CERTIFICA

TE
This is to certify that XXXX , a student of
class XII-A has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of XXXX during the
year 2013-14 in partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination conducted
by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of external examiner

Signature of physics teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this
project with success. Then I would like to thank my
physics teacher MISS VIDHU whose valuable guidance
has been the ones that helped me patch this

project and make it full proof success his suggestions and

his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards
the
completion of the project.

LOGIC
GATES
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input
and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it
is called a gate.

The Logic Gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics
to change on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output voltage) according to some logical
statement relating them.

A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between
the possible values of input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth
table or table of combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and output possibilities for the
logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on binary nature at the logic,
this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two
values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two values of logic statements one denoted by
the binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the HIGH value. The logical
statements that logic gates follow are called Boolean expressions.

TYPES OF GATES
There are three types of basic logic gates which follows Boolean expression.
i)

OR gate

ii)

AND gate

iii)

NOT gate

THE OR
GATE
The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic gate. It combing the input A and B with the
output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y=A+ B

The Boolean algebra, the addition symbol (+) is called OR (i.e. OR operation OR operator).
The various possible combinations of the input and output of the OR gate can be easily
understand with the help of the electrical circuit. In this electric circuit, a parallel combination of
two switches A and B is connected to a battery and a lump L.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit is :
a)

If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0)

b)

If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow.

c)

If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow.

d)

If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow.

As we see truth table we found same as it is observation.

THE AND GATE

The AND gate is also a two inputs and one output logic gate. It combines the input A and B with
the output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y=A. B
The Boolean algebra, the multiplication symbol (. dot or x Gross) is taken to mean AND.
Y = A . B have Y is equal to A AND B.

The various possible combination of the input and outputs of the AND gate can be easily found
with the help of the electrical circuit. Here a series combination of the switch A and B is
connected to a battery and a lump L.
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit :
a)

If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow. (y=0)

b)

If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow. (y=0)

c)

If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow. (y=0)

d)

If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow. (y=1)

As we see truth table we found same as it is observed experimentally.

THE NOT GATE

The NOT gate is a one inputs and one output logic gate. It combines the input A with the output
following the Boolean expression.
Y= A
i.e. Y not equal A. The way, the NOT gate gives the output it is also called inverter. It is
represented by the symbol.

The Boolean algebra, the negative sign (-) is called NOT. The equation Y= A called Boolean
expression.
The possible input and output combination of a NOT gate can be easily discussed with the help
of electrical circuit. Here, the switch is connected in parallel to the lump of the battery. The
following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of the electrical circuit.
a)

If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow (i.e. Y=1)

b)

If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow (Y=0).

It follows that in the given electrical circuit, the lump glows (or output is obtained), when the
switch A is not closed. Far this reason, the electrical circuit is called not gate. The two possible
input-output combinations can be written in the form of the table. It is called truth table of NOT
gate.