Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2(2016), 1-15
Umit
Ziya Savc
(Celal Bayar University, Department of Mathematics Education, 45900, Manisa-Turkey)
E-mail: suha.yilmaz@deu.edu.tr, ziyasavci@hotmail.com
2. Preliminaries
The Euclidean 3-space E 3 proved with the standard flat metric given by
<, >= dx21 + dx22 + dx23
1 Received
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
where (x1 , x2 , x3 ) is rectangular coordinate system of E 3 . Recall that, the norm of an arbitrary
vector a E 3 given by kak = < a, a >. is called a unit speed curve if velocity vector of
satisfied kk = 1
The Bishop frame or parallel transport frame is alternative approach to defining a moving
frame that is well defined even when the curve has vanishing second derivative. One can
express parallel transport of orthonormal frame along a curve simply by parallel transporting
each component of the frame [8]. The type-2 Bishop frame is expressed as
1p
p = 0
2
Bp
1
0
2
2
. 2
0
B
(2.1)
In order to investigate type-2 Bishop frame relation with Serret-Frenet frame, first we
B p = N = 1 1 + 2 2
(2.2)
d(s)
,
ds
q
21 + 22
(2.3)
(2.4)
(s) =
Rs
2
. The frame {1 , 2 , B} is properly oriented,
1
(2.5)
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
Considering the obtained equations, the relation matrix between Serret-Frenet and the type-2
Bishop frame can be expressed
sin (s)
N = cos (s)
B
0
cos (s)
sin (s)
0
0
. 2
1
B
(2.6)
Let = (s) be a unit speed regular curve in E 3 and denote by {1 , 2 , B } the moving Bishop
frame along the curve . The following Bishop formulae is given by
1 =
1 B , 2 = 2 B ,
B =
1 1 + 2 2
(3.1)
d ds
1
= (
1 + 2 )B
ds
ds
2
ds
1
T
= (
1 + 2 )B
ds
2
where
ds
1
= (
1 + 2 )
ds
2
(3.2)
(3.3)
T = B = (
1 1 + 2 2 )
(3.4)
=
1 1 + 2 2
ds ds
(3.5)
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
=
(
1 1 + 2 2 )
1 +
2
Then, the curvature and principal normal vector field of curve are respectively,
p
T
= =
q
2
2
2
(
1 ) + (2 )
1
2
N = q
(
1 1 + 2 2 )
2
2
(1 ) + (2 )
On the other hand, we express
1
B = q
det
0
2
2
(
1 ) + (2 )
1
.
0
B = q
(
2 1 1 2 )
2
2
(1 ) + (2 )
We differentiate (3.2)1 with respect to s in order to calculate the torsion of curve
and similarly
2
1
{[(
1 ) + 1 2 ]1
2
2
+ [
1 2 + (2 ) ]2
+ [
1 + 2 ]}B ]
1
= (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
2
where
1 = 3
1 1 +1 2 +21 2 - (1 ) - (1 ) 2
2
3
2 = 2
1 2 +1 2 +32 2 -1 (2 ) - (2 )
3 =
1 + 2
1 +2
{[(
2
1
4 2[(
+
)
(2 )2 ]
1
+
2 )(1 2 + (2 ) ]1 [(1 + 2 )((1 ) + 1 2 )]2 }
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
(3.6)
d ds
1
= (
1 B + 1 1 + 2 2 )
ds ds
2
(3.7)
ds
1
T
= (
1 B + 1 1 + 2 2 )
ds
2
where
ds
=
ds
2
2
2 (
1 ) + (2 )
2
(3.8)
(
T = q
1 1 + 2 2 1 B )
2
2
2 (
1 ) + (2 )
(3.9)
=h
i 32 (1 1 +2 2 +3 B )
ds ds
2
2
2 (
1 ) + (2 )
where
(3.10)
1 =
1 2 2 +1 (2 )
2 =
2 (
2 ) 2 -21 1 2 +2 (1 ) 2 -2 (1 ) 2 -1 (2 )
3 =
1 2 2 2 (1 ) + (1 ) (2 ) 1 (2 )
=h
i2 (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
2
2
2 (1 ) + (2 )
Then, the first curvature and principal normal vector field of curve are respectively
p
T
= = h
+
1
2(
i
2 2
( )
p
21 + 22 + 23
1
N = p 2
(1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
1 + 22 + 23
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
1 +2 +3 2 (1 ) + (2 )
B =
(1 1 +3 1 ) 2 + (2
1 -1 2 ) B ]
2
1
{[-2 (
1 ) +1 ]1
2
+ [
1 2 + 1
and similarly
(
2 ) ]2 1 B }
1
= (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
2
where
1 =
-6
1 1 +1 +2 (1 )
2 =
-2
1 2 -1 2 +2 -22 2 +1 (2 ) -2 2 + (2 )
3 =
-
1
[2 ( ) + ( ) ]4
2
- 1 2 2 2 2 {[(-
1 2 -2 + (2 ) )1
4 2(1 +2 +3 )
-2( (
1 ) 1 )2 +(-1 2 -2 + (2 ) )3 ]1
-[(
1 2 (1 ) )3 + 1 1 ]2 }
(3.11)
= (
2 B + 1 1 + 2 2 )
ds ds
ds
T
= (
1 1 + 2 2 2 B )
ds
(3.12)
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
where
ds
=
ds
2
2
(
1 ) + 2 (2 )
2
(3.13)
1 1 + 2 2 2 B
q
2
2
2 (
1 ) + (2 )
(3.14)
=
i 32 (1 1 +2 2 +3 B )
ds ds h 2
2
(1 ) +2 (
2)
where
(3.15)
1 =
2(
1 (2 ) -1 2 )
2 =
(
2 ) 2 + (1 ) 1 -1 1 2
3 =
(
1 ) 2 + 2 (2 ) - (1 ) -2 (1 ) -3 (1 ) (2 )
=h
2
2
2 (
1)
2
(
2)
i2 (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
Then, the first curvature and principal normal vector field of curve are respectively
p 2
2 1 + 22 + 32
p
T
= = h
i2
2
)2
(
)
+
2
(
1
2
1
N = p 2
(1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
1 + 22 + 32
1
q
[(2
2 +3 2 )1
p
2
2
2
2
2
1 +2 +3 (1 ) +2 (2 )
(1 2 +3 1 ) 2 + (2
1 -1 2 ) B ]
1 {[ +
1
1
1
2
(
1 ) ]1
2
+ [
2 2 (2 ) ]2 2 B }
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
and similarly
1
= (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
2
where
1 = -
1 2 51 1 +1 + (1 ) 2 + (1 )
2 = -4
2 2 + 2 + 22
3 = -
2
The torsion of curve is
=
[( )2 + 2 ( )2 ]4
- 1 2 2 2 2 {[
2 2 + (2 2 (2 ) )3 ]1
4 2(1 +2 +3 )
+[2 (
2 ) 1 +(1 2 -1 + (1 ) )2
+(-
1 2 +1 )3 ]2 }
Definition 3.4 Let = (s) be a unit speed regular curve in E 3 and {1 , 2 , B } be its moving
Bishop frame. 1 2 B-Smarandache curves can be defined by
1
(s ) = (1 + 2 + B )
3
(3.16)
d ds
=
ds ds
ds
T
=
ds
1 [(
1
3
where
1 [(
1
3
ds
=
ds
+
2 )B 1 1 2 2 ]
2 )B
1 1
(3.17)
2 2 )]
2[(
1 ) + 1 2 + (2 ) ]
3
(3.18)
+
2 2 (1 + 2 )B
T = 1q1
2
2
2[(
1 ) + 1 2 + (2 ) ]
(3.19)
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
h
ds ds
2
2 2
2 2 (
1 ) + 1 2 + (2 )
where
(3.20)
1 =
[
1 -2 (1 ) -1 2 ]u(s)-1 [21 1 +1 2 +1 2 +22 2 ]
2 =
[
2 -2 (2 ) -1 2 ]u(s)-2 [1 + 1 2 + 22 2 ]
3 =
[-
1 -2 ]u(s)+1 [21 1 +31 2 +1 2 +22 2 ]
+
2 [1 (2 ) + 2 (2 ) ]
3(1 1 +2 2 +3 B )
= h
i2
2
2
4 (
1 ) + 1 2 + (2 )
Then, the first curvature and principal normal vector field of curve are respectively
p 2
3 1 + 22 + 23
p
T
= = h
i2
2
+ ( )2
4 (
)
+
1
1 2
2
(3.21)
N = p
(1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
21 + 22 + 23
B =
q
det
p
1
2
2
2
2
2
2[(1 ) +1 2 + (2 ) ] 1 +2 +3
1
2
2
-(
1 +2 )
3
q
{[(
1 + 2 )1
p
2
2
2
2
2
2[(1 ) +1 2 + (2 ) ] 1 +2 +3
2 3 ]1 +[1 3 -(1 + 2 )]2 +[1 2 -2 1 ]B }
= - 13 {[2 (
1 ) +1 1 -1 ]1
+[2 (
2 ) +1 2 -2 ]2 + [1 + 2 ]B }
10
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
and similarly
1
= - (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 B )
3
where
1 = 4
1 1 +31 2 -1 -2 (1 ) - (1 ) 2
2 = 5
2 2 +1 2 +1 2 -2 -2 (2 ) -1 (2 )
3 =
2 +2
2 2
16[(
+
2
1 )
1 2 +(2 ) ]
{[(2 (
2)
2
2
9 3 1 +2 +23
+
1 2 -2 )1 +(-2 -2 (1 ) -1 2 )2
+(2 (
2 ) +1 2 -2 )3 ]1 +[-1 -22 +2 (2 ) +1 2 )1
2
+(-2 (
1 ) -1 2 +1 )2 + (2 (1 ) +1 2 -1 )3 ]2 }.
A regular curve with more than 2 breadths in Euclidean 3-space is called Smarandache breadth
curve.
Let = (s) be a Smarandache breadth curve. Moreover, let us suppose = (s) simple
closed space-like curve in the space E 3 . These curves will be denoted by (C). The normal plane
at every point P on the curve meets the curve at a single point Q other than P .
We call the point Q the opposite point P . We consider a curve in the class as in having
parallel tangents 1 and 1 opposite directions at opposite points and of the curves.
A simple closed curve having parallel tangents in opposite directions at opposite points
can be represented with respect to type-2 Bishop frame by the equation
(s)
= (s) + 1 + 2 + B
(4.1)
where (s), (s) and (s) are arbitrary functions also and are opposite points.
Differentiating both sides of (4.1) and considering type-2 Bishop equations, we have
d ds
=1
=
ds
ds
d
d
+ 1 + 1)1 + (
+ 2 )2
ds
ds
d
+ (1 2 +
)B
ds
(4.2)
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
11
1 1
d
=
ds
d
=
ds
1 + 2
ds
ds
(4.3)
If we call as the angle between the tangent of the curve (C) at point (s) with a given
d
direction and consider
= , we have (4.3) as follow:
ds
d
=
d
d
=
d
d
=
d
1
f ()
(4.4)
1
2
+
1
1
where f () = + , = , = denote the radius of curvature at and respectively.
And using system (4.4), we have the following differential equation with respect to as
d3
d 1 d2 21 1 d d 1
[
( )]
+[ - - ( ) ( )
3
d
1 d d2 2 d 1 d
1 d 1
2
d2 1 d
( )]
+[
( ) 1 ]+
2
1 d d
d
2
(4.5)
d 1 d2 f
d 1 df
+[- ( )] 2 [ +2
( )]
2 1 d d
2
1 d d
[
d d 1
d2 1
22 1
+ +2 ( ) ( )+
( )]f () = 0
1 2
d 1 d
1 d2
Equation (4.5) is characterization for . If the distance between opposite points of (C)
and (C ) is constant, then we can write that
k k = 2 + 2 + 2 = l2 = constant
(4.6)
Hence, we write
d
d
d
+
+
=0
d
d
d
Considering system (4.4) we obtain
f () = 0
(4.7)
(4.8)
12
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
= 0. Then we obtain
=
R
f ()d,
0 1
R R 2
2
= ( d) d
0 0
(4.9)
and
d2 f
df
2 sin3
[(
)
cos ]f = 0
(4.10)
d2
d
cos
subcases.
Subcase 1.1
f () = 0. then we obtain
=
R 1
d
=
=
R 2
d
(4.11)
R 1
R 2
d + d
0
0
2
d3
Moreover, the equation (4.5) has the form
= 0 The solution (4.12) is = L1 2 +
3
d
L2 + L3 where L1 , L2 and L3 real numbers. And therefore we write the position vector ant
the curvature
= + A1 1 + A2 2 + A3 B
where A1 = , A2 = and A3 = real numbers. And the distance between the opposite points
of (C) and (C ) is
k k = A21 + A22 + A23 = constant
5. Examples
In this section, we show two examples of Smarandache curves according to Bishop frame in E 3 .
Example 5.1 First, let us consider a unit speed curve of E 3 by
(s)=
25
9
sin(9s)
sin(25s),
306
850
25
9
15
cos(9s)+
cos(25s),
sin(8s))
306
850
136
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
13
9
34
cos 25s, 25
34 sin 9s
N = ( 15
34 csc 8s(sin 9s sin 25s),
15
34
9
34
sin 25s, 15
17 cos 8s)
8
csc 8s(cos 9s cos 25s), 17
)
1
1
15
(25 sin 9s 9 sin 25s), 34
(25 cos 9s + 9 cos 25s), 17
sin 8s)
B = ( 34
sin( 15
8 cos 8s)
N =
15
cos( 8 cos 8s)
B
0
1
.
0
2
B
1
cos( 15
8 cos 8s) 0
sin( 15
8 cos 8s)
0
14
S
uha Ylmaz and Umit
Ziya Savc
1 =
(sin ( 25
34 cos 9s
sin ( 25
34 sin 9s
15
17
2 =
9
34
9
34
sin 25s)
15
34
15
34
sin cos 8s +
8
17
cos )
( cos ( 25
34 cos 9s
9
34
cos 25s) +
- cos ( 25
34 sin 9s
B=
cos 25s) +
15
17
9
34
sin 25s)
cos cos 8s +
8
17
15
34
15
34
sin )
1
1
15
( 34
(25 sin 9s 9 sin 25s), 34
(25 cos 9s + 9 cos 25s), 17
sin 8s)
where = 15
8 cos(8s). So, we have Smarandache curves according to type-2 Bishop frame of the
unit speed curve = (s), see Fig.2-4 and Fig.5.
Smarandache Curves and Applications According to Type-2 Bishop Frame in Euclidean 3-Space
15
References
Kose, On the curves of constant breadth in E4 space, Tr. J. of Math[1] A. Magden and O.
ematics, 21 (1997), 227-284.
[2] A.T. Ali, Special Smarandache curves in The Euclidean space, Math. Cobin. Bookser, 2
(2010), 30-36.
[3] L. Euler, De curvis trangularibus, Acta Acad Petropol, (1778), 3-30.
[4] L.R. Bishop, There is more than one way to frame a curve, Amer. Math. Monthly, 82
(1975), 246-251.
[5] K. Taskopr
u, M.Tosun, Smarandache curves on S2 , Bol. Soc. Paran. Mat., 32(1) (2014),
51-59.
[6] M. C
etin, Y.Tuncer and M. K. Karacan, Smarandache curves according to Bishop frame
in Euclidean 3-space, Gen. Math. Notes, 20 (2014), 50-56.
[7] M.K. Karacan, B.B
ukc
u, An alternative moving frame for tubular surface around the
spacelike curve with a spacelike binormal in Minkowski 3-space, Math. Morav., 1 (2007),
73-80.
[8] M. Ozdemir,
A.A Ergin, Parallel frames of non-lightlike curves, Missouri J. Math. Sci.,
20(2) (2008), 1-10.
[9] M.Petrovic-Torgasev and E. Nesovic, Some characterizations of the space-like, the timelike and the null curves on the pseudohyperbolic space H02 in E13 , Kragujevac J. Math.,
22(2000), 71-82.
[10] M.Turgut, S. Ylmaz, Smarandache curves in Minkowski space-time, International J. Math.
Combin., 3 (2008), 51-55.
[11] M.Turgut, Smarandache breadth pseudo null curves in Minkowski space-time, International
J. Math. Combin., 1 (2009), 46-49.