Capitolul VII

Riscul proiectelor
Singura certitudine este incertitudinea
( Plinius cel Batrin)

7.1. Riscul o realitate a mediului economic contemporan (180)

7,2 Riscuri specifiFHFROHFWLYLW LORUWHULWRULDOH (183),
'HOLPLW ULFRQFHSWXDOHSULYLQGULVFXULOHSURLHFWHORU (187),
7.4. Tipologia riscurilor proiectelor (189),
7.5. Structura riscurilor specifice proiectelor (195)
7.5.1. Riscuri ale proiectelor n fazeleGHSUHJ WLUH (195)
7.5.2. Riscuri ale proiectelor n faza de implementare (198)
7.5.3. Riscuri specifice fazei opera LRQDOH202)
7.6. 'LUHF LLGHSUHYHQLUHDULVFXULORU (205)

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29)
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a.6.

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b) Riscuri tehnologice ce pot fi grupate astfel:

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b.3. Risc de transport de materiale periculoase; radioactive, toxice,

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(n medie pe unitatea de timp)


 


Dioxid de
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ALERTA
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Par
suspensie

particule

858 mg/ mc 500 mg/ mc

8 ore
24 ore


!




(CO)

fotochim

17.175 mg/ mc
250/250 mg/mc
-

200mg/mc
-

AVERTIZARE
"


8 ore
24 ore
URGENTA
" 

#%$$'&)(*&+

1.716 mg/ mc 1.000 mg/ mc

-

2.860 mg/ mc 1.500 mg/mc

2 ore
4 ore
8 ore
24 ore

500mg/ mc

34.350 mg/mc
-

143. 125 mg/ mc

85.875 mg/mc
57.250 mg/mc
1.250 mg/mc
-

Un astfel de plan (PAU) are trHLQLYHOHGHDF

1.400 mg/ mc
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OShanghnessy Wilson
- La Faisabilite de Project. Les Edition SMG, Paris,1992
Sharpe W.
Capital Assets Price Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk.
Jurnal of Finance , September,1964.

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:
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L analiza riscului UHVSHFWLY DQDOL]  GH SXQFW FULWLF DQDOL]  Ge senzitivitate, si
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se poate face astfel:

a) -6FKLPEDUHDFRQFHS
de succes,
b) - 5HIRUPXODUHD

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-i schimba probabilitatea

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GH

UHVXUVH

UL

GH

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DFRQFHS LHLLQL LDOH

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cauzelor

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contracarare a riscului.
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de mediu n care

7.4. Tipologia riscului proiectelor

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Studiul metodic al riscului s-H GH]YROW

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OShaghnessy W. Op.citata

inii.

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se reduce la riscurile arhicunoscute (riscul financiar), general valabile pentru

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al problemei supuse studiului. Altfel, neglijarea riscurilor specifice proiectului

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proiectului
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avem:

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1.2. Riscuri improbabile (rare) cu o SUREDELOLWDWHGHDSDUL LHPLQLP 
'HWHFWDUHD IUHFYHQ HL L SUREDELOLW

LL GH DSDUL LH QHFHVLW

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date privind istoricul producerii acestor riscuri n proiecte anterioare. Dar, se

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GH YHULILFDW 'H DFHHD HVWH SHULFXORV V

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UL VLPLODUH GH

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KD]DUGDW V

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lucrurile nu s-au schimbat tre timp.

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nivelurilor fiind
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gravitatea impactului asupra proiectului vom avea:

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ceea ce le face greu de controlat
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sc prin externalizare/ transfer de risc sau

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gradul de detectabilitate/ percepere 33) avem:

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4.2. - Riscuri nedetectabile  DO F URU PRPHQW GH DSDUL LH HVWH
vestitoare, ceea ce le face foarte periculoase
pentru derularea proiectului.
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proiect.
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6.1.

originea lor - riscurile sunt determinate de:

DU
(pays  GHEXFKH HVWH FRQVHFLQ

5LVFXUL GH

D LQVWDELOLW

SROLWLFH JUDGXOXL GH vGDWRUDUH QLYHOXO FRWD LLORU UDWLQJXO GH DU

DU

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calitatea gestiunii macroeconomice, datoriile externe, etc.
DO F

LL

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LQL PDL DOHV GH D

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scara Standard & Poor` s are zece trepte, de la AAA la D

Moody s:
S& P :

Aaa
AAA

Aa
AA

A
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Baa
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Ba
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B
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conflicte sociale/ sindicale,

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natura lor riscurile pot fi:

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este penuria de resurse sau de mijloace financiare. Dar lipsa de capital trebuie
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a) -

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sunt:
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perturbatori n implementarea proiectului, supradimensionarea unor capitole

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de vedere al

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,
c.2 - Riscul de pierdere a autonomiei cnd se pierde capacitatea de

c.1 -

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c.3 - Riscul de insolvabilitate,

c.4 - Riscul de faliment
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conlucrare cu partenerii.
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insuccesului unui proiect de cercetare

7.4. 5LVFXUL RUJDQ]D LRQDOH  GHWHUPLQDWH GH IOXLHQ D SURFHVXOXL
decizional sau a raporturilor ierarhice,
a) - Riscuri manageriale  LQFRHUHQ  vQ FDLHWXO GH VDUFLQL LQDELOLW L

VDXOLSV

GHLQIRUPDUHFXOWXUDPDQDJHULDO

LQGLVSRQLELOLW

LGHUHVXUVH

b) - Riscuri reglemnetare/ juridice  QRUPH UHVWULF

SUREOHPHGHvQWRFPLUHLGHUXODUHDFRQWUDFWHORU
GDU

c) - Riscuri comerciale GHWHUPLQDWHGHFHULQ

L

GH

SURDVWD

H[SDQVLXQHKDRWLF

JHVWLXQH

D

VWRFXULORU

LQVXILFLHQWDUJXPHQWDW

HOHSLH pLGHFRQFXUHQ

SROLWLFL

HWF

LL DGPLQLVWUDWLYH

GH

SLDW

QHDGHFYDWH

8. In raport cu timpul de manifestare, vom avea:

- Riscuri latente,
- 5LVFXULDS UXWH- n curs,
- Riscuri trecute
'XS statutul lor DYHPvQXUP ULUHVXEFRQWUROHOLPLQDWH
'XS

SXWHUHDGHDF LXQHFXDF LXQHOLPLWDW

LQWUHPHGLDUHL

riscuri majore

5LVFXULOHSRWILVWUXFWXLUDWHL QIXQF LHGHFDSDFLWDWHDPDQDJHPH

SURLHFWXOXL GH D OH VW

SkQL FDUH HVWH OD U

QGXO HL FDUDFWHUL]DW

ntului

 GH DUVHQDOXO GH

PLMORDFH L WHKQLFL GH FDUH GLVSXQ PDQDJHULL SHQWUX D HYLWD DSDUL LD ULVFXULORU
LVDX GH D OLPLWD FRQVHFLQ HOH 6H PDL SRW MXGHFD L GXS

 FDSDFLWDWHDGH D OH

pilota respectiv capacitatea de decizie a persoanelor implicate n proiect n

SUREOHPHGHULVFLLQFHUWLUXGLQH

11. Din punct de vedere al domenioului de manifestare avem:

a) - 5LVFXUL OHJDWH GH LQYHVWL LH  VH UHIHU  OD GHS LUL GH FKHOXLHOL GH

LQYHVWL LL HIHFWH HFRQRPLFH QHIDVWH GDWRUDWH vQWkU]LHULORU vQ H[HFX LH VDX

datorate unor riscuri tehnologice,

b) - Riscuri legate de aprovizionareFHOHPDLGLILFLOHVHUHIHU  ODVXUVHOH
externe,
c) - Riscuri legate de exploatare - VXQW OHJDWH GH PRGXO GH VW SkQLUH
asXSUD FRVWXULORU GH SURGXF LHIXQF LRQDUH L VH HYDOXHD]  SULQ DQDOL]H GH

VHQVLELOLWDWH3XWHP DYHD LQIOXLHQ H GLUHFWH FRVWXUL GH SURGXFWLYLWDWH VDX

LQGLUHFWH FRVWXUL LQGXVH 6W

SkQLUHD FRVWXULORU GHSLQGH IRDUWH PXOW L GH

gradulde flexibilitate a lor. O ULJLGLWDWH D IXQF

LPDJLQHD GH SLDW

LXQLL GH FRVW SRDWH FRPSURPLWH

 5LVFXULOH GH H[SORDWDUH D SURLHWFXOXL SRW DYHD L FDX]H

H[WHUQHFXQPDUILGHSLOG

LQIOXLHQ pOHGHPHGLX

d) -5LVFXOGHLQIOD LHFDUHVXQWGHGRX IHOXUL

-I U UHSHUFXUVLXQLYROXWDUHvQSUH XULOHGHYkQ]DUHVDXvQFRVWXULL

DFHDVWD GHSLQGH GH FRQFXUHQ

IRORVLW

-IOXFWXD

 SUH XUL SUHGHWHUPLQDWH VDX GH WHKQRORJLD

LLGHSUH FDUHSURYRDF

RPDUHGLYHUVLWDWHGHHIHFWHGHSUH

vQIXF LHGHLPSDFWXODVXSUDYDULDELOHOHRUGHOHJ

WXU

e) - 5LVFXUL ILQDQFLDUH L GH WUH]RUHULH VXQW OHJDWH GH ILQDQ

RULLJQHDvQLQVXILFLHQ DIRQGXULORUSURSULL

f) - 5LVFXUL GH SLD

GH SHSLD

 SLD

DUH L vL DX

  SRW IL JHQHUDWH GH YDULD LD YROXPXOXL VDX SUH XOXL

LFDUHSRW SXQH vQGLILFXOWDWH SURLHFWXOILHFDH[HFX LHILHFD

exploatare,
7.5. Structura riscurilor specifice proiectelor
Practic toate riscurile cu impact economic la nivel de proiect pot fi

JUXSDWH vQ WUHL JUXSH ULVFXUL GH

DU

 ULVFXUL GH SURLHFW GH H[SORDWDUH GH

trezorerie, de rentabiliatae) riscuri financiare  OHJDW GH ILQDQ

vQV

 VH SRW JUXSD vQ IXQF LH GH SHULDGD DIHFWDW

DUH $FHVWHD

 GLQ FLFOXO GH YLDW

 DO

proiectului
7.5.1. Riscuri specifice fazelor preinvesti
(WDSD GH SUHJ

LRQDOH

LUH D SURLHFWXOXL SUHLQYHVWL LRQDO

SULQ VSHFLILFXO DF LXQLORU GHUXODWH VH GHILQHVF DFWLYLW

 VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]

LOH FH FRPSXQSURLHFWXO

UHVXUVHOH QHFHVDUH DFWRULL L FRPSHWHQ HOH ORU vQ FDGUXO SURLHFWXOXL VH

LGHQWLILF

 IDFWRULL LQWHUQL L H[WHUQL GH LQIOXLHQ

  2 DQDOL]

 FRHUHQW

  D

riscurilRUVSHFLILFHDFHVWHLHWDSHFRQGXFHODXUP WRDUHDSURLHF LH

A. - 5LVFXUL D F URU JHQH]  VH DIO  vQ VWDELOLUHD VSHFLILFD LLORU GH SURLHFW
LFDUHSRWDYHDFDX]HLQWHUQHVDXH[WHUQHILJ.7.1.),
1) - 5LVFXULOHGHQDWXU  LQWHUQ FHSRW LQIOXLHQ SURFHVXOGHGefinire a
VSHFLILFD LLORUGHSURLHFWconstau n:
1.1.) - ,PSUHFL]LH  vQ GHILQLUHD DFWLYLW LORU - HVWH  GHWHUPLQDW  vQ
VSHFLDO GH IDSWXO F

 vQ DFHDVW

 HWDS

 VH RSHUHD]

 FX LQIRUPD LL QX IRDUWH

precise. Cauzele pot fi multiple, ca de exemplu:

- din lLSV  GH WLPS GH LQIRUPD LL DQDOL]D VH ED]HD]

QHJUHVWXGLXOLQWU

-H[LVWHQ

ULORULLHLULORU

DPDLPXOWRUDOWHUQDWLYHWHKQRORJLFHVDXFRQVWUXFWLYHFRQGXF

XQHRULODGHUXWDVSHFLDOLVWXOXLODDF LXQLRY
GHVI

-  FRQ

LQXWXO H[DFW DO XQRU DFWLYLW

XUDUHDXOWHULRDU

DFWLYLW

-

 OLSV

DSURFHVXOXL

 GH H[SHULHQ

 DQWHULRDU

LHOQLFH

L GXUDWD ORU VXQW LQIOXLHQ DWH GH

 vQ SURLHFWDUHD VDX H[HFX LD XQRU

WLGRULQ DGHDILQDOL]DPDLPXOWHDFWLYLW

 SH ORJLFD FXWLHL

ambiguitate n definir HD

GXUDELOLWDWHILDELOLWDWHPHQWHQDQ

LGHRGDW

XQRU RELHFWLYH GH FDOLWDWH WROHUDQ

HWFVDXQHvQ HOHJHUHDORUGHH[HFXWDWQW

-  PRGLILF UL IUHFYHQWH GH VSHFLILFD LL GHWHUPQLDWH

disponibile ale momentului,
- PRGLILF UL IUHFYHQWH GH FRPSHWHQ H L UHVSRQVDELOLW

LPSOHPHQW

/LSV

ULLGHWHUPLQDWHGHVFKLPE
 GH ORJLF

 LQFRHUHQ

ULLQVWLWX LRQDOH

mijloacele proieFWXOXL'DUvQDFHODLWLPSWUHEXLHV
 RQHVWLWDWH SURIHVLRQDO

scrupule L LQFRPSHWHQ

UHVXUVHOH

L SH SDUFXVXO

 vQ FDLHWXO GH VDUFLQL DO SURLHFWXOXL

QLPHQL QX SRDWH JDUDQWD GH OD vQFHSXW FRHUHQ D SHUIHFW

FRPSHWHQ

GH



 SH GH DOW

 L PRUDO

ILHI

. Aprioric

 vQWUH RELHFWLYHOH L

FXW

GLVWLQF LHvQWUH

 SH GH R SDUWH L  OLSV

 GH

 SDUWH &RPDQGLWDULL DEX]kQG GH SR]L LD

ORU YLV D YLV GH SURLHFW DX WHQGLQ D GH D OLPLWD H[FHVLY PLMORDFHOH vQ UDSRUW FX

RELHFWLYHOH IL[DWH LDU SH GH DOW

a-L FUHHDVSD

SRW V

 DSDU

LX GH PDQHYU

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 SH SDUFXUVXO vQGHSOLQLULL VDUFLQLORU FH OH UHYLQ L GXS

DSUHFLD LLMXGHFD L

,Q FRQVHFLQ

L FH

 FDUH VXQW

 VXQW DQVH VSRULWH FD VFKLPEXO GH LQIRUPD LL VD ILH

IDOV 3RNHUXO WUDQVDF LRQDO FD HIHFW SHUYHUV DO WUDQVSDUHQ HL XLORU GHVFKLVH

vQFHDUF

V

 HOLPLQH EOXIXULOH L FRVWXULOH VXSUD

GHLQFRHUHQ

- dimensionate. Printre cauzele

DPLQWLP

- necorelarea bugetului cu obiectivele fixate,

- optimism exagerat n fixarea termenelor,
- preYHGHULGHFDOLWDWHSUHDDPEL LRDVHvQUDSRUWFXSRVLELOLW LOH
-VXSUDHVWLPDUHDSHUIRUPDQ HORUUHVXUVHORUDQJDMDWH
1.3. - 5LVFXULWHKQLFHLGHH[SORDWDUHGCLQGXVWULODL]DWLRQ) In cazul

ULVFXULORU WHKQLFH HVWH YRUED GH  SUREOHPD FD H[HFX LD XQXL SURGXVOXFUDUH V

ILH VWULFW GHWHUPLQDW

 GH IRORVLUHD QXPDL XQHL DQXPLWH WHKQRORJLL VDX D XQRU

SUHVFULS LLWHKQLFH,QFHHDFHSULYHWHULVFXOGHLQGXVWULDOL]DUHHVWHYRUEDGHD

ILvQVLWXD LDGHDQXVH

SXWHD WUHFH OD SURGXF LD GH VHULH GHFkW vQ XUPD XQRU PRGLILF

vQSURLHFWLSHQWUXFDUHQXV DXSUHY

DFHVWRUVLWXD LLQHGRULWHDUIL

UL GH VXEVWDQ

]XWUHVXUVHOHQHFHVDUH&DX]HOHDSDUL LHL

-VXEHVWLPDUHDFRPSOH[LW LWHKQLFHDSURGXVXOXLOXFU ULL

- DOHJHUHD XQRU SURFHGHH QRL GH OXFUX FDUH  FRQGL LRQHD]  obiectivele

GHSHUIRUPDQ

-  VFKLPEDUHD GLQ PHUV D XQRU VROX LL WHKQRORJLFH FKLDU SDU LDO
realizate, caXUPDUH D DSDUL LHL SH SDUFXUVXO LPSOHPHQW ULL SURLHFWXOXL D XQRU

SURFHGHH QRL GH H[HFX LH FDUH SRW V

fiabLOLW

LL

- FRPELQDUHD VROX

FRQGXF

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 OD PRGLILFDUHD FRVWXULORU VDX

LLORU WHKQRORJLFH VDX GH H[FX LH FHHD FH SRDWH V

VROX LLRULJLQDOHFHSRWFUHHDH[HFXWDQ LORUGLILFXOW

1.4. -

1HVW

LLQVXUPRQWDELOH

SkQLUHDSURFHVHORUGHHYROX LHLFRQWURODSURLHFWHORU

&DOHD FHD  PDL VLPSO

 GH SUHkQWkPSLQDUH D DFHVWRU VLWXD LL HVWH GH D VH

 VDYRLU-faire).
Deasemenea, a
alegerea procedurii adecavte de elaborare-implementare, schimbul corect de
DQJDMD ILUPH VSHFLDOL]DWH  vQ FRQVXOWDQ

LQIRUPD LLUHVSHFWDUHDDQJDMDPHQWHORUSRWOLPLWDDFHVWULVF

2. - 5LVFXUL H[WHUQH OD VWDELOUHD VSHFLILFD

LLORU GH SURLHFW

sunt generate

vQVSHFLDOGHUHOD LLOHFXPHGLXOFXSLD DVDXVXQWUHJOHPHQWDUH

5LVFXULOHGHSLD

produsului

REVROHVFHQ

VXQWJHQHUDWHvQVSHFLDOGHvPE


care, ODUkQGXOV

, poate fi

WUkQLUHDFRPHUFLDO

GHWHUPLQDW

-HURULGHDSUHFLHUHDVXSUDWHQGLQ HORULVDXDWHSW
-HURULGHDSUHFLHUHDUHDF LHLFRQFXUHQ HL

5LVFXULOHUHJOHPHQWDUHGHULY

GLQ

GH

D

ULORUSLH

- QHFXRDWHUHDH[DFW DSUHYHGHULORUOHJDOHvQGRPHQLX
- LQFHUWLWXGLQH DVXSUD LQWU rii n vigoare D XQRU UHJOHPHQW UL vQ
domeniu.
B.- Riscurile n procesul de stabilire a necesarului de resurse. (fig.7.1.)

SRWILJUXSDWHvQGRX

FDWHJRULL

INCOERENTA

INTRE

CAIETUL

DE SARCINI SI

Forme de manifestare: Optimism exagerat;






Cauze:









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Cauze:









































n definirea




















ACTIVITATILOR



















DIFICULTATI IN ELABORAREA SI URMARIREA PROIECTULUI













































































































RISCURI TEHNICE SI DE INDUSTRIALIZARE
















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Riscur de industrializare:



n trecerea de la







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RISCURI EXTERNE

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exploatare, etc

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IDENTIFICARE SI DEFINIRE ERONATA A RESURSELOR NECESARE

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LA ESTIMAREA RESURSELOR SI MIJLOACELOR




PROIECTULUI

RISCURILE SPECIFICE FAZELOR PREINVESTITIONALE

Forme de manifestare:
Riscuri tehnice:

Fig. 7.

SPECIFICATIILOR

ELABORAREA

LA

DEFINIREA

n alegerea

RISCURI INTERNE

IN

Forme de manifestare: analiza pe logica



IMPRECIZIE







3.1. - riscuri n procesul de idenWLILFDUH

L GHILQLUH D UHVXUVHORU

QHFHVDUH FDUH SRW IL FDX]DWH GH UHVWULF LL LQWHUQH LVDX H[WHUQH GH RUGLQ
UHJOHPHQWDU

L

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VDX

GH

R

VODE

LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HLGLQWUHDQXPLWHUHVXUVH

VDX

LQFRHUHQW

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3.2. - riscuri referitoare la disponibLOLWDWHD UHVXUVHORU SUHY

D

]XWH FH SRW

L]YRUv GLQ SUREOHPH GH FRRUGRQDUH D UHVXUVHORU SH DQWLHU VXSUDHVWLPDUHD

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GH DPHOLRUDUH D FDOLW

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 D

7.5.2. Riscuri specifice fazei de realizare

$QDOL]D ULVFXULORU vQ DFHDVW

 HWDS

 SUFXP L D PHWRGHORU GH SURWHFMDUH

acoperire (Risk analysis and mitigation) porneste de la studiul caracteristicilor

WHKQLFHDOHSURLHFWXOXLDFWRULLH[HFX LHLSDUDPHWULLH[RJHQLvQSULQFLSDOPDFUReconomici susceptibili s afecteze sumele neceasre finan rii n aceast etap.
Practic trebuie s se gseasc rspuns la trei ntrebri:
1. I n ce constau aspectele tehnice ale unui proiect?
- tehnologiile de lucru aplicate,
- detalii privind costurile de realizare
- planificarea realizrii
De aici se degaj trei riscuri specifice majore: riscul tehnologic, riscul
GHGHSmLUHDFRVWXULORULULVFXOGHGHSmire a termenelor (de ntrziere).
1.1. Riscul tehnologic (Technology risk) se refer n general la riscul
de noutate tehnologic. Investitorii se simt mai n siguran DGDF tehnologia a
fost probat n alte proiecte, folosirea unei tehnologii prREDWH ILLQG R FRQGL LH
de a se acorda un mprumut ne garantat (a recours limite) deoarece
GHIHFWHOH WHKQRORJLFH DX LPSDFW VHPQLILFDWLY DVXSUD FRVWXULORU GH LQYHVWL LL L

nu exist
VLWXD LL

metode standard verificate de prentmpinarea unei asemenea

Chiar n cazul unor tehnologii verificate exist un risc de incompatibilitate

atunci cnd acestea sunt asamblate sau bricolate arbitrar, plecndu-se de la
ideia c, dou tehnologii verificate, prin combinare nu pot conduce la o
tehnologie nou verificat. Est H QHYRLH GH DXWRULWDWHD H[SHU LORU SHQWUX D
FHUWLILFDUHD DQVDPEOXO WHKQRORJLF L QX D ILHF
SDUWH3URWHF LD GH ULVF WHKQRORJLF VH DVLJXU

UXL HFKLSDPHQW FRPSRQHQW vQ

n primul rnd prin garan

LL GLQ

SDUWHDFRQVWUXFWRUXOXLLGDFmDFHVWHDVXQWVDXQXDFFHSWDELOHLUHDOL]DELOH
ULVN

1.2. Riscul de depsire a costurilor ( risque de sur cout/ cost overruns

&RQVWUXF LD SURLHFWXOXL WUHEXLH VD DVLJXUD R LPDJLQH FODU asupra

FRVWXULORU SH ILHFDUH OXFUDUH IXQGD LL WHUDVDPHQW ]LGmULH HFKLSDPHQWH D

trebue s se compare sumele avansate de constructor cu estimrile

consilierilor experti.
2ULJLQHDGHSmLULORUGHFRVWXULSRDWHIL

- VXEHVWLPDUHDFRVWXULORUFXHFKLSDPHQWHORUVDXDOXFUmULORUSHDQWLHU
- modificri ale specifica LLORU GLQ SURLHFW ILH SHQWUX a se corecta erori
GHFRQFHS LHILHSHQWUXDVHvPEXQt LSHUIRUPDQ HOHLQVWDOD LLORU

ACCES TARDIV LA INFORMATII

VXQW

GLVSRQLELOHGDUQXH[FHOHD] SULRQDFXUDWH HRSRUWXQLWDWHIRUP VDXVXSRUW

LQIRUPD LLOHH[WHUQHVXQWVDWVI F WRDW

UHGDUFHOPDLDGHVHDVXQWIRDUWHVFXPSH

- Informarea QDFHVWVWDGLXWUHEXLHSULYLW
UHFWLYLW

FDRFRQGL LHVLQHTXDQRQDXQHL

LODULVFHILFDFH

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LQIRUPD LLDQDOL]DSULQPDQGDWDULFRQWH[WXOFDUHLQFLWDVDXQXODREXQ SUHOXFUDUHD
LQIRUPD LHL

$OHJHUHJUHLW GHPRGHOSHQWUXH[SOLFDUHUDSRUWXOFDX]HDSDUHQWH

cauze profunde,
efectul conjugat al mai multor cauze conduc la efecte diferite QIXQF LHGH
FRQMXQFWXU PDLPXOWHFDX]HSRWFRQGXFHODDFHODLHIHFW

DIAGNOSTIC ERONAT

IMPORTANTA (supra/subestimare) ACORDATA

PROBLEMELOR

LOGICA LOCALA

PXQF

LOGICA INDICATORILOR
$F LXQLGLFWDWHSHED]DYDORULLLQGLFDWRULORUSULPL L

CREEAREA DE NOI REGULI (BIROCARTIE)

3HQWUXUH]ROYDUHDDFHORUDLSUREOHPH

SOLUTII NEADECVATE

Reportarea problemelor asupra altor actori, luare de decizii QDEVHQ a actorilor

LPSRUWDQ LntU]LHUHDVROX LLORUDGHFYDWHSHQWUXF DUGDQDWHUHODFRQIOLFWHGH

Fig.7. RISCURI SPECIFICE FAZEI DE REALIZARE A PROIECTULUI

DIN PRELUCRAEA INFORMATIILOR

DESCOPERIREA TARDIVA A
PROBLEMELOR

- $FFHDVXOHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHQDWXWUDULVFXOXL,QIRUPD LLOHLQWHUQHGHUHJXO

,Q

JHQHUDO

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SRWGHSmLGLQYDORDUHDLQYHVWL LHL

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IRQGXUL LDU SH GH DOWm SDUWH FUHWHUHD GREkQ]LORU JHQHUDWm GH DFHDVWm

suplimentare.
1.3. Riscul de ntrziere ( risque de retard/ delay risk) conduce,pe de o
parte pULQ FUHVWHUHD QHYRLL GH ILQDQ DUH LQFOXVLY D GREkQ]LORU DIHUHQWH LDU SH
de alt parte prin ntrzierea intrrii n exploatare cu efecte negative asupra

UHVSHFWmULL FODX]HORU IDWm GH IXUQL]RUL L GH FOLHQ L ,QWkU]LHULOH SRW IL JHQHUDWH

GHRJUHLWmHVWLPDUHDGXUDWHORUGHH[HFX LHVDXGLQVO
VDXVXEFRQWUDFWDQ LORU

biciuni ale furnizorilor

6H SRDWH DF LRQD SULQ PLVLXQL GH H[SHU L SHQWUX D VH LGHQWLILFD DFHL IXUQL]RUL

LVDX VXEFRQWUDFWDQ L GXELRL MXGHFkQGX

-se aptitudinile lor de a- L vQGHSOLQL

misiunea

vQ FDGUXO SURLHFWXOXL ,QWkU]LHUHD vQ H[HFX LH  SRDWH IL OHJDWm L GH

RE LQHUHDDXWRUL]D LLORUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFXPDUILDXWRUL]D LDGHFRQVWUXF LH

$FRSHULUHD ULVFXOXL GH vQWkU]LHUH HVWH VLPXOWDQm FX FHD GH GHSmLUH GH

FRVWXUL L VH IDF SULQ DORFD LL GH UL

sc fie de ctre constructor, fie de garant

DF LRQDUL

3HQWUX ILQDQ DWRU DFRSHULUHD FHD PDL UDGLFDO

este garan

LD GH FUHGLW GLQ

SHULRDGD GH FRQVWUXF LH ([LVWm L SRVLELOLWDWHD GH vPSmU LUH D ULVFXOXL vQWUH
DF LRQDUL L vPSUXPXW

tor prin crearea unei linii speciale de credit pentru a

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linie stand-by (Stand-by Facility) unde modalit

LOH

GH

ILQDQ DUH

VXQW

QHJRFLDELOH vQ IXQF LH GH WHUPHQLL L FRQGL LLOH GH ILQDQ DUH 7HUP 6HHW G

e
soliditatea financiar a proiectului. De regul se pune n joc o linie de standby pentru o sum predeterminat (10% din costul proiectului) fina DW fie de
DF LRQDULILHGHDF LRQDULLEDQF.
3DUWDMXO ULVFXOXL vQWUH FRQVWUXFWRUL L vPSUXPXWmWRU HVWH de cea mai
bun tradi LH SHQWUX SURLHFWH FRQVWUXFWRULL ILLQG FHL PDL DYL]D L V- L DVXPH
riscurile de depsire de costuri sau de durat. Raportarea riscurilor la
constructor trebuie fcuta prin contractul de construc LL WLSLF ILLQG FRQWUDFWXO
cle en maLQ  ,Q DFHVW FD] ID]D GH UHFHS LH HVWH PDUFDW prin teste de
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