic Thought. In Curd and Graham (2008).
Lewis, Eric (1999). The Dogmas of Indivisibility, On the Origins of Ancient Atomism. Boston Area Colloquium
in the Ancient Philosophy, 121.
Lewis, Frank A. (1973). Foul Play in Platos Aviary. In Exegesis and Argument, ed. E. Lee, A. Mourelatos, and
R. Rorty, Assen: 262384.
Lichtheim, Miriam (1973). Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings. 3 vols. Berkeley: University of
California Press. An extensive collection of the writings of Ancient Egypt in good English translation,
with bibliographies and useful, up-to-date introductions and notes for each of the translations.
Lloyd, A.C. (1954). Platos description of division. Classical Quarterly. Reprinted in Allen (1965), XI: 219230.
Lloyd, G.E.R. (1966). Polarity and Analogy.
________ (1968). Aristotle. Cambridge.
________ (1979). Magic, Reason and Experience. Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek Science. Cambridge
University Press.
________ (1983). Science, Folklore and Ideology. Studies in the Life Sciences of Ancient Greece. Cambridge University
Press.
Lloyd-Jones, H. (1971). The Justice of Zeus. Berkeley.
Long, A.A. (1970). Morals and values in Homer. Journal of Hellenic Studies 90: 121-39.
________, ed. (1971). Problems in Stoicism. London.

________ (1974). Empedocless cosmic cycle in the sixties. In Mourelatos (1974): 397-425.
________ (1974, 1986). Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics. 2d edition. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press.
________, ed. (1999). The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Long, A.A. and D.N. Sedley (1987). The Hellenistic Philosophers. Cambridge. A collection of texts with wellinformed discussion and an extensive bibliography.
Long, H.S. (1949). The unity of Empedokless thought. American Journal of Philology: 142-158.
Lorenz, Hendrik (2008). Plato on the Soul. In Gail Fine (2008).
________ (2009). Ancient Theories of the Soul. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/.
Lovibond, Sabina (1991). Platos Theory of Mind. In Everson (1991): 3555.
Lukes, S. (1970). Some problems about rationality. In Wilson (1970), 194-213. Defends the rationality of
the thought of primitive men.
McCabe (MacKenzie), Mary (1987). The moving posset stands still: Heraclitus fr. 125. American Journal of
Philology 542-555.
McKim, Richard (1988). Shame and truth in Platos Gorgias. In Griswold (1988): 34-48.
McKirahan, Voula Tsouna (1994). The Socratic origins of the Cynics and Cyrenaics. In Vander Waerdt
(1994).
McMullin, Ernan (1984). The goals of natural science, Presidential Address in the Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Association 58 no. 1 37-64. Argues that natural science aims, at least in the first instance,
to discover a hidden reality that explains observations, not merely to discover regularities.
Malinowski, Bronislaw (1948). Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,
1954. (Free Press, 1948) The classic proponent among anthropologists of functionalism, the view
that myths and religious doctrines are to be understood in terms of the functions they perform in
society rather than as theoretical accounts intended to be literally true.
Mandelbaum, Maurice (1976). On the historiography of philosophy. Philosophy Research Archives 2.
Mansfield, Jaap (1999). Sources. Chapter 2 in A. A. Long (1999), 2244. A review of the sources for preSocratic philosophy, sketching and documenting recent criticism of Dielss work.
Marcus Aurelius. A.S.L. Farquharson (Oxford: 1944), The best translation.
Mates, Benson (1953). Stoic Logic. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Thorough
coverage, containing translations of many texts.
Matson, Wallace I (1980). Parmenides Unbound. Philosophical Inquiry (Athens) 2 no. 1: 345360. Argues
that Parmenides did not reject the "Way of Seeming" as false, and that he thought reality to be space,
which is capable of thought.
________ (2000 - 2nd ed; 1987). A New History of Philosophy. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
________ (2001). Zeno Moves! In Preuss (2001), 87108.
Matthews, Gareth (1991). Container metaphysics according to Aristotles Greek commentators. In Canadian
Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume 17, Aristotle and his Medieval Interpreters, ed. Richard Bosley
and Martin Tweedale, 724.
________ (2008). The epistemology and metaphysics of Socrates, in Fine (2008).
Meinwald, Constance Chu. (1991). Plato's Parmenides. New York: Oxford University Press.
________ (1992). Good-bye to the Third Man. In Kraut, R. (1992): 365-396.
________ (2002). Plato's Pythagoreanism. Ancient Philosophy 22.1: 87-101.
Minar, Edwin L. (1942). Early Pythagorean Politics in Practice and Theory. Baltimore: Waverly Press.
Moline, John (1981). Platos Theory of Understanding. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Most, Glenn (1999). The poetics of early Greek philosophy. In A.A. Long (1999): 332362.
Morrison, J.S. (1956). Pythagoras of Samos. Classical Quarterly N.S. 6: 133-56. An excellent biographical
account.
Mourelatos, Alexander P.D. (1970). The Route of Parmenides: A Study of Word, Image and Argument in the
Fragments. Yale University Press.
________ (1971). Minds commitment to the real: Parmenides B 8.34-41. In Anton & Kustas (1971),
59-80.
________ (ed.) (1974a). The Pre-Socratics: A Collection of Critical Essays. A good collection of papers written
in the late 60's and early 70's, with a full bibliography.
________ (1974b). The deceptive words of Parmenidess doxa. In Mourelatos (1974a).
________ (2008). The Cloud-Astrophysics of Xenophanes and Ionian Material Monism. In Curd and
Graham (2008).
Mueller, Ian (1992). Mathematical method and philosophical truth. In Kraut (1992).
Nadaff, Gerard (2003). Anthropogony and Politogony in Anaximander of Miletus. In Anaximander in Context:
New Studies in the Origins of Greek Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Nails, Debra (2002). The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Nehamas, Alexander (1975). Plato on the imperfection of the sensible world. American Philosophical Quarterly
12:105117. Reprinted in Fine (1999).
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1875). Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Trans. Marianne Cowan. Chicago: 1962.
An interesting and provocative book.
________ (1876). The Pre-Platonic Philosophers. Trans. Greg Whitlock. University of Illinois: 2001. A
translation of Nietzsches notes for his classes.
Nozick, Robert (1993). The Nature of Rationality. Princeton University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha (1979). Eleatic conventionalism and Philolaus on the conditions of thought. Harvard
Studies in Classical Philology 83: 63-108.
________ (1986). The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge
University Press. A first-rate examination of Greek thought concerning human goodness and its
dependence on luck, dealing with the tragic authors, Platos Protagoras, Republic, Symposium and
Phaedrus, and Aristotle.
Nuyens, F. (1939, Dutch; 1948, French trans). LEvolution de la psychologie dAristote. Louvain.
OBrien, Denis (1969). Empedocless Cosmic Cycle: A Reconstruction from the Fragments and Secondary Sources.
Cambridge University Press.
OGrady, Patricia (2004). Thales of Miletus. In the Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy at
www.utm.edu/research/iep. The most thorough and careful treatment of Thales available.
Onians, Richard B. (1951). The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time
and Fate. Reprint ed., Ayer, 1980. A remarkable and scholarly book, outlining the traditional world
view in the eastern Mediterranean in ancient times. The author pulls in every conceivable literary
source and philological point to back up his picture.
Owen, G.E.L. (1960). Eleatic questions. Classical Quarterly 10: 84-102. Reprinted in Furley and Allen II
(1975), 48-81 and in Owen (1986) 3-26.
________ (1965a). The place of the Timaeus in Platos dialogues. in Allen (1965) 293338.
________ (1965b). The platonism of Aristotle. Proceedings of the British Academy 50: 12550. Reprint in
Barnes et al. (1975/1979) vol. 1, and in Owen (1986) 200220.
________(1986). Logic Science and Dialectic. Collected Papers in Greek Philosophy. Edited by Martha C. Nussbaum.
Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Palmer, John (1998). Xenophanes Ouranian God in the Fourth Century. In Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy

16.
________ (1999). Plato's Reception of Parmenides. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
________ (2000). "Aristotle on the Ancient Theologians." Apeiron 33 (2000), 181-206.
________ (2000). "Skeptical Investigation." Ancient Philosophy 20 (2000), 351-75.
________ (2003). "On the alleged incorporeality of What Is in Melissus." Ancient Philosophy 23 (2003), 1-10.
________ (2004). "Melissus and Parmenides." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 26, 19-54.
________ (2008). Parmenides. The Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL
= <http://plato.stanford.edu/>.
________ (2009). Parmenides and Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
Passmore, John (1967). Philosophy and Philosophy, Historiography of. In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
edited by Paul Edwards. New York and London: MacMillan and Collier.
Patterson, Richard (1985). Image and Reality in Platos Metaphysics. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing
Company. An excellent discussion of the metaphysical status of the Forms.
Penner, Terry (1973). The unity of virtue. Philosophical Review 82: 3568.
________ (1987). The Ascent from Nominalism. Some Existence Arguments in Platos Middle Dialogues. Dordrecht:
D. Reidel.
________ (1992). Socrates and the early dialogues. In Kraut (1992).
Peterman, John E. (2000). On Plato. In the Wadsworth Philosophers Series. Wadsworth.
Peterson, S. (1981). The Greatest Difficulty for Platos Theory of Forms: The Unknowability Argument of
Parmenides 133c-134c. Archiv fr Geschichte der Philosophie 63, 1-16.
________ (1996). Platos Parmenides: A Principle of Interpretation and Seven Arguments. Journal of the
History of Philosophy 34, 167-192.
________ (2000). The Language Game in Platos Parmenides, Ancient Philosophy 20, 19-51.
________ (2003) New Rounds of the Exercise in Plato's Parmenides. Modern Schoolman 80, 245-278.
Peters, F.E. (1967). Greek Philosophical Terms. New York University Press.
Plato [4th century BCE] (1961). The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Edited by E. Hamilton and H. Cairns.
Princeton University Press. The translations are by various scholars, representing the best available
at the time of publication. Includes all the dialogues, including those of unreliable attribution, and the
authentic letters.
________ (1997). Plato: Complete Works. Edited by John M. Cooper, associate editor D.S. Hutchinson.
Hackett Publishing Company. An improvement on Hamilton and Cairns, containing all the works in
the edition of Thrasyllus, including those now regarded as spurious, and all the letters.
Porphyry [3rd century CE] (1823). Select Works of Porphyry: containing his four books on Abstinence from Animal Food;
his treatise on The Homeric Cave of the Nymphs; and his Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures.
Translated by Thomas Taylor, with an appendix explaining the allegory of the wanderings of Ulysses
by the translator. London: printed for Thomas Rodd, 17, Great Newport Street. Reprinet: Guildford
(1994).
________ (1983). Porphyry on the Cave of the Nymphs. Translated by R. Lamberton (with the Greek text)..
Barrytown, New York.
________ (2003). Porphyrys Introduction. Translated with a commentary by Jonathan Barnes. Oxford.
________ (1992). On Aristotles Categories. Translated by Steven K. Strange. Ithaca, New York.
________ (1989). Porphyrys Letter to his Wife Marcella Concerning the life of Philosophy and the Ascent to the Gods.
Translated by Alice Zimmern. Grand Rapids, Michigan.
________ (1994). Porphyry Against the Christians: The Literary Remains. Translated by R.J. Hoffmann. Guildford.
________ (). Launching-Points to the Realm of the Mind. Translated by K. Guthrie. Reprint: Guildford (1988).
Powell, J.G.F. (1995). Cicero the Philosopher. Oxford University Press. A first-rate collection of twelve papers

on various aspects of Ciceros thought.

Preus, Anthony (2001). Before Plato. Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy VI. Albany, New York: State University
of New York Press.
________ (1982). Socratic psychotherapy. The University of Dayton Review 16 (1): 15-23.
Primavesi, Oliver (2006). Empedokles in Florentiner Aristoteles-Scholien. Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 157: 2740.
________ (2008). Empedocles: Physical and Mythical Divinity. In Curd and Graham (2008).
Prior, William J. (1985). Unity and Development in Platos Metaphysics. Croom Helm.
Pritchard, Evans, ed. (1957). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1957.
Radin, Paul (1927). Primitive Man as Philosopher. Appleton. 2d ed. 1955. New York: Dover 1957. The only
book I know on the topic. Radin takes a Marxist approach, but is not at all doctrinaire. His down to
earth, intelligent analysis is rooted in his own field work.
_______ (1937). Primitive Religion. New York: Viking. Reprint ed., New York: Dover, 1957. A
sophisticated discussion connecting religious belief and practice to social and economic structure.
Radins treatment is balanced by a real sympathy for the world view of his respondents and the wisdom
it contains.
Randall, John Herman (1970). Plato: Dramatist of the Life of Reason. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rankin, H.D. (1983). Sophists, Socratics and Cynics. London and Canberra, Totowa, New Jersey: Croom
Helm, Barnes and Noble.
Raven, J.E. (1948). Pythagoreans and Eleatics: An Account of the Interaction between Two Opposed Schools.
Cambridge University Press. Reprint ed., Ares Publications, 1981. I find much of Ravens account
of the number atomism of the Pythagoreans plausible, but see Vlastos (1959) for an influential
critique necessitating at least some revisions.
Rickless, S. C. (1998). How Parmenides Saved the Theory of Forms, Philosophical Review 107, 501-554.
________ (2007a). Platos Forms in Transition: A Reading of the Parmenides. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
________ (2007b). Platos Parmenides. In the Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Rist, J.M. (1969). Stoic Philosophy. Cambridge. Contains a good discussion of the Stoic view of suicide.
________ ed. (1978). The Stoics. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
________ (1989). The Mind of Aristotle: A Study in Philosophic Growth. Toronto.
Robinson, Richard (1953). Platos Earlier Dialectic. 2d ed. Oxford. Ch. X: Hypothesis in the Republic,
reprinted in Vlastos (1971b).
Roochnik, D. (1990). The Tragedy of Reason. New York: Routledge.
Rorty, Richard M. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Presss.
Especially Ch. III.
Ross, David (1923; rev. 1930, 1937, 1945, 1949). Aristotle. London: Methuen & Co.
Rowe, Christopher J., ed. (1993). Plato: Phaedo. Cambridge.
Runciman, W.G. (1959). Platos Parmenides. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Reprint in Allen (1965) Ch.
VII, 149-184.
Ryle, Gilbert (1966). Platos Progress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. An entertaining recasting of
Platos life which, though not generally accepted by scholars, is still worth reading.
Saggs, H.W.F (1962). The Greatness that Was Babylon. New York and Toronto: New American Library.
Salmon, W.C. (2001, 2nd ed.). Zenos Paradoxes. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co. Inc.
Sambursky, Samuel (1959). Physics of the Stoics. London: Routledge and Kegal Paul. Translates the more
important texts. For some doubts concerning Samburskys efforts to draw analogies with modern

physical concepts, which is the center of the discussion, see the review by A. Wasserstein in Journal
of Hellenic Studies 83 (1963) 186190.
Sandbach, F.H. (1975; 1989). The Stoics. Chatto & Windus, Ltd.; 2d ed. Bristol Classical Press. Repr. ed.
1994, Bristol Classical Press and Hackett Publishing Company. Especially good for Stoic ethics.
Santas, Gerasimos (1979). Socrates. Philosophy in Platos Early Dialogues. The Arguments of the Philosophers.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Sayre, Kenneth (1983). Platos Late Ontology. A Riddle Resolved. Princeton University Press.
Schofield, Malcolm, Myles Burnyeat, and Jonathan Barnes (eds.) (1980). Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in
Hellenistic Epistemology. Oxford.
Schofield, Malcolm (1980). An Essay on Anaxagoras. Cambridge University Press. Especially interested in
Anaxagoras on Mind. Surveys current scholarship.
________ (1991). Heraclituss Theory of the Soul and its Antecedents. In Everson (1991) 13-34.
________ (1995). Ciceros Definition of Res Publica. In Powell (1995).
Scott, Dominic (1999). Platonic recollection. In Fine (1999). This is extracted from Scotts book, Recollection
and Experience: Platos Theory of Learning and its Successors (Cambridge: 1995), 380.
________ (2008). The Republic. In Fine (2008).
Sedley, David (1981). The end of the Academy. Phronesis 26: 6775. A review of Glucker (1978).
________ (1999). Parmenides and Melissus. Chapter 6 in A. A. Long (1999), 113-133
________ (2008). Atomisms Eleatic Roots. In Curd and Graham (2008).
Seneca (1958). The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca. Translated by Moses Hadas. W.W. Norton & Co. On
Providence, On the Shortness of Life, On the Tranquillity of Mind, Consolation to Helvia, On
Clemency, and selections from the Letters, well translated, with a valuable introduction.
Seneca (1969). Letters from a Stoic. Translated by Robin Campbell. Penguin Books. A selection from the Letters.
Shaw, Gregory (1995). Theurgy and the Soul. The Neoplatonism of Iamblichus. Pennsylvania State University Press.
Sherry, David (1999). Thaless Sure Path. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 30A(4), 621-650.
Shields, Christopher, ed. (2002). The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing.
Shipley, Graham (2000). The Greek World after Alexander 323-30 B.C.E. In the Routledge History of the Ancient
World, general editor Fergus Millar. London and New York: Routledge.
Smart, Harold R. (1962). Philosophy and Its History. LaSalle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company.
Smith, Andrew (1974). Porphyrys Place in the Neoplatonic TraditionA Study in post-Plotinian Neoplatonism. The
Hague.
Snell, Bruno (1953). The Discovery of Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought. Harvard University Press.
Reprint in Harper Torchbooks, 1960.
Solmsen, F. (1929). Die Entwicklung der Aristotelischen Logik und Rhetorik. Berlin.
________ (1965). Love and Strife in Empedocles' Cosmology. Phronesis 10: 123-45; repr. in Furley and
Allen (1975) vol. 2, 221-64.
Sorabji, Richard (1983). Time, Creation and the Continuum. Cornell University Press.
________, ed. (1987). Philoponus and the Refection of Aristotelian Science. Cornell University Press.
________, ed. (1990). Aristotle Transformed. The Ancient Commentators and their Influence. Cornell University
Press.
Sprague, Rosamund Kent, et al. (1972). The Older Sophists. University of South Carolina Press. Translations
of the fragments of the Sophists writings, and ancient reports of their views, with introductory essays
on each figure.
Stokes, Michael (1986). Platos Socratic Conversations: Drama and Dialectic in Three Dialogues. New York: Barnes
and Noble.
Stone, I.F. (1988). The Trial and Death of Socrates. Boston: Little & Brown. Argues that Socrates actually had

violated the terms of the amnesty extended to opponents of the Democracy after the overthrow of the
Thirty in 404. For criticism, see Irwin (1989a).
Striker, Gisela (1980/1996), Sceptical Strategies, in Schofield, Burnyeat, and Barnes (1980) 54-83, repr. in
Striker (1996), 92-115.
________. (1996). Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swanson (1960). The Birth of the Gods: The Origins of Primitive Beliefs. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of
Michigan Press.
Taylor, C.C.W. ed. (1997). Routledge History of Philosophy. Vol. 1: From the Beginning to Plato. Routledge.
London and New York.
________ (1997a). Anaxagoras and the Atomists. Ch. 6, pp. 192-223, in Taylor (1997), Routledge History
of Philosophy: Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to Plato.
Tarn, L. (1965). Parmenides: A text with Translation, Commentary and Critical Essays. Princeton University Press.
Thompson, DA. W. (1910). In Aristotle: Historia Animalium. In W.D. Ross and J.A. Smith (eds.), The Works
of Aristotle Translated into English, vol. 4. Oxford.
Trepanier, Simon (2000). The Structure of Empedocles' Fragment 17. Essays in Philosophy: A Biannual Journal.
Volume 1, Number 1.
Untersteiner (1949). The Sophists. Translation of I Sofisti (Turin: 1949) by Kathleen Freeman. Oxford: 1954.
Van der Eijk, Philip (2008). The Role of Medicine in the Formation of Early Greek Thought. In Curd and
Graham (2008).
Van der Waerdt, Paul A., ed. (1994). The Socratic Movement. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Vernant, Jean-Pierre (1984). The Origins of Greek Thought. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. First
published in French in 1962. Especially see Chapters 3, 7 and 8, on the political background of early
Greek thought.
Veyne, Paul (1987). A History of Private Life. Vol 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Harvard University Press.
Vlastos, Gregory (1945,1946). Ethics and physics in Democritus. Philosophical Review 54:578-592, 55:53-64.
Reprinted in Furley and Allen, vol. 2, and in Vlastos (1993) I.
________ (1946). Solonian justice. Classical Philology 41:65-83. Reprinted in Vlastos (1993) I.
________ (1947). Equality and justice in the early Greek cosmogonies. Classical Philology 42: 156-178.
Reprint in Furley and Allen and Vlastos (1993) I. Argues convincingly for a political background to
early Greek physical thought.
________ (1952). Theology and philosophy in early Greek thought. Philosophical Quarterly 2: 92-129.
Reprinted in Vlastos (1993) I.
________ (1953). Isonomia. American Journal of Philology 74: 337-366. Reprinted in Vlastos (1993) I.
________ (1955). Review of Cornfords Principium Sapientiae. Gnomon 27:65-76. Reprinted in Furley and
Allen I, and in Vlastos (1993) I.
________ (1955a). Heraclitus. American Journal of Philology 76:337-368.
________ (1959). Review of Kirk and Raven... Philosophical Review 68: 531-535. Criticizes Ravens theories
about Pythagorean number atomism, for which, see the first edition of Kirk and Raven (1957) and
Raven (1948).
________ (ed.) (1971a). The Philosophy of Socrates: A Collection of Critical Essays. Garden City, New York:
Doubleday & Co.
________ (ed.) (1971b). Plato. A Collection of Critical Essays. I: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Garden City,
New York: Doubleday and Co. Inc. Anchor Books.
________ (ed.) (1971c). Plato. A Collection of Critical Essays. II: Ethics, Politics, and Philosophy of Art and
Religion. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co. Inc. Anchor Books.
________ (1972). The unity of the virtues in the Protagoras. Review of Metaphysics 25, 415458.

________ (1973; 2d ed. 1981). Platonic Studies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
________ (1983). The Socratic elenchus. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1: 2758. Reprinted in Fine
(1999), ch. 1.
________ (1985). Socratess disavowal of knowledge. Philosophical Quarterly 35: 131. Reprinted in Fine
(1999), ch. 2.
________ (1987). Socratic irony. Classical Quarterly 37: 79-96. Reprinted in Benson (1992).
________ (1988). Elenchus and mathematics: A turning-point in Platos philosophical development.
American Journal of Philology 109: 362-96. Reprinted in Benson (1992).
________ (1991). Socrates. Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Cambridge University Press; Cornell University
Press. Rejects, in particular, Irwins view that Socrates was a hedonist.
________ (1993). Studies in Greek Philosophy. Volume 1: The Presocratics. Volume 2: Socrates, Plato and their
Tradition. Princeton University Press.
Wallis, R.T. (1972, 2nd ed. 1995). Neoplatonism. London and Indianapolis: Gerald Duckworth & Company and
Hackett Publishing Company.
Wedberg, Anders (1955). The Theory of Ideas, Ch. III of Platos Philosophy of Mathematics. Reprinted in
Vlastos (1971b) ch. 3.
________ (1982). History of Philosophy. Volume 1: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press.
Perhaps the best short history of philosophy ever written. Wedberg provides extraordinarily clear and
perceptive analyses of the arguments and positions of the various philosophers. He deals with
philosophy in its connection with natural science, not religious thought.
West, M.L. (1971). Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. An excellent and judicious account, though probably
not skeptical enough.
Wheelwright, Phillip (1959). Heraclitus. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Unversity Press. Complete
fragments in Greek and English, with detailed discussion of each one.
White, Nicholas P. (1976). Plato on Knowledge and Reality. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company.
Wians, William, ed. (1996). Aristotles Philosophical Development: Problems and Prospects. London: Rowman &
Littlefield. A collection of classic pieces as well as surveys of contemporary work.
Wilcox, Joel (1994). The Origins of Epistemology in Early Greek Thought. A Study of Psyche and Logos in Heraclitus.
Studies in the History of Philosophy, 34. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Wilson, Brian R., ed. (1970). Rationality. New York, New York: Harper. A collection of essays bearing on
the rationality of preliterate peoples and of their practices and beliefs. The pieces are chosen to
represent the range of current views, and many show considerable philosophical as well
anthropological sophistication.
Windelband, Wilhelm (1899). A History of Philosophy. Revised edition. (First edition, 1892.) Translated by
James H. Cushman. Reprinted in 2 vols. (Harper & Row: New York 1958).
________ (2d ed., 1894). Geschichte der Alten Philosophy. Translated by James H. Cushman, 1899. Charles
Schribners Sons.
Woodruff, Paul (1990). Platos early theory of knowledge. In Everson (1990) 60-84. Argues that Socrates
was a skeptic not about knowledge as ordinarily understood, but about expert knowledge, that is,
the pretensions of the expert to a superior sort of knowledge rooted in an understanding of underlying
realities.
Woozley, A.D. (1971). Socrates on disobeying the law. In Vlastos (1971a).
Zeller. A History of Greek Philosophy to the Time of Socrates (1881). Socrates and the Socratic Schools
(1877). Plato and the Early Academy (1888). Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics (1897). Stoics,
Epicureans and Skeptics (1880). Eclecticism (1885).
Zeyl (1980). Socrates and hedonism. Phronesis 25: 250-269. Argues against the view of Nussbaum (1986)

and Irwin (1977) that Socrates was a hedonist, holding the hedonism in the Protagoras to be adopted
ad hominem to refute Protagoras.
Zolberg, A.G. (1981). Origins of the modern world system. A missing link. World Politics, Jan 1981.