Signals and Systems: Bode Plot

EEE 35: Signals & Systems
Lecture 2F
Pole-Zero Plot
Bode Plot
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35
2F-1
Example
s+6
Z ( s) = 2 2
s + 6s + 8
s+6
=2
( s + 4)( s + 2)
we can say that the poles of Z(s) are 2 and 4.
Z(s) has one finite zero at z= -6 and a zero at .
2F-2
Pole-Zero Plot of Z(s)

j
s+6
Z (s) = 2
( s + 4)( s + 2)
-6 -4
-2
one zero at
infinity
2F-3
The magnitude of a network function shown as a

function of complex frequency with two poles
and one (finite) zero.
2F-4
What can be learned from the pole-zero plot of a

network function?
1. A one-port network is open at the poles of Z(s)
and short at the zeros of Z(s).
2. For a two-port network, if X1(s) is the input quantity,
X2(s) the output quantity and T(s)=X2(s)/X1(s) the
corresponding network function, then
X 2 ( s) = T ( s) X 1 ( s)
P(s)
=
Q( s )
2F-5
X 2 (s) = T (s) X 1 (s)

P( s )
=
Q( s)
Cj
Ck
X 2 (s) =
+
j =1 s p j
k =1 s pk
PFE
u number of poles of T(s)

v number of poles of X1(s)
x2 (t ) = L {T ( s ) X 1 ( s )}
1
x2 (t ) = C j e
p jt
j =1
+ Ck e
pk t
k =1
2F-6
Cj
Ck
X 2 (s) =
+
j =1 s p j
k =1 s pk
the poles of T and X1 determine the waveform

of the time variation of the response.
The pjs correspond to the natural complex
frequencies free oscillations
The pks correspond to the driving-force
complex frequencies forced oscillations
2F-7
The Bode Plot (Asymptotic Plot)

Magnitude plot
- magnitude (log scale) vs.
frequency (log scale)
Phase plot
- phase vs. frequency (log scale)
2F-8
Definitions:
1. Lm log-magnitude operator
Lm (G ( j )) = 20 log G ( j ) dB
2. dB - decibel (unit of Lm)
3. Octave frequency band from
1 & 2 if 2 = 2
1
2F-9
4. Decade frequency band from
1 & 2 if 2 = 10
1
5. Phase (in radians or degrees)
G ( j ) = arg{G ( j )} angle of G ( j )
2F-10
The Bode plot is plotted on the following

sets of axes:
Magnitude Plot:
Lm(G)
0.01 0.1
Phase Plot:
10
100
(log)
G(j)
0.01 0.1
10
100
(log)
2F-11
Given the frequency response,
G(j) =
Km (1+ j T1) (1+ j T2)r
( j
)m(1+
j Ta)(1+ j Tb 1 +
)r
j + 2
n
n
(j)2
2F-12
Magnitude Response
Lm{G(j)} =
Lm{Km} + Lm{1+jT1} +
r Lm{1+ jT2}+ m Lm{j}
Lm {1+ jTa} r Lm {1+ jTb}
Lm
1+
j + 2
n
n
(j)2
2F-13
Frequency Response
G(j) = Km + (1+jT1) + r (1+ jT2}+

m (j) (1+ jTa) r (1+ jTb)
(1 + (2/n)j + (1/n2)(j)2 ) ...

G(j) = (0 or 180) + tan-1T1 + r tan-1T2 +
m90 tan-1Ta r tan-1Tb
tan-1(2/n)/(1 - 2/n2 ) ...
Contribution to each factor
2F-14
may be added graphically
Consider the transfer function, G(s)
s (s + 6)( s 1)
G (s) = 2 2
2
s + s + 1 s + 6s + 8
3
=2
)(
s (s + 6 )( s 1)
1
3
3
)(
s
+
j
2
2 )( s + 4)( s + 2)
2
3
(s +
1
+ j
2
2F-15
Terms encountered:
Km
m
( j )
(1 + sT )
(1 + j T )
2
1
2
1 + s + 2 (s )
n
2
1
2
1 + j + 2 ( j )
n
n
2F-16
Consider this
1 + 2 s + 1 (s )2
n
n 2
2
2
1
1 + j + 2 ( j )
n
n
Using quadratic equation,

the roots are:
4 2
( )
n
n2
22
n
The roots are complex when
4 2 4
2 2 < 0
n n
or when 1 < < 1.

2F-17
Terms encountered:
Km
( j )
(1 + j T )
m
r
2
1
2
1 +
(
)
j
examine the contribution of each term to
Lm G ( j ) and
G ( j )
2F-18
Terms encountered:
1. Km
Lm Km = 20 log Km
Km
= 0 if Km > 0
Km = -180 if Km < 0
2F-19
1. Km
20 log Km
180
0 dB
0.01 0.1
10
100
0.01 0.1
10
100
2F-20
2. ( j )
case 1: +m (numerator)
if m = +1
Lm j = 20 log j
j = 90
= 20 log
note:
20 log
0.1
-20 dB
1.0
0 dB
10
100
20 dB
40 dB
straight line w/
slope +20 dB/dec
and intersects the
axis @ = 1.0
2F-21
2. ( j )
case 1: +m (numerator)
if m = +1
Lm j = 20 log j
j = 90
= 20 log
90
20 dB/dec
0 dB
0.01 0.1
10
100
0.01 0.1
10
100
2F-22
case 2: -m (denominator)
if m = -1
Lm( j ) = 20 log ( j)
1
( j )
= 90
= 20 log
90
20 dB/dec
0 dB
0.01 0.1
10
100
0.01 0.1
10
100
-20 dB/dec
-90
2F-23
3. (1 + jT )
case 1: r is positive
for r=1:
Lm (1 + jT ) = 20 log (1 + jT )
= 20 log
if T << 1, Lm (1 + jT )
20 log1 = 0
if T >> 1, Lm (1 + jT )
20 log T
(T )
+1
= 20 log
1 T
2F-24
3. (1 + jT )
case 1: r = 1
magnitude plot: (asymptotic)

40 dB
20/dec
20 dB
dB
0.1/
1/
what if r 1?
10/
100/T
1000/T
2F-25
3. (1 + jT )
case 1: r = 1
(1 + jT ) :
if T << 1
if T >> 1
at T = 1,
at T = 0.1
at T = 10
( << T1 ),
( >> T1 ),
1 + jT 0
1 + jT 90
1 + jT = 45
( = 0T.1 ),
( = 10T ),
1 + jT = 5.71
1 + jT = 84.29
2F-26
3. (1 + jT )
case 1: r = 1
phase plot: (asymptotic)
90
45/dec
45
0
0.01/
0.1/
1/
10/T
100/T
what if r 1?
2F-27
3. (1 + jT )
for r = -1:
case 2: r is negative
Lm(1 + jT ) = 20 log (1 + jT )
1
= 20 log
(T )
+1
if T << 1, Lm (1 + jT )
20 log1 = 0
if T >> 1, Lm (1 + jT )
20 log T

= 20 log 1
T
2F-28
3. (1 + jT )
case 2: r = -1
magnitude plot: (asymptotic)

0.01/T
0.1/T
1/
10/T
100/T
0 dB
-20dB/dec
-20 dB
-40 dB
2F-29
3. (1 + jT )
(1 + jT )
if T << 1
if T >> 1
at T = 1
at T = 0.1
at T = 10
case 2: r = -1
= - (1 + jT )
( << ), ( 1 + jT ) 0
1
1
( >> T ), (1 + jT ) 90
1
1
( = T ), (1 + jT ) = 45
1
0.1
( = T ), (1 + jT ) = 5.71
1
10
( = T ), (1 + jT ) = 84.29
1
T
2F-30
3. (1 + jT )
case 2: r = -1
phase plot (asymptotic):

0.01/T
0.1/T
1/
10/T
100/T
0
-45
-45/dec
-90
what if r -1?
2F-31
3. (1 + jT )
Example: r = +3
120 dB
60 dB
0dB
0.1/
60dB/dec
1/
10/
100/T
1000/T
270
135/dec
135
0
0.01/
0.1/
1/
10/T
100/T
2F-32
3. (1 + jT )
0.01/T
EXAMPLE: r = -4
1/
0.1/T
0 dB
-80 dB
10/T
100/T
10/T
100/T
-80dB/dec
-160 dB
0.01/T
0.1/T
1/
0
-180/dec
-180
-360
2F-33
2
1
2
4. 1 + ( j ) + 2 ( j )
n
n
case 1: p is positive
for p=1:
Lm 1 + n ( j ) + 2 ( j )
2
= 20 log
(1 ) + ( )
n2
2
2F-34
if << n , Lm {} 0
if >> , Lm {}
n
20 log
( )
2 2
n2
= 40 log
2F-35
magnitude plot (asymptotic):
40dB/dec
40
0
0.1n
10n
100n
1000n
what if p is negative & when p 1?

2F-36
1 + n ( j ) + 2 ( j ) =
2
(1- ) + j
2
n2
{
}
oif >> n , {} 180

osimilar to (1 + jT ) , the corners of the
o if << n ,
transition from 0 to 180 may be set at
= 0.1n & = 10n .

2F-37
That is,
phase plot: (asymptotic)
180
90/dec
90
0
0.01n
0.1n
10n
100n
what if p is negative & when p 1?

2F-38
2
1
2
4. 1 +
( j ) + 2 ( j ) p = +3
n
n
120dB/dec
120dB
0dB
0.1n
10n
100n
1000n
540
270/dec
270
0
0.01n
0.1n
10n
100n
2F-39
2
1
2
4. 1 + ( j ) + 2 ( j )
n
n
p = -2
0dB
0.1n
10n
100n
1000n
-80dB
-80dB/dec
0
0.01n
0.1n
n
-180/dec
10n
100n
-180
-360
2F-40
DRAWING DETAIL
1 + j +
n
2
(
)
j
For n = 1, = 0.2, 0. 4, 0.6, 0.8, -0.8,-0.6.
Positive
Negative
2F-41
DRAWING DETAIL
Decreasing ||
Decreasing ||
2F-42
V
Example #4 : Prepare a Bode plot for 2
0.5
V1
V1
2F
1F
Ix
V2
_
2F-43
1 )I
(
V2
s x
=
1 )
(
1
+
V1 1 I + s I + (1 + 1 )I
s x
x
2 x
1
2s
2
= 2
2 s + 5s + 2
1
=
(1 + 2s )(1 + s 2 )
1
=
=
1 2, 2 2
2F-44
1/2
0 dB
-20dB/dec
-20dB/dec
-20dB/dec
1
=
(1+ 2s))((1+ s2)
-40dB/dec
2F-45
Example #5 : The plot shows 2 straight - line

slopes of n 6dB oct. The low and high frequency
asymptotes extend indefinitely, and the network
function the response represents has 1st - order
factors only. Find G (s ) and evaluate the constant
multiplier of the function.
2F-46
14 dB
-6dB/oct
-12dB/oct
0 dB
10
20 log(x /10) = 14 x = 50
2F-47
14 dB
-6dB/oct
-12dB/oct
0 dB
10
20 log(x /10) = 14 x = 50
G (s ) =
10
(1 + 50 )
3
2F-48
The voltage gain of a two-port network is given by

4000s
s 2 + 20s + 400
Draw the bode plot and describe the frequency response of

the circuit
4000s
s
=
10
s 2 + 20s + 400
s 2 20 2 + s 20 + 1
Terms encountered:
10
s
s2/202 + s/20 + 1
2F-49
Magnitude plot:
10
s
s 2 202 + s 20 + 1
20 dB
0.1
10
100
1000
46 dB
0.1
10
20
100
1000
2F-50
Phase Plot
10
s
s 2 202 + s 20 + 1
90 0
0.1
10
100
1000
0.1
10
100
1000
-90 0
-180 0
90 0
-90 0
2F-51
Frequency response generated by the computer:

Bode Diagrams
50
Phase (deg); M agnitude (dB)
40
30
20
10
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
10
10
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
2F-52
The gain is maximum at = 20 rad/s

Below 20 rad/s, the gain decreases as the
frequency decreases
Above 20 rad/s, the gain decreases as the
frequency increases
At low frequencies, the network behaves as a
differentiator
At high frequencies, the network behaves as an
integrator
The network is called band-pass filter.
2F-53
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) =
100 (1 + s/1)
s (1 + s/50)
40
0
0.1
10
100
1000
0.1
10
100
1000
40
0
2F-54
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) =
100 (1 + s/1)
s (1 + s/50)
40
0
0.1
10
100
1000
0.1
10
100
1000
40
0
2F-55
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) =
100 (1 + s/1)
s (1 + s/50)
40
0
0.1
10
100
1000
0.1
10
100
1000
40
0
2F-56
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) = 100(1 + s/1)

s (1 + s/50)
90
0
-90
0
0.1
10
100
1000
-90
2F-57
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) = 100(1 + s/1)

s (1 + s/50)
90
0
-90
0
0.1
10
100
1000
-90
2F-58
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) = 100(1 + s/1)

s (1 + s/50)
90
0
-90
0
0.1
10
100
1000
-90
2F-59
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) = 100(1 + s/1)

s (1 + s/50)
90
0
-90
0
0.1
10
100
1000
-90
2F-60
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) = 100(1 + s/1)

s (1 + s/50)
90
0
-90
0
0.1
10
100
1000
-90
2F-61
G(s) = 5000(s+1) / s(s+50) = 100(1 + s/1)

s (1 + s/50)
90
0
-90
0
0.1
10
100
1000
-90
2F-62

Signals and Systems: Bode Plot

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Signals and Systems: Bode Plot

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

EEE 35: Signals & Systems

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Pole-Zero Plot of Z(s)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

The magnitude of a network function shown as a

What can be learned from the pole-zero plot of a

X 2 (s) = T (s) X 1 (s)

u number of poles of T(s)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

the poles of T and X1 determine the waveform

The Bode Plot (Asymptotic Plot)

3. Octave frequency band from

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

4. Decade frequency band from

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

The Bode plot is plotted on the following

Given the frequency response,

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

G(j) = Km + (1+jT1) + r (1+ jT2}+

(1 + (2/n)j + (1/n2)(j)2 ) ...

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Consider the transfer function, G(s)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Using quadratic equation,

The roots are complex when

or when 1 < < 1.

examine the contribution of each term to

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

magnitude plot: (asymptotic)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

phase plot: (asymptotic)

magnitude plot: (asymptotic)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

phase plot (asymptotic):

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

magnitude plot (asymptotic):

what if p is negative & when p 1?

oif >> n , {} 180

transition from 0 to 180 may be set at

= 0.1n & = 10n .

what if p is negative & when p 1?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

For n = 1, = 0.2, 0. 4, 0.6, 0.8, -0.8,-0.6.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Example #5 : The plot shows 2 straight - line

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

The voltage gain of a two-port network is given by

Draw the bode plot and describe the frequency response of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 35