Routing

Module 2

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Routing Overview

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Routing concepts

Routing is a layer 3 process on the ISOs OSI model.

Routing defines where traffic is forwarded (sent).
Its required to permit different subnets to communicate.

Even if they should be on the same wire

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Routing concepts, example 1

Computers wont communicate.

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Routing concepts , example 2

Computers can now communicate.

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Route flags

Routes have statuses. In this course, we will familiarize ourselves

with the following:

X : Disabled
A : Active
D : Dynamic
C : Connected
S : Static

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Route flags

Disabled : Router is disabled. Has no influence in the routing process.

Active : Route is active and used in the routing process.
Dynamic : Route has been created by routing process, not through the
management interface.

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Route flags

Connected : A route is created for each IP subnet that has an active

interface on the router.
Static : Route created to force forwarding of packets through a certain
destination.

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Static Routing

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Static routes

Routes to subnets that exist on a router are automatically created and

known by that router. But what happens if you need to reach a subnet
that exists on another router? You create a static route!
A static route is a manual way of forwarding traffic to unknown
subnets.

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Static routes

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Static routes

Understanding the fields

Flags : The state of each route, as explained in previous slides

Dst. Address : The destination addresses this route is used for.
Gateway : Typically, the IP address of the next hop that will receive the
packets destined for Dst. Address.

Distance : Value used for route selection. In configurations where various

distances are possible, the route with the smallest value is preferred.

Routing Mark : Routing table containing this route. Default is Main.

Pref. Source : The IP address of the local interface responsible for
forwarding packets sent by advertised subnet.

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Why use static routing

Makes configuration simpler on very small network which will most

likely not grow.
Limits the use of router resources (memory, CPU)

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Limits of static routing

Doesnt scale well.

Manual configuration is required every time a new subnet needs to be
reached.

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Limits of static routing, example

Your network grows and you need to

add links to remote routers (and
subnets).

Assume that all routers have 2

LAN subnets and 1 or more WAN
subnets.

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Limits of static routing, example

How many static routes to add on

router-1?

Routers 3 to 5 : 9
Router 2 : 2
Router 6 and 7 : 4

Total of 15 static routes to add

manually!!

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Creating routes

To add a static route :

IP -> Routes
+ (Add)
Specify destination subnet and
mask

Specify Gateway (next hop)

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Setting the default route

The route 0.0.0.0/0

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Known as the Default route.

It is the destination where all traffic to unknown subnets will be forwarded.
It is also a static route.

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Managing dynamic routes

As mentioned before, dynamic routes are added by the routing process,

not by the administrator.
This is done automatically.
You cant manage dynamic routes. If the interface to which the
dynamic route is linked goes down, so does the route!

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Managing dynamic routes, example

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Implementing static routing on simple networks

Consider the following example.

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Implementing static routing on simple networks

Exercise:

Assuming ip addresses have been properly entered, what commands

would you use to enable complete communications for both subnets
(LAN1 and LAN2)?
(Answer on next slide. Dont peak )

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Implementing static routing on simple networks

router-1

/ip route
add gateway=172.22.0.18
add dst-address=10.1.2.0/24 gateway=10.0.0.2

router-2

/ip route
add gateway=10.0.0.1

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Time for a practical exercise

End of module 2

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Laboratory

Goals of the lab

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Gain connectivity to other POD LANs

Validate use of default route
View and explain route flags

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Laboratory : Setup

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Laboratory : step 1

Delete the default route that was created in module 1

Ping other PODs computers. Note results
Create static routes to other PODs LAN subnets
Ping other PODs computers. Note results

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Laboratory : step 2

Open a Web browser and try accessing Mikrotiks Web page. Note
results

Create the default route using the trainers router as the gateway
Open a Web browser and try accessing Mikrotiks Web page. Note
results

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End of Laboratory 2

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