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ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled "Genetic divergence studies in cowpea was carried out during summer
season of the year 2014.The field experiment was carried out at Main Garden, Department of Horticulture, Dr. PDKV,
Akola. The study was undertaken on Thirty genotypes of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] were investigated to
understand the extent of genetic diversity through sixteen traits. Mahalanobiss D2 analysis established the presence of
wide genetic diversity among these genotypes was grouped into six clusters. The cluster I was largest and consisted of 21
genotypes followed by cluster III of 5 genotypes and clusters II, IV,V and VI consisting of only one genotype each.
Maximum inter cluster D2 value was observed between VI (6987.85) and III (4806.87), indicating that the genotypes
distance was adequate for improvement of cowpea by hybridization and selection. The genotypes included in these
diverse clusters may be used as promising parents for hybridization to obtain better segregants in cowpea
KEYWORDS: Cowpea, Genetic Divergence, D2 Statistics, Clusters, Genotypes.
Received: Mar 23, 2016; Accepted: Apr 06, 2016; Published: Apr 19, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016013
Original Article
included in these clusters had maximum divergence. The diversity among the genotypes measured by inter-cluster
INTRODUCTION
Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp] is an important leguminous vegetable crop mainly grown both in
kharif and spring summer season crop in most parts of India. It is native to West Africa (Vavilov.,1951; but
(Steele,1976) suggested Ethiopia as the primary and Africa as the secondary centres of diversity. The total area of
beans in India is 37.54 million hectares with production of 1370.21 million tonnes (Anon., 2014).
Cowpea plays an important role in Indian diet. Green tender pods form an excellent nutritious vegetable
and have the potential to solve the protein problem of human diet. It is also known as vegetable meat
(Singh,1983). Average yield of cowpea is very low in India, and year-to-year variation in yield is also remarkably
high. This poor yield may be due to unavailability of high yielding and stable genotypes along with appropriate
advance agronomic management practices.
Cowpea is warm season, annual herbaceous legume crop and growth habit is pole type. It has strong tap
root system, stem may be green or pigmented, leaves are alternate, trifoliate with one symmetrical terminal leaflet
and two asymmetrical leaflets. It is commonly known as crowder pea, black-eyed pea, lobia, barbatti, chawali,
southern pea, long yard bean, asparagus bean, snake bean and china bean. Itis one of the most important legume
vegetable crops commonly grown throughout India for its long, tender green pods as vegetable and seeds as pulse.
It is also grown for silage, hay, pasture, all type of struck and as a source of protein especially lysine. Green pod of
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cowpea contains 4.3 per cent protein, 0.2 per cent fat and 8.0 per cent carbohydrates and it is rich source of calcium and
iron (Hazara and Som, 1999).
It is a self pollinated crop with a chromosome number of 2n=2x=22, belongs to the family Leguminosae genus
Vigna, subfamily fabaceaeand tribe phaseoleae. It comprises five subspecies viz., unguiculata, cylindrical, sesquipedalis,
dekindtiana and mensensis in phaseolae (Verdcourt, 1970). Out of five subspecies first three are cultivated and later two
are wild.
Studies on genetic diversity are therefore of great importance in breeding programs, since they permit the
identification of appropriate parents of hybrids with greater heterotic effect and with greater segregation in recombination,
allowing the appearance of transgressive genotypes (Cruz and Carneiro 2003).
Genetic improvement in the crop plant depends on variability present in that crop and thereafter selection of
parental line for hybridization programme in this context, the study on genetic divergence is of vital importance for any
plant breeding programme aims at genetic improvement and productivity of that plant species.
The amount of variation present among the number of population or species is helpful for effective selection. The
selection never creates variability but acts only on variability already created by spontaneous or artificial mutation or
hybridization.
Genetic improvement in the crop plant depends on variability present in that crop and thereafter selection of
parental line for hybridization programme in this context, the study on genetic divergence is of vital importance for any
plant breeding programme aimes at genetic improvement and productivity of that plant species.
Mahalanobis D2 statistics and multivariate analysis can be used to quantify genetic diversity and to identify
genetically diverse parents for breeding programme.
Objective f Study
and quality.
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Gadchiroli local -2, CL-23, Pusa komal, Kashi Kanchan, AKCP- 31 (SAR), AKCP-99 (SAR), Gadchiroli local (RS)-3,
Akola selection, Baramasi, AKCR -14 (Red), Arka Samrudhi, CL-17, AKCP- f -7. The data was recorded on following
plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of nodes on main branch, days required to first flower, days to
50% flowering, number of clusters per plant, number green pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm),
pod diameter (cm), 100 seed weight, number of seeds per pod, average pod weight(g), pod yield per plot (Kg), percentage
of fiber content, percentage of protein content.
21
II
III
IV
V
VI
1
1
1
Name of Genotypes
Arka Suman (3), ArkaSamrudhi (28), Green selection (13), Pusa
komal (20), AKCP-20 (VN) (12), Baramasi (26), CL-17 (29),AKCR14 (Red) (27), AKCP-F-2 (30), CL-13 (14), Gadchiroli local-3 (24),
CL-14 (1), AKCP-31 (SAR) (22),CL-5 (17), Kashi kanchan (21),
CL-8 (5),CL-12 (15), CL-23 (19), CL-3 (4), Gomati (8), Vanita (9),
AKCP-99 (23)
Kokan Sadabahar (10), Gayatri (11), Divya (6),
Selection -5 (16), CL-10 (2).
Gadchirolilocal-2 (18)
Akola Selection (25)
CL-24 (7)
The average intra and inter-cluster D2values for six clusters as per the procedure suggested by Singh and
Chaudhary (1977) are presented in (Table 2 and Figure 2.).The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed for cluster-I
(1504.39), followed by the cluster-III (1468.74).The nearest inter-cluster distance was found between cluster-V and IV
(1141.79) followed by cluster-IV and I (1915.75) and cluster-I and II (1987.33). The widest inter-cluster distance was
found between cluster-VI and III (6987.85) and cluster-V and III (48068.87).. Similar results were reported by
Chikkadyavaiah (1985); Jindal (1985); Katiyar and Singh (1990); Sonawane and Patil (1991); Thaware et al. (1997);
Kumari et al. (2000); Backiyarni et al.(2000); Anbuselvam et al. (2000); Kapoor et al. (2000); Veeramaniet al. (2004); Rai
et al (2004);Venkatesanet al. (2004); Naheret al. (2005); Kumawat and Raje (2005);Anbumalarmathi and Nadarajan
(2007), Passoset al. (2007); Valarmathiet al (2007); Vural and Karasu (2007); Dahiyaet al. (2007); Bertiniet al. (2009);
Bertiniet al. (2010); Kiran Tigga and Krishna Tandekar, (2013).
Table 2: Average Intra and Inter Cluster Distance
Clusters
I
II
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I
1504.39
II
1987.33
0.00
III
2657.46
4256.45
IV
1915.75
2187.06
V
2209.14
2548.68
VI
4007.43
3892.88
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III
IV
V
Table 2: Contd.,
1468.74 3958.81
0.00
VI
4806.87
1141.79
0.00
6987.85
2135.37
3151.76
0.00
The per cent contribution of each character towards divergence as per the according to Tocher's Method,has been
presented in Table 3. It was observed that number of seeds per pod contributed highest (29.66 %) towards divergence
followed by pod length(18.85 %), days require to first flower (14.94 %), plant height (cm) (11.49 %), 100 seed weight
(9.66 %), percentage of protein content (6.21), number of clusters per plant (5.29 %), number of branches/plant (1.84 %),
percentage of fiber content (0.92%), average pod weight (g) (0.69), pod diameter (cm) and pod yield per plot (kg) both are
recorded in (0.23 %), that order, respectively.
Table 3: Percent Contribution of Individual Characters toward Total
Divergence of Thirty Genotypes of Vegetable Cowpea
Sl.
No
Characters
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Plant height(cm)
Number of branches/plant
Number of nodes on main branch
Days require to first flower
Days to 50% flowering
Number of cluster per plant
Number of green pods per cluster
Number of pods per plant
Pod length(cm)
Pod diameter(cm)
100 seed weight
Number of seeds per pod
Average pod weight(g)
Pod yield per plot (kg)
Percentage of fiber content
Percentage of protein content
Number of Times
Ranked (R)
50
08
0
65
0
23
0
0
82
1
42
129
3
1
4
27
Contribution
Towards
Divergence (%) And Rank
Standing
11.49
IV
1.84
VIII
0.00
XII
14.94
III
0.00
XII
5.29
VII
0.00
XII
0.00
XII
18.85
II
0.23
XI
9.66
V
29.66
I
0.69
X
0.23
XI
0.92
IX
6.21
VI
The mean values of sixteen characters recorded for genotypes grouped in six different clusters are presented in
Table 4.The maximum mean number of days taken to 50% flowering (74.07) was observed in cluster-II, followed by the
cluster-I (59.13).The magnitude of D2 values suggested that there was considerable variability in the material studied,
which leads to genetic diversity.
Jindal (1985), Katiyar and Singh (1990), Backiyarnietal. (2000), Anbuselvamet al. (2000), Kapoor et al. (2000a),
Kumawat and Raje (2005), Naheret al. (2005), Venkatesanet al (2004), Anbumalarmathi and Nadarajan (2007),
Valarmathiet al. (2007), Dahiyaet al (2007b) successfully used the Mahalanobis's D2 analysis for quantifying the genetic
divergence in cowpea.
For the character of number of cluster per plant maximum mean (18.78) was observed in cluster-I, followed by
the cluster-III (18.04), while the minimum mean number of cluster per plant observed in cluster-IV (14.07). The maximum
mean recorded in total number of pods per plant (55.07) was observed in cluster-I, followed by the cluster-III (49.37),
while, the minimum mean total number of pods per plant was observed in cluster-II (38.80).
Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987
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The mean pod yield per plot (kg)was recorded the maximum in cluster-VI (5.03 kg), followed by the cluster-I
(4.26), while the minimum mean number of cluster per plant observed in cluster-II (2.83).
The maximum mean percentage of fiber content (1.78 %) was observed in cluster-III, followed by the cluster-I
(1.72 %), while, the minimum mean percentage of fiber content was observed in cluster-II (1.23 %).
The maximum mean percentage of protein content (21.87 %) was showed in cluster-V, followed by the cluster-V
(21.01 %), while, the minimum mean percentage of protein content was showed in cluster-IV (15.88 %).
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of present investigation, we could conclude that, the selection of genotypes from the cluster-IV (CL24), cluster-III (Kokan Sadabahar, Gayatri, Divya, Selection-5, CL-10), cluster-V (Akola Selection), cluster-II (AKCP-99)
and cluster-IV (Gadchirolilocal-2), can be utilized as potential parents and crossing between these genotypes results in high
heterotic expression for yield and its components. So the genotypes from above clusters may be included in hybridization
programme for obtaining superior and desirable recombinants. Hence, it will be more rewarding to bring improvement in
cowpea.
Table 4: Cluster Mean Table
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Characters
Plant height(cm)
No. of branches/plant
No. of nodes on main
branch
Days require to first flower
Days to 50% flowering
No. of cluster per plant
No. of green pods per
cluster
Total number of pods per
plant
Pod length(cm)
Pod diameter(cm)
100 seed weight
No. of seeds per pod
Average pod weight(g)
Pod yield per plot (kg)
Percentage of fiber content
Percentage of protein
content
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ClusterI
37.28
17.35
ClusterII
28.27
9.47
ClusterIII
30.32
14.71
ClusterIV
49.00
25.47
ClusterV
70.40
25.70
ClusterVI
43.00
22.13
16.17
15.53
16.11
19.87
21.67
20.53
54.66
59.13
18.78
70.33
74.07
14.00
48.42
53.72
18.04
45.60
50.20
14.07
51.20
55.27
15.53
51.93
55.80
15.07
2.89
2.73
2.72
2.73
2.67
2.60
55.07
38.80
49.37
39.07
41.60
39.40
21.21
0.68
11.52
13.27
5.27
4.26
1.72
22.07
0.67
9.50
13.80
4.53
2.83
1.23
14.73
0.73
11.15
8.64
5.06
3.63
1.78
25.60
0.81
11.20
15.47
5.46
3.46
1.65
25.00
0.60
11.25
15.67
5.25
3.50
1.35
23.67
0.76
17.07
17.87
5.55
5.03
1.09
20.35
21.01
18.75
15.88
21.87
19.48
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Figure 2: Cluster Diagram Showing Average Intra- and Inter-Cluster D2 Values of Genotypes
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