Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Institution
Physics
Department
Revision
Package
H2 Prelims 2010
Superposition
I.
1
1
MCQs
1.
[AJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/22]
Fig. 1 shows a transverse wave moving to its right. Fig. 2 shows a stationary wave on a
string stretched between two points X and Y. Positions of particles P, Q, R, S, T, A, B, C, D and
E are indicated in the two figures.
[AJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/23]
Microwaves of wavelength 4.0 cm are produced by two microwave transmitters P and Q
operating in phase. Point X is 1.0 m from transmitter P and 0.5 m from transmitter Q as
shown in the figure.
Microwaves from transmitter P arrives at point X with intensity I and amplitude of oscillation
A while the microwaves from transmitter Q arrives at point X with intensity 4I.
Determine the resultant intensity at point X in terms of I.
Page 1 of 75
Zero
3I
9I
3.
[CJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/22]
A boy blows gently across the top of a piece of glass tubing the low end of which is closed by
his finger so that the tube gives its fundamental note of frequency, f. While blowing, he
removes his finger from the lower end. The note he then hears will have a frequency of
approximately
A
f
B
f
C
2f
D
4f
4.
[CJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/23]
Two loudspeakers L1 and L2, driven by a common oscillator and amplifier, are set up as
shown. As the frequency of the oscillator increases from zero, the detector at D recorded a
series of maximum and minimum signals. At what frequency is the first maximum observed?
(Speed of sound = 330 m s-1)
40 m
L1
D
9m
L2
A
5.
165 Hz
330 Hz
495 Hz
660 Hz
S1
Screen
Monochromatic light source S2
Y
When slit S1 is covered with a very thin plate of glass as shown,
A
the separation of the fringe increases.
B
the separation of the fringe decreases.
Page 2 of 75
C
D
6.
[HCI/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/21]
A tuning fork of pitch 2.4 kHz is placed near the mouth of a long cylindrical container which
is fully filled with water. Water is slowly drained from the bottom of the container. Resonance
is first heard when the water level had dropped 3.4 cm below the mouth of the container. At
which position of water below the mouth of the container will the next resonance be heard?
Assume the speed of sound in air = 3.4 102 m s-1.
A
7.1 cm
B
8.0 cm
C
10.2 cm
D
10.5 cm
7.
[HCI/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/19]
A guitar string of length L is stretched between two fixed points P and Q and made to vibrate
transversely as shown in the figure.
s
B
A
L
Two particles A and B on the string are separated by a distance s. The maximum kinetic
energies of A and B are KA and KB respectively. Which of the following gives the correct phase
difference and maximum kinetic energies of the particles?
Phase difference
Maximum kinetic energy
8.
3s
360
2L
KA KB
3s
360
2L
same
180
KA KB
180
same
[HCI/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/20]
A beam of red light of wavelength 710 nm is incident normally on a diffraction grating. The
angular separation between the two second order maxima is 60. What is the resolution of
the grating?
A
3.5 105 lines per millimetre
B
3.5 105 lines per metre
C
6.1 105 lines per millimetre
D
6.1 105 lines per metre
Page 3 of 75
9.
[IJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/20]
A stationary wave has a series of nodes. The distance between the first and the sixth node is
30.0 cm.
What is the wavelength of the sound wave?
A
5.0 cm
B
6.0 cm
C
10.0 cm
D
12.0 cm
Page 4 of 75
A
B
C
D
sin
sin
sin
sin
2
2
14. [MJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/17]
A microwave source S is placed in front of a detector D, and a metal reflecting screen R is
placed beyond D such that its plane is perpendicular to the line joining S to D. As the
detector is moved slowly away from the source, it registers a series of maxima and minima.
It is observed that the detector moved through a distance of 5.6 cm between the first and
fifth minimum. What is the frequency of the microwaves in GHz?
A
5.4
B
10.7
C
13.4
D
27.5
Page 5 of 75
Single slit
A
B
C
D
Double slit
Page 6 of 75
air column
tuning fork
l
100 cm
Page 7 of 75
pulley
N
weights
Given that the speed of the wave on the wire is 24 m s -1, what is the frequency of the voltage
supply?
A
48 Hz
B
60 Hz
C
96 Hz
D
120 Hz
26. [RI/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/22]
In a diffraction grating experiment, the first order image of a 438 nm blue light occurred at
an angle of 16.2. A second order coloured light was observed at 47.4. What is the
wavelength of this coloured light?
A
578 nm
B
631 nm
C
637 nm
D
696 nm
27. [SAJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/20]
Light of wavelength 550 nm is incident normally on a diffraction grating having 400 lines per
millimetre. What is maximum number of bright fringes that can be observed?
A
4
B
5
C
9
D
11
Page 8 of 75
2m
S2
S1
A
0.5A
2A
Page 9 of 75
6.0 m
S2
7.0 m
D
The shortest distance D could be moved along the straight line S 1D in order to detect large
amplitude of the resultant wave motion is
A
1.0 m towards S1
B
3.0 m towards S1
C
1.0 m away from S1
D
3.0 m away from S1
35. [VJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P1/21]
Light from a laser is directed normally at a diffraction grating as shown in the figure below.
The diffraction grating is situated at the centre of the circular scale, marked in degrees. The
readings on the scale for the second order diffracted beams are 140 and 166. The
wavelength of the laser light is 500 nm.
Page 10 of 75
166
laser
140
1.14 10-6 m
2.22 10-6 m
Page 11 of 75
2.28 10-6 m
4.45 10-6 m
A
clamp
clamp
C
clamp
D
Page 12 of 75
II.
Structured Questions
1. [AJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/4]
A diffraction grating with 300 lines per millimetre is being used in a typical light experiment.
Different types of light are allowed to fall normally on the diffraction grating and the
resultant pattern to be studied is formed on a screen placed at distance D from the grating
as shown in Figure 1. The distance D is 3.00 m.
Figure 1
a. The first light source to be studied is a monochromatic light source of wavelength 650
nm.
i. Explain the meaning of the term monochromatic.
[1]
ii. State the reason why the light rays can be assumed to be parallel.
[1]
[3]
b. The next experiment is of light from a low pressure sodium lamp. Light from the lamp
consists mostly of two wavelengths, 588.99 nm and 589.59 nm.
i. Instead of the expected two spectral lines, only one spectral line is observed. Explain
quantitatively why this has happened.
[2]
ii. Suggest an improvement to the experimental set-up to help overcome this problem.
[1]
[Total: 8]
Page 13 of 75
2. [AJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
a.
i. Explain the meaning of the term diffraction.
[2]
ii. A ripple tank experiment is used to observe the appearance of plane water waves
passing through gaps. Sketch on Figure 2 and Figure 3 the diffraction of the water
waves.
[2]
Figure 2
Figure 3
iii. A band is practising in the band room down the corridor with the door slightly ajar.
Explain why a student walking along the corridor can hear the band but cannot see
the band.
[1]
b. A student was standing 5.50 m away a loudspeaker S 1 placed at point X. The loudspeaker
S1 is transmitting with a power output of 20.0 W.
i. Assuming the loudspeaker S 1 is radiating uniformly in all directions and sound waves
from the loudspeaker strikes the surface of the students ear perpendicularly,
calculate the power intercepted by the students ear with an effective area of 2.0
103 m2.
[2]
ii. The actual power received by the students ear is 4.36 10 2 W. Suggest why the
actual power received is greater than that calculated in b.i..
[1]
c. A second loudspeaker S 2 placed at point Y is 1.2 m from loudspeaker S 1 as shown in
Figure 4. The sound waves from the two loudspeakers have frequency 2.75 kHz and
speed 330 m s1.
Page 14 of 75
Figure 4
i. Explain what is meant by the principle of superposition with reference to the sound
waves emitted from the two loudspeakers.
[2]
ii. Show that the wavelength of the sound waves is 0.12 m.
[1]
iii. The loudspeaker S1 emits a signal that arrives at point A with intensity I and the
loudspeaker S2 emits a signal that arrives at point A with intensity 2I. The student now
stands on the centre line at point A and hears a sound of maximum intensity. As the
student moves from point A to point B, the intensity varies between maximum and
minimum values. At point B, the distance S1B is 3.82 m and S2B is 4.12 m.
Determine the number of high intensity regions that are found between points A and B.
Do not include the maximum at point A.
[2]
iv. State one condition that allowed the student to hear the maxima and minima intensity
pattern.
[1]
v. Determine the intensity of the sound at point B in terms of I.
[2]
vi. Now, the two loudspeakers are placed closer together along the line joining X and Y.
Without any calculations, state the difference that would be detected by the student as
she walks from point B back to point A.
[1]
d. Keeping the same frequency, the two loudspeakers S 1 and S2 are now placed facing each
other, at a distance d apart as seen in Figure 5. A microphone is placed at Z, midway
between loudspeakers S1 and S2.
Figure 5
i. Explain why the microphone detects maximum signal at point Z.
[1]
ii. As the microphone moves from S1, a position of maximum intensity, to S 2, also a
position of maximum intensity, along the line joining S 1S2, it detects 6 positions of
minimum intensity. Determine the value of d.
[2]
[Total: 20]
Page 15 of 75
Page 16 of 75
3. [CJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/7]
a.
i. State a property that can be used to differentiate a transverse wave from a
longitudinal wave.
[1]
ii. State one feature of electromagnetic waves which is common across the whole
spectrum.
[1]
b. Two-source interference fringes using light can only be obtained if light from the two
sources is coherent. Explain
i. the meaning of the term coherent;
[2]
ii. why, in practice, interference fringes can be seen only if light from a single source is
split into two.
[2]
c. In an experiment on superposition, light from a laser is incident normally on a double slit,
and the interference pattern is observed on a screen situated a distance D from the slits.
The fringe spacing x is measured for a number of different values of D and the graph is
plotted, as shown in Figure 6.
Page 17 of 75
x / mm
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
D/m
Figure 6
Page 18 of 75
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
[1]
ii. Use your result in c.i. to determine the slit separation a, given that the wavelength of
the light is 600 nm.
[2]
iii. The experiment is repeated with the frequency of the light slightly decreased. State
what will happen to
1. the interference pattern;
[1]
[1]
node
antinode
node
antinode
Figure 7
e. In a simple experiment to find out the wavelength of monochromatic red light emitted by a
laser, a fine beam of red laser light is shone through a diffraction grating as shown below
in Figure 8.
laser
1.00 m
grating
0.46 m
2.00 m
Figure 8
The diffraction grating has 300 000 rulings per meter and is set so that its plane is normal
to the incident light. Bright spots are observed at 0.46 m and 1.00 m from the central spot
on a screen, which is 2.00 m from the grating.
i. From the first-order diffracted light, estimate the wavelength of the laser light.
Page 19 of 75
[3]
ii. State and explain an advantage of obtaining the wavelength of the laser light by using
the second-order diffracted light rather than the first-order diffracted light.
[2]
[Total: 20]
4. [Dunman High/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/3]
The diffraction pattern due to a single light source on a single slit is shown in Figure 9 below.
source
slit
screen
Figure 9
a. Explain what is meant by the term diffraction.
[1]
Two additional slits were placed between the single slit and the screen as shown in Figure 10
and an interference pattern is observed on the screen.
source
slits
screen
Figure 10
b.
i. Explain what is meant by term coherent.
Page 20 of 75
[1]
ii. The slits are 3.5 10 6 m apart and the wavelength of the light is 0.65 10 6 m.
Calculate the fringe spacing x if the screen is placed 2.5 m away from the double
slits.
[2]
iii. State and explain what will happen to the interference pattern if the single slit is now
removed.
[2]
[Total: 6]
5. [HCI/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/3]
A researcher is investigating a cubic crystal with x-rays. The x-rays are incident at an angle
with the crystal surface and the crystal has a lattice spacing a. He is looking at reflection
from parallel planes of atoms in a thin film deposit of the material, as shown in Figure 11.
Constructive interference occurs when the path difference between radiations reflected off
adjacent layers is an integer product of the wavelength of the radiation.
Page 21 of 75
Reflected radiation
Figure 11
a. Derive an expression of the path difference, x, between the radiation reflected from two
c. It is suggested that electron beam can be used in place of X-rays to carry out this
diffraction experiment.
i. Calculate the maximum wavelength of X-rays which can be used to probe the crystal
lattice.
[2]
ii. Hence, find the minimum speed which the electrons must possess to be used for
electron diffraction.
[3]
[Total: 10]
Page 23 of 75
6. [IJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/5]
A student sets up the apparatus shown in Figure 12 to demonstrate a two slit interference
pattern on the screen. The set-up is modelled after Youngs double slit experiment. The slits
S1 and S2 are of the same width.
Single slit
Double slit
laser beam
So
S1
S2
screen
D
Figure 12
a. Explain why the single slit S o is not necessary in this particular set-up.
[1]
b. The laser beam has a wavelength of 630 nm. The separation d is 1.0 mm and the
distance D is 2.5 m. Determine the separation of the fringes on the screen.
[2]
c. Describe and explain what would be observed on the screen if the slit S 1 is made
narrower by half compared to slit S 2 while maintaining the same separation d.
[2]
d. Explain how the result of this experiment provided evidence that light must exhibit wave
properties.
[2]
[Total: 7]
Page 24 of 75
7. [MI/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/4]
Figure 13 below shows an arrangement used to determine the wavelength of
monochromatic light emitted by a laser.
Figure 13
S1 and S2 are slits that are at right angles to the plane of this page. When illuminated by light
from the laser, they form coherent sources of light. An interference pattern is formed on the
[2]
b.
i. Describe briefly the interference pattern produced using the arrangement shown in
Figure 13 above.
[2]
ii. Describe the roles played by diffraction and interference in the production of the
interference pattern.
[2]
iii. Calculate the wavelength
D = 2.0 m
a = 0.5 mm
fringe spacing = 2.5 mm.
[2]
c. The interference pattern is easier to observe when the amplitudes of the waves from the
two coherent sources are similar.
Explain why this is so.
[2]
[Total: 10]
Page 25 of 75
8. [MJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/1]
a. State the Principle of Superposition.
[2]
b. Two sinusoidal transverse waves W 1 and W2, of the same type, are incident
simultaneously on a point P. The amplitude of W 2 is the same as the amplitude of W 1. The
frequency of W2 is half the frequency of W 1.
At a certain instant (time t = 0) at P, both waves have zero displacement and then both
displacements increase in the same direction.
Figure 14a is a graph of displacement at P against time for wave W 1.
displacement
(wave W1)
time a
displacement
(wave W2)
time b
displacement
(resultant wave)
time c
Figure 14
i. On Figure 14b, sketch a graph of displacement against time for wave W 2.
[3]
ii. On Figure 14c, sketch a graph to show the resultant wave produced by the
superposition at P of waves W 1 and W2.
[3]
iii. The frequency of wave W 1 is 4.2 1015 Hz. Determine the frequency of the resultant
wave produced by the superposition of waves W 1 and W2.
[2]
iv. Explain why it is incorrect to say that waves W 1 and W2 are coherent.
Page 26 of 75
[1]
Page 27 of 75
9. [NJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
a. State what is meant by coherent waves.
[1]
b.
i. Two coherent sources of sound waves are located at position X and Y as shown in
Figure 16 below. The sources have zero phase difference. An observer stands at
position O. If the frequency of the sound wave is 660 Hz, with suitable calculations,
determine whether or not the observer experiences constructive or destructive
interference. (Take the speed of sound to be 330 m s -1)
[3]
Sound source at X
Sound source at Y
9m
12 m
Observer at O
Figure 16
ii. The source at position Y is slowly moved to the right until it eventually reaches
position Y, as shown in Figure 17. Describe what is experienced by the observer at O
while the source is being moved .
[2]
Sound source at X
9m
Sound source at Y
9m
12 m
Observer at O
Figure 17
iii. Would you expect the observer to hear complete silence when there is destructive
interference?
Explain.
[1]
Page 28 of 75
c. The setup in b.i. has been changed by replacing one of the sound sources with a
reflecting plane (as shown in Figure 18). With suitable calculations, describe what is
experienced by observer at O. (Note that reflected wave from a hard surface undergoes
a phase change of rad with respect to the incident wave.)
[3]
Sound source at Y
8m
12 m
Reflecting plane
Observer at O
Figure 18
d. Explain what is meant by diffraction of a wave.
[2]
e. A simplified model of the way the human eye responds to light of different wavelengths
incident normally on a diffraction grating of spacing d = 2.5 m is as follows:
Light:
Perceived as:
Blue
Green
Red
Determine whether there is any overlapping between the first order and second order
spectra.
[3]
f. The spectrometer setup below shows how light from a collimator is made to fall normally
on a diffraction grating.
Page 29 of 75
Page 30 of 75
The telescope can be used to locate the second order bright fringes of any particular
wavelength,
1
at angular positions
2
and
2
1
nm is first used and the angle between
and
,
is shown in the table below. The
sodium vapour light is then replaced by a discharge tube containing a mixture of gases
and the
values are recorded in table below for two pairs of second order bright fringes.
Gas
2 1
Sodium
Unknown 1
Unknown 2
90.033
71.367
93.667
i. State the purpose of placing a single slit before the light source.
[1]
ii. Identify the gases (unknown 1 and unknown 2) in the tube by using the data in the
table below which shows the wavelength of the spectral lines emitted by various gases.
[4]
Gas
Helium
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Wavelength / nm
668
608
486
441
[Total: 20]
10.
During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the Vuvuzela (refer to Figure 19), the South African musical
horn, was badly received by some television viewers as the playing of the horns by the
stadium spectators created a constant annoying humming sound for the viewers.
Figure 19
Audio engineers have suggested the use of noise-cancelling technology to generate tones of
approximately 235 Hz, 470 Hz and 705 Hz to cancel out the humming sounds.
By considering the Vuvuzela to be a 70 cm long pipe with two open ends and taking the
speed
of
sound
to
be
-1
330 m s , explain the choice of the frequencies used and suggest how this method could
cancel
out
the
humming
sounds.
[4]
Page 31 of 75
[Total: 4]
Page 32 of 75
11.
[NYJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/4]
a. State two conditions that must be satisfied in order to obtain observable interference
patterns.
[2]
The apparatus shown in Figure 20 below (not to scale) is used to demonstrate two-source
interference.
Screen
Double slit
Light, wavelength
Figure 20
b. The separation of the two slits in the double slit arrangement is a and the interference
fringes are viewed on a screen at a distance D from the double slits. When light of
wavelength is incident on the double slit, the separation of the bright fringes on the
screen is x.
i. Write the equation that links the quantities described in the above paragraph, and
state the assumption made in the use of that equation.
[2]
ii. The slits are separated by a distance of a, with the screen at a distance of 1.00 m
from the plane of the slits. The slits are illuminated by monochromatic light of
wavelength 589.3 nm traveling perpendicular to the plane of the slits. It was
observed that the distance between the two 4 th-order bright fringes is 20 mm.
Calculate the separation of the slits, a.
[2]
c.
i. Explain why the central fringe is always a bright one.
[1]
ii. Explain why an experiment using two separate sources of light will not show
interference.
[1]
[Total: 8]
Page 33 of 75
12.
[PJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/3]
Figure 21
b. The speed v of a progressive wave is given by the expression
Figure 22
v f
.
A stationary wave does not have a speed. By reference to the formation of a stationary
f
wave, explain the significance of the product
[3]
[2]
4.00 102
i. Determine the number of orders of diffracted light that are visible on each side of the
zero order.
[2]
ii. A student suspects that there are in fact two wavelengths of light in the incident
beam, one at 589.0 nm and the other at 589.6 nm.
1. State the order of diffracted light at which the two wavelengths are most likely to
be distinguished.
[1]
2. The minimum angular separation of the diffracted light for which two wavelengths
may be distinguished is 0.10. By means of suitable calculations, explain whether
the student can observe the two wavelengths as separate images.
[2]
[Total: 12]
Page 34 of 75
Page 35 of 75
13.
[RI/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
[2]
b. In an aircraft landing system, it is important to guide the aircraft along the centre-line of
the runway prior to landing. In a simple landing system, rows of light guides are lined
along the runway to help guide the pilot.
The minimum power of light that can be detected by the human eye of area 0.50 cm2 is
about 2.5 10-11 W. If an aircraft is 12 km away from the runway, find the required power
of one light guide such that it is observable by the pilot. Assume that the light guide is a
point source and that there are no energy losses.
[3]
c. In another type of landing system, aircrafts are guided using interference of radio waves.
Figure 23 shows two radio wave emitters P and Q positioned 50 m apart at the end of the
runway. The two emitters emit radio waves of frequency f1 in phase.
The aircraft can be guided by searching for the strong signal radiated along the lines of
constructive interference, also known as anti-nodal lines. To ensure that the aircraft is
along the centre-line of the runway, the aircraft needs to lock on to the central antinodal line.
Top view
(figure not to scale)
anti-nodal lines
P
Q
runway
Figure 23
i. Suggest why radio waves are used instead of waves of shorter wavelengths (e.g.
microwaves, etc.).
[2]
ii. Explain why the entire centre-line will always be an anti-nodal line.
Page 36 of 75
[2]
d. One particular aircraft at a vertical height of 480 m strays off the centre-line as shown in
Figure 24. Figure 25 shows the radio wave signals from P and Q detected by the aircraft
in this position.
Page 37 of 75
480 m
P
Q
Page 38 of 75
180 m
Figure 24
Signal detected by aircraft
4800 m
Signal A
time
50 m
Signal B
Figure 25
i. The source of signal B is emitter P. Using Figure 25, explain why this is so.
[1]
[1]
[4]
e. As an additional precaution to prevent the aircraft from locking on to the wrong antinodal line, the emitters can simultaneously emit another radio wave of a different
f1
f2
frequency f2. However, for this precaution to work, the ratio of the two frequencies
1
2
2
3
4
3
, etc.).
i. Explain how this precaution can prevent the aircraft from locking on to the wrong
anti-nodal line.
[1]
ii. Explain why the ratio of the two frequencies should not be an integer ratio.
[2]
f. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of the wave-interference system over the
light guide system in guiding aircrafts to land safely.
[2]
[Total: 20]
14.
[RVHS/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/4]
Figure 26 shows a pair of identical loudspeakers A and B placed 2.00 m apart and emitting
coherent sound waves of frequency 470 Hz. An observer walks from X to Y. The
perpendicular distance between the sources and XY is 12.0 m. As he walks, he hears sound
of maximum intensity at P, followed by minimum intensity at Q and the next maximum
intensity at R. R is 4.50 m away from P.
Page 39 of 75
(diagram n
Figure 26
a. Explain why the observer hears sound of maximum and minimum intensity as he moves
from X to Y.
[2]
b.
i. AR is 12.5 m, show that BR is 13.2 m to 3 significant figures.
[1]
[2]
[2]
c. The power of the loudspeakers A and B are identical. Suggest why the intensity at Q is
not zero.
[3]
[Total: 10]
Page 40 of 75
15.
[TJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
[1]
b. Figure 27 shows two loudspeakers S 1 and S2 connected to the same sound source such
that they emit sound waves of the same intensity and wavelength. A sound detector is
placed at point P such that S 1P = S2P initially.
X
S1
P
S2
Figure 27
i. As the loudspeaker S 1 is moved slowly away from P along the line PS 1 towards X, the
sound detected at P fluctuates in intensity. Explain this observation.
[3]
ii. As the loudspeaker S 1 is moved towards X through a distance of 0.082 m, the
intensity of the sound detected at P decreases from a maximum to a minimum.
Calculate the wavelength of the sound emitted by the sources.
[2]
iii. If S1 remains at point X and the frequency f of the sound emitted from both
loudspeakers is now gradually changed to 4100 Hz, the sound intensity detected at P
increases from the minimum in b.ii. to a maximum. Estimate a value for the speed of
sound.
[3]
c. In another experiment to determine the speed of sound, a long tube, fitted with a tap, is
filled with water. A tuning fork is sounded above the top of the tube as the water is
allowed to run out of the tube, as shown in Figure 28.
Figure 28
Page 41 of 75
Figure 29
A loud sound is first heard when the water level is as shown in Figure 28, and then again
when the water level is as shown in Figure 29.
Figure 28 illustrates a stationary wave produced in the tube.
i. Explain the formation of a stationary wave in the tube.
[2]
ii. Explain, by reference to resonance, why the loudness of the sound changes as the
water level changes.
[3]
iii. On Figure 29, sketch the form of the stationary wave set up in the tube.
[1]
iv. The frequency of the fork is 512 Hz and the difference in the height of the water level
for the two positions where a loud sound is heard is 32.4 cm.
Calculate the speed of the sound in the tube.
[3]
v. The length of the column of air in the tube in Figure 28 is 15.7 cm.
Suggest where the antinode of the stationary wave produced in the tube in Figure 28
is
likely
to be found.
[2]
[Total: 20]
16.
White light has a wavelength range from 400 nm to 750 nm. A diffraction grating with 6
105 lines per metre is placed at right angles to a ray of white light and produces the first and
second order spectra as shown in Figure 30.
Page 42 of 75
White light
Figure 30
a. Show, by calculation, that the angle is greater than .
[4]
b. Show, by calculation, whether the second order spectrum overlaps with the third order
spectrum.
[3]
c. State two advantages of analysing the light in the first order spectrum.
[2]
[1]
[Total: 10]
Page 43 of 75
17.
[VJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/2]
a. The figure below shows a thin taut wire held horizontally by two supports placed 0.40 m
apart.
When the wire is plucked at its centre, a standing wave is formed and the wire vibrates in
its fundamental mode of frequency 50 Hz.
i. Explain why a standing wave is formed between the supports.
[2]
[1]
iii. Sketch the next 2 higher modes which the string can vibrate in and hence determine
their corresponding frequencies.
[3]
b. The wire is then connected to an a.c. source in a closed circuit and a magnet is brought
near to the wire as shown in the next figure below. This causes the wire to vibrate in its
fundamental mode with a large amplitude. When the movable support is shifted from its
position, the amplitude of vibration decreases abruptly.
Page 44 of 75
Page 45 of 75
i. Explain the change in amplitude of the wires vibration when the movable support is
shifted. Hence, deduce the frequency of the a.c. source.
[3]
ii. Suggest two ways that the same wire can be made to resonate with a fundamental
frequency
of
100 Hz.
[2]
[Total: 11]
Page 46 of 75
III.
MCQs
1
D
2
B
3
C
4
B
5
C
6
D
7
C
8
B
9
D
10
B
11
D
12
D
13
C
14
B
15
B
16
A
17
D
18
D
19
C
20
C
21
B
22
C
23
D
24
D
25
B
26
A
27
C
28
A
29
D
30
B
31
C
32
C
33
D
34
B
Structured Questions
1 [AJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/4]
a.
i. Monochromatic means the light source is made of a single wavelength or
frequency. [1]
ii. Distance D is much longer than distance between 2 adjacent slits of the grating (i.e.
grating spacing d). [1]
Common mistakes:
, hence parallel.
Grating spacing
0 90
, hence
is not small.
sin
iii. For diffraction grating, we have
n
d
5 2 1 11
Hence, maximum number of maxima is
Page 47 of 75
[3]
with
Common mistakes:
Page 48 of 75
b.
588.99
10
m
sin1
10.1774
3
1 10 m
300
589.59
10
m
sin1
10.1879
3
1 10 m
300
The difference between the 2 angles is very small , hence we cannot be able
to differentiate between / resolve the 2 spectral lines. [2]
Common mistakes:
Explanation by
experiment)
comparing
the
fringe
separations
(meant
for
double
slit
Irrelevant experiment
Page 49 of 75
sin
Some
mentioned
that
n
sin for the same n and d
d
hence
1 sin1
1 1 1
2 sin 2
2
.
Ambiguous working/rationale
0 90
is small, hence
sin
? WRONG
sin1 sin2 1 2
, so
? CORRECT
Some mentioned the waves interfered constructively and destructively hence only
one line was seen.
Each maximum (coloured line seen) is a result of constructive interference.
Each dark region between adjacent maxima is a result of destructive
interference. However, the dark regions have varying degrees of
darkness, hence varying degrees of destructive interference. In this case,
2 coloured lines of wavelengths 588.99 nm and 589.59 nm are supposed to
be seen where both are results of constructive interference.
Handful commented that the nth bright fringe overlapped with the (n + 1)th fringe
1 spectral line was seen.
Wrong to talk about fringe (for double slit)
Wrong concept
Terminologies
Smaller slits/apertures instead of smaller grating spacing
Page 50 of 75
Some suggested increasing the pressure of lamp (especially for those who
answered b.i. in terms of energies of absorption spectrum).
[Total: 8]
18.
[AJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
a.
i. Diffraction is the bending of waves around an object or spreading of waves
through an aperture [1] where the linear dimensions of the object or aperture
should be comparable to the wavelength of the waves . [1]
ii. contrast between spreads for the 2 figures (basic understanding) [1]
contrast between curvatures for the 2 figures, constant wavelength before
and after gap for each figure, include drawing of wavefront at the apertures for each
figure [1]
iii. The ratio of wavelength to the size of door gap is large (ratio > 1) for sound
and small (ratio 1) for light waves. Hence, more significant diffraction is
observed for sound waves than light. [1]
b.
i. Intensity at 5.50 m from loudspeaker S 1:
Page 51 of 75
Pradiated
20.0 W
Preceived I Aear 0.052613 W m2 2.0 103 m2 1.0523 104 W 1.05 104 W (3 s.f.) [1]
ii. In reality, the signal is not transmitted uniformly in all directions but in a more
directional manner towards the student . Thus power received would be much
larger than that calculated in b.i.. [1]
c.
i. When the two sound waves from S1 and S2 meet at a point, the resultant
displacement at that point is the vector sum of the separate displacements that
each individual sound wave would cause at that point. [2]
v f
v
330 m s1
ii. We have:
[1]
iii. At A, path difference = 0; at B, path difference = 4.12 m 3.82 m = 0.30 m = 2.5. [1]
Hence, number of maxima = 2. [1]
iv. The two sound waves are coherent / have constant phase difference. [1]
v. At A, path difference = 0 corresponds to a constructive interference (maximum
amplitude of sound), so at B, path difference = 2.5 corresponds to a destructive
interference (a soft sound).
Now we need to find how the amplitudes of sound from the two sources are related. We
have, at A:
IA2
A
2 2 A2 A1 2
IA1 A1
AB A2 A1
2 1 A1
[1]
Hence, intensity at B:
2
IB AB
IA1 A1
21
Or: The intensity of the high intensity regions will be smaller. Hence the maximum
would be softer. (But the difference may not be significant and hence may not be
effectively detected by our naked ear. Hence the first answer may be detected easier).
[1]
d.
i. A stationary wave is formed between the 2 speakers and a displacement node
occurs at point Z where there is maximum variation of pressure; maximum signal
detected. [1]
ii. We have:
L regions of louder volume/higher intensity
S regions of smaller volume/lower intensity
[2]
[Total: 20]
19.
[CJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/7]
a.
i. A transverse wave can be polarised while a longitudinal wave cannot. [1]
ii. Constant speed of
3.00 108 m s1
in vacuum. [1]
Page 53 of 75
b.
i. Coherent waves are waves that have similar frequency with a constant phase
difference.
[2]
ii. Light from a single source when split into two ensures that the two new waves are
coherent.
Light waves from two different sources are never coherent as the two sources
emit light waves differently due to the random nature of their emitting mechanisms.
[2]
c.
x / mm
20.0
(4.500, 17.9)
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
(1.000, 4.0)
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
(3 s.f.)
5.0
D/m
i. From graph,
gradient
[1]
Page 54 of 75
ii. For double slit diffraction pattern, fringe separation x and slit separation a are given by
D
a
, so
600 109 m
3.9714 103 a
1.5108 104 m 1.51 104 m (3 s.f.)
a
3.9714 103
[2]
iii. The experiment is repeated with the frequency of the light slightly decreased. State
what will happen to
1. The fringe separation will increase slightly. [1]
2. The gradient of the graph increases. / The graph becomes steeper. [1]
d.
i. The ratio of wavelength to the size of common corners is large (ratio > 1) for
sound and water waves and small (ratio 1) for light waves. Hence, more
significant diffraction (i.e. bending around corners) is observed for sound
and water waves than light. [2]
ii. Sound waves and water waves can go round corners but light waves seem to travel
only in straight lines.
[2]
iii. Figure 7 shows the horizontal displacement of air particles from equilibrium
positions against the horizontal distance along the tube. Air particles only vibrate
horizontally, consistent with sound waves being longitudinal waves. It is the graph of
their horizontal displacements that appears like the shape of a transverse
wave. [2]
e.
1 tan1
i. Angle of diffraction of the first-order diffracted light:
0.46 m
12.953 13 (2 s.f.)
2.00 m
Let d be the slit separation of the diffraction grating. We have, for the first-order
diffraction:
dsin1
1m
sin 12.953 7.4717 107 m 750 nm (2 s.f.)
300000
[3]
ii. The second-order fringe is further away from the central maximum, so the
percentage error in the distance measured is smaller. This will result in a
smaller percentage error propagated to the value of wavelength calculated.
[2]
[Total: 20]
Page 55 of 75
20.
Page 56 of 75
6
D 0.65 10 m 2.5 m
[M1]
d
3.5 106 m
0.4643 m 0.46 m (2 s.f.) [A1]
iii. If the single slit is removed, the light passing through the double slit will not be
coherent. [M1]
Hence the interference pattern will not be observed. [A1]
[Total: 6]
21.
[HCI/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/3]
x 2asin
[B1]
b.
i.
x n
x 1 [M1]
2asin1 a
0.165 109 m
[M1]
2sin 23.5
Page 57 of 75
1st order
c.
i. We have:
2asin n
2asin 2a
as sin 1
n
n
2a
is maximum when n 1 is minimum [M1]
n
Hence,
h
h
v
[M1]
me
h
[M1]
memax
6.63 1034 J s
1.76 106 m s1
31
10
9.11
10
kg
4.1379
10
m
.
[Total: 10]
22.
[IJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/5]
a. The light source used is a laser and it is already coherent by nature. [B1]
b. Fringe separation:
9
D 630 10 m 2.5 m
x
[M1]
d
1.0 103 m
Page 58 of 75
Page 59 of 75
c. Since the separation of the slits is maintained, the separation of the fringes is
unchanged. [B1]
Because one slit is made narrower, the fringes are not so distinct or clearly observable
(i.e. the contrast is lowered ). The amplitude of the light emerging from it will be
less than that from the other slit. The amplitudes are not the same and hence, when the
waves combine at the locations of destructive interference, there are no total
cancellations of waves . [B1]
d. The observation that there are bright and dark fringes on the screen is an indication
that interference has taken place . [B1]
Bright fringes are where constructive interference takes place while dark fringes are
where destructive interference takes place. The summation of the two combined light
rays is a direct consequence of the principle of superposition which applies to
waves. Thus, light has wave properties. [B1]
[B1]
[Total: 7]
23.
[MI/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/4]
[M1]
a
D
2.0 m
[MJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/1]
Page 60 of 75
a. The Principle of Superposition states that when two waves of the same kind meet at
a point in space, the resultant displacement at that point is the vector sum of the
displacements that the two waves would separately produce at that point. [B2]
Page 61 of 75
b.
i. A positive sine wave, i.e. correct phase at start [B1]
Amplitude = 1 div [B1]
Period = 8 div [B1]
ii. Period = 8 div [B1]
Two big peaks, two small peaks [B1]
Approximate correct heights/times [B1]
45.7
22.85 22.9 (3 s.f.) [C1]
2
dsin2 2
2 485.6 109 m
2
d
[M1]
sin2
sin 22.85
2.501 106 m 2.50 106 m (3 s.f.) [M1]
Hence, number of lines per millimetre:
1 mm
400 (3 s.f.) [A1]
2.501 103 mm
[Total: 13]
Page 62 of 75
25.
[NJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
a. Two waves are said to be coherent when there is a constant phase difference between
them. [1]
b.
v 330 m s1
0.500 m (3 s.f.)
f
660 Hz
9 m
12 m 15 m
2
Path OX:
Path difference:
15 m 12 m 3 m 6
Since the sources have zero phase difference , the path difference, being an
integer multiple of the wavelength, shows that the waves are in phase at O , hence
the observer experiences constructive interference . [3]
ii. When the source is at Y, the new path difference at O = 0 m, thus there is
constructive interference.
6
As the source moves from initial position Y to Y, the path difference goes from
to
0. Thus the observer at O experiences 6 instances of soft sound (or 6 instances of
5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5
destructive interference) when the path difference is
,
,
,
,
and
0.5
and 7 instances of loud sound (or 7 instances of constructive interference)
6 5 4 3 2 1
when the path difference is
,
,
,
,
,
and 0. [2]
iii. No. Amplitudes of the waves depend on their intensities which depend on the
distances from the sources to the observer . Since the 2 waves travel
different distances from the source to the observer, the amplitudes of the two
waves will not be exactly the same , hence there will not be complete
cancellation. [1]
6 m
8 m 20 m
2
Page 63 of 75
Sound source at Y
8m
Observer at O
d. Diffraction is the spreading of waves when the waves pass through a gap or around
an obstacle. [2]
e. In order to determine if there is overlap of the first and second spectra, we have to check
the maximum angular deviation of the first spectra and the minimum angular deviation of
the second spectra.
In the first order spectra, red light with the longest wavelength will constitute the largest
angular deviation. Hence, maximum angular deviation for the first-order spectra is:
dsin1, max 1red, max
red, max
1 0.70 m
sin
16.3 16 (2 s.f.)
d
2.5 m
1, max sin1
2, min sin1
From the above calculation, angular deviation for 2nd order blue light > angular
deviation for 1st order red light. There is no overlapping of 2nd order blue light
and 1st order red light. Therefore, there is no overlapping between the first-order
and second-order spectra. [3]
f.
i. It is to produce a coherent light when it pass through the collimator. [1]
ii. Using
dsin n
sin
where
2 1
2
Page 64 of 75
Na
For Na,
90.033
45.0165 45.017 (5 s.f.)
2
For unknown 1:
71.367
71.367
sin
sin
2
2
unknown 1 Na
589.3 nm
485.99 nm 486.0 nm (4 s.f.)
sin 45.0165
sin 45.0165
Hence, unknown 1 is hydrogen.
For unknown 2:
93.667
93.667
sin
sin
2
2
unknown 2 Na
589.3 nm
607.68 nm 607.7 nm (4 s.f.)
sin 45.0165
sin 45.0165
Hence, unknown 2 is carbon dioxide. [4]
[Total: 20]
Page 65 of 75
26.
Consider the Vuvuzela as a tube of length L with two open ends. For waves of speed v,
f
resonance frequencies are given by
nv
2L
.
f1
1 330 m s1
236 Hz
2 0.70 m
[1]
The next few harmonics will be multiples of the fundamental frequency, hence f2 = 236 2
=
472
Hz
and
f3 = 236 3 = 708 Hz. [1]
By generating sound at the same resonance frequencies as well as almost similar
amplitudes [1] as the vuvuzela but 180 out of phase [1], destructive interference
occurs and both sound waves cancel out.
[Total: 4]
27.
[NYJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/4]
x
i.
D
a
D? a
; assumption:
4 tan1
ii. Angular deviation of a 4 th-order bright fringe:
20 mm 2
0.57294 0.57
1.00 103 mm
We have:
asin 4 4
a
4 589.3 109 m
2.357 104 m 0.24 mm (2 s.f.) [2]
sin 0.57294
c.
i. Since the central fringe is equidistant from the double slits, path difference = 0 .
Hence the waves from each slit must arrive in phase resulting in constructive
interference. [1]
Page 66 of 75
ii. Two separate sources of light will not be coherent and hence interference cannot
take place. [1]
[Total: 8]
Page 67 of 75
28.
[PJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P2/3]
f
The product
f
waves that superpose to form the stationary wave. explaining significance of
[1]
4.00 102
1 103 m
2.50 106 m (3 s.f.)
4.00 102
[1]
We have:
dsin n
dsin d
since sin 1 for 90 for observable fringes
2.50 106 m
n
4.24
589 109 m
n
2.50 10
70.459
For wavelength 589.6 nm, we have:
2.510
' 70.624
calculation of angle for both wavelengths [1]
[RI/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
The waves must be unpolarised or polarised in the same plane (for transverse
waves).
The waves must interfere to give regions of maxima (constructive interference) and
minima (destructive interference).
Peye
Aeye
2.5 10
11
0.50 10
m
2
Plight
A
[M1]
c.
i. Shorter wavelengths means the anti-nodal lines will be closer to one another. [B1]
Hence, aircrafts may lock on to the wrong line of maxima / difficult to identify
the central line of maxima / difficult to differentiate the lines of maxima. [B1]
Page 69 of 75
ii. Since the two radio waves are in phase [B1], along centre-line, path difference is
always zero / phase difference is always zero / P & Q are equidistant from any
point on the centre-line. Hence constructive interference occurs. [B1]
d.
i. P is nearer to the aircraft , hence intensity (or amplitude) of signal should be
higher. [B1]
rad
2
rad
2
. [B1]
, path difference =
[C1].
2
2
180 m 480 m 4827.30 m
[M1]
2
2
2
Distance from Q to plane 4800 m 230 m 480 m 4829.42 m
4800 m
4829.42 m 4827.30 m
Hence,
f1
Thus,
8.48 m [M1]
4
c
35.3 106 Hz [A1]
e.
i. If aircraft is on the central anti-nodal line , it should detect maximum signals
from both frequencies / the maximum signal will be stronger . [B1]
OR
If the aircraft is on the wrong anti-nodal line , only one of the frequencies will
show a strong signal . [B1]
ii. If the ratio is an integer ratio, higher orders of maxima will still coincide/overlap
[B1].
Hence the aircraft could still detect maximum signals from both frequencies
even though it is not on the central anti-nodal line . [B1]
f. Advantage: Can still work under low visibility conditions / Use of detector to align
aircraft is more accurate than using visual inspection . [B1]
Disadvantage: Possible interference of signals from other sources (e.g. radio
stations, telecommunication base stations, etc) / It is more costly to install the
emitters and receivers on every airplane . [B1]
[Total: 20]
30.
[RVHS/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/4]
Page 70 of 75
BR
12 m
i. We have:
[1]
ii. Since a maximum is detected at P and next at R, the path difference from A and B at
1
R is
. [1]
[2]
Page 71 of 75
[TJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/6]
0.082 m [1]
2
2 0.082 m 0.164 m [1]
path difference
S1X 0.082 m
When the forks frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the air column,
resonance occurs; there is maximum energy transfer and so maximum
amplitude of vibrations occurs , leading to maximum loudness. [1]
When the forks frequency is not equal to the natural frequency of the air column,
no resonance occurs and loudness drops. [1]
iii. Sketch: Antinode at top, node at surface of water, 1 antinode and 1 node in
between [1]
iv. We have:
L1 c
4
3
L2 c
4
(1)
(2)
(2) (1):
1
L2 L1 32.4 cm [1]
2
64.8 cm [1]
v f 512 Hz 0.648 m 332 m s1 (3 s.f.) [1]
Then,
v. We have:
1
1
[1]
Therefore, antinode is 0.50 cm above the top of the tube / 16.2 cm above water
surface. [1]
[Total: 20]
32.
d
a. Slit separation on the diffraction grating:
Using
dsin n
Wavelength,
/ nm
400
750
1m
1.6667 106 m
5
6 10
, we have:
1 /
Angle,
2 /
(n = 1)
13.89
26.74
26.74 13.89 12.85
Angle,
(n = 2)
28.69
64.16
64.16 28.69 35.47
Page 73 of 75
Thus,
[4]
3 400 109 m
46.05
6
1.6667 10 m
sin1
b. At n = 3, the 400-nm light is at angle of
[VJC/H2/Prelims 2010/P3/2]
a.
i. Incident waves travelling along the wire to the ends are reflected.
The incident and reflected waves travelling in opposite directions have the same
frequency and amplitude. They superpose to form standing waves. [2]
v f 50 Hz 0.80 m 40 m s1 (2 s.f.) [1]
ii.
v ff
iii. First overtone:
v 40 m s1
100 Hz (2 s.f.)
0.40 m
0.40 m
v ff
Second overtone:
v 40 ms1
150 Hz (2 s.f.)
2 0.40 m
3
Page 74 of 75
[3]
0.40 m
b.
i. When the support is shifted, the natural frequency of the wire is changed and no
longer matches the driving frequency of the periodic force produced by the
alternating
current in the wire and magnetic field.
The system no longer resonates and hence its amplitude decreases .
The frequency of the a.c. source must therefore be the natural frequency of
the wire which is 50 Hz. [3]
ii. The length l can be reduced to 0.20 m to double the fundamental frequency .
The weights attached to the wire can be increased to increase the speed of
the waves to 80 m s-1. [2]
[Total: 11]
Page 75 of 75