Mangaya, Princess Kaye C.

MT220

Aug. 4, 2016
Ms. Rachel Mendoza

Safety Precaution in Organic Chemistry Laboratory

The Organic Chemistry Laboratory contains hazardous materials and requires strict adherence to
safety rules and procedures. Many organic materials have chronic (longterm) and/or acute (immediate)
health risks when handled inappropriately. Most organic liquids are flammable. Many organic compounds
are suspected carcinogens (cancer causing). In order to work in the Organic Laboratory students must be
aware of the safety risks and follow recommended procedures at all times. Any student who fails to
follow the safety guidelines outlined by the instructor and/or by the laboratory textbooks or who does not
exhibit a respect for others in the laboratory environment will be dismissed from the class.
1. Study the Techniques in Organic Chemistry
2. No flames are permitted in the Organic Chemistry lab. When or if flames are necessary an adjacent
room will be made available.
3. Never handle chemicals whose properties are not familiar to you. Take responsibility for learning
about each chemical you will handle prior to each experiment. Follow all handling precautions given in
your Procedure.
4. Research the safety precautions for every chemical being handled in the lab.
5. Review the procedures for each laboratory assignment before class. Included in the procedure for each
experiment is a reference to the laboratory techniques utilized in that experiment. Be sure to review all
applicable techniques prior to class. Any student who does not appear to have reviewed the applicable
techniques will be dismissed from class until he/she can demonstrate otherwise.
6. Wear eye protection at all times in the labeven when you are not handling chemicals. Chemical
splashes can cause irreparable damage so use only goggles designed for use in a chemistry lab. Contact
lens wearers and students with prescription glasses should wear goggles and not safety glasses.
7. Wear gloves whenever handling chemicals. Appropriate gloves should be worn whenever handling
caustic, corrosive or toxic materials.

8. Wear clothes that protect your skin (including your feet). Lab coats are recommended.
9. Handle all chemicals in the fume hoods whenever possible. This is especially important in the case of
volatile (low bp) liquids and highly toxic materials.

10. Do not return unused chemicals to their containers. Try to dispense only what you need using the
pipette provided for class use. Share any extra chemicals with a neighbor if possible.
11. Use only clean and dry pipettes to dispense liquids. Wash all glassware at the end of each laboratory
period. Rinse flasks containing organics with ethanol into waste container and then wash at the sink.
12. Keep your workspace neat and work slowly and methodically in order to avoid accidents. Clean up
any spills that you make at the scale. If the lab is left dirty at the end of the lab, all students will receive a
deduction from their techniques score.
13. Know where the eyewash, fire extinguisher, safety shower and first aid kit are located and how to use
them. Ask your instructor if you would like clarification.
14. Glassware usually must be rinsed with ethanol (into waste container) prior to being washed with soap
and water at the sink.
15. Inform your instructor immediately of any accidents (including those of your neighbors).
16. Ask you instructor for clarification of any handling procedure in which you have doubt.
17. No eating, drinking or gum chewing is allowed in the lab at any time.
18. No food or drinks are allowed in the lab.
19. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water in the restroom following each lab.
20. Dispose of waste in the appropriately labeled waste containers in the fume hood. If your waste bottle
is full, you must ask your instructor for a new one.
21. Procedures for waste disposal can vary from one experiment to another, and are often given in your
experimental procedures, but some guidelines are included below:
*Generally speaking we segregate hazardous waste according to whether it is flammable (most
ORGANIC liquids) or corrosive (inorganic ACIDS and BASES). In the front hood we have placed a
bottle for
1) ORGANICS (both organic liquids and solids may be disposed of here) and a ziplock bag to hold
INERT SOLID WASTE like filter paper or filter pipettes.
2) Inorganic Acids
3) Inorganic Bases
*DO NOT dispose of any strong acids or bases in the Organics Bottle! If this happens accidentally it is
very important that you inform the instructor. These waste containers (Acids/Bases/Organics/Metals)
must be kept well separated from one another and stored in separate trays.
* If you have any medical condition or allergies that might require special consideration--consult with
your instructor and doctor immediately at the beginning of the term.
* NEVER dispose of chemicals in the waste basket or down the drain!

The following eight hazard symbols should be used as guides for the handling of chemical reagents:

Corrosion Inhibitors
Volatile amines are used in boilers to minimize the effects of acid. In some cases, the amines form
a protective film on the steel surface and, at the same time, act as an anodic inhibitor. An inhibitor
that acts both in a cathodic and anodic manner is termed a mixed inhibitor.
Benzotriazole inhibits the corrosion and staining of copper surfaces.
Corrosion inhibitors are often added to paints. A pigment with anticorrosive properties is zinc
phosphate. Compounds derived from tannic acid or zinc salts of organonitrogens (e.g. Alcophor
827) can be used together with anticorrosive pigments. Other corrosion inhibitors are Anticor 70,
Albaex, Ferrophos, and Molywhite MZAP.
Antiseptics are used to counter microbial corrosion. Benzalkonium chloride is commonly used in
oil field industry.
In oil refineries, hydrogen sulfide can corrode steels so it is removed often using air and amines
by conversion to polysulfides.
Inhibitors of Carcinogenesis
Phenols Two categories of phenolic inhibitors of carcinogenesis are found in food. One is synthetic and
the other occurs naturally. The synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a widely used
food additive and has been extensively studied for its capacity to inhibit carcinogen-induced neoplasia.
Indoles Indole-3-acetonitrile, 3, 3'-diindolylmethane, and indole-3-carbinol are found in edible
cruciferous vegetables such as brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli.
Aromatic Isothiocyanates Benzyl isothiocyanates and phenethyl isothiocyanate are also constituents of
cruciferous plants.
Flavones The study of flavones (found in fruits and vegetables) as possible inhibitors was undertaken as a
result of data showing that several inducers of increased microsomal mixed function oxidase activity
inhibit chemically induced carcinogenesis.
Protease Inhibitors Protease inhibitors are widely distributed in plants, and are particularly abundant in
seeds. Soybeans, a major source of protein in many vegetarian diets, and lima beans contain a variety of
these compounds.
-Sitosterol -Sitosterol is a common plant sterol that is present in many different vegetables and
vegetable oils. Its protective effects have been studied in an experimental system with Nnitrosomethylurea--a direct-acting carcinogen.

Basic Techniques in Organic Chemistry

Green Chemistry
One way to protect the environment is to reduce or eliminate the waste and by-products from chemical
reactions and manufacturing processes that use chemical reagents and solvents.
The term green chemistry has been given to new chemical reactions and processes that replace existing
methods and that have the following characteristics:
Use fewer and safer reagents and solvents.
Reduce energy requirements.
Utilize renewable resources whenever possible.
Minimize or prevent the formation of waste. The goal of green chemistry is to be as environmentally
friendly as possible in the synthesis and utilization of chemicals both in the laboratory and in industrial
and manufacturing applications.
Fewer Reaction By- Products
In addition to finding greener alternatives for solvents and reagents, green chemistry is about finding
ways to minimize or eliminate waste by generating fewer by-products in chemical reactions. Chemists
generally regard the percentage yield of a chemical reaction as the measure of its success. However, the
percentage yield does not indicate how much mass of the original reagents remains as by-products at the
end of the reaction.
EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE
Fume Hoods: Do all experiments and keep all chemicals in the hood. The ventilation system draws
thefumes generated by an experiment away from the person working in the hood. The walls of the hood
enclose the experiment on five sides. Therefore, if an explosion or spill occurs, the experiment can be
contained. The sash should always be kept in a position that is low enough to protect the
individual's eyes; keep the sash lowered as much as possible without impairing your ability toconduct the
experiment. Set up equipment at least six inches from the front edge of the hood. Close
the sash when you are not working in the hood. Never put your head inside the fume hood.
Do not leave Bunsen burners or other heated apparatus unattended. The person working next toyou
may not know what is involved with your setup and may be working with a flammable material. Turn off
open flames if you must leave your area. Make sure the gas taps are completely off whenever the Bunsen
burner is not lit.
Hot plates, Bunsen burners & aluminum blocks are hot and pose a significant burn and/or
firehazard! Do not use flammable liquids near open flames. Most organic liquids are flammable.
Diethylether is especially dangerous. Flammable vapors can ignite when exposed to hot plates. Keep
papers and all combustibles away from the hot plate/aluminum block/Bunsen burner. Turn off hot plates
when not in use. Hot plates and aluminum heating blocks will remain hot for a long time after being
turned off. Neither apparatus gives any visual indication that they are hot, so check by holding your hand
a couple of inches away while feeling for heat. Only after checking this way should you attempt to pick
up the aluminum heating block or hot plate. If your hot plate or aluminum block is still cooling down, put
a HOT sign on them to warn others. HOT signs are located under the prep hood in the marked
drawer.

Do not pick up hot objects with your bare hands. Be sure all apparatus is cool before picking it up with
your fingers. An insulated glove for handling hot objects is located in the red box within the lab if you
need it.
Do not use cracked or chipped glassware. Examine your glassware for star cracks. Broken
glassware should be replaced immediately with new glassware from the stockroom. We can fire-polish
chipped glassware so it is usable, but we cant fix cut hands. Never heat cracked, chipped or severely
etched glassware.
Do not adjust glass tubing connected to rubber stoppers. Severe cuts or puncture wounds may result.
Lubricate rubber tubing. When slipping rubber tubing over connectors, such as filter flasks or
aspirators, lubricate with a drop of glycerin (balance area) or liquid soap (by the sinks in the lab).
Do not use mouth suction when filling pipettes with chemicals. Use a rubber suction bulb. Do not
force pipet bulbs onto pipets. Apply just enough pressure to maintain a seal between the pipet and the
pipet bulb. Forcing the bulbs may cause the pipet to slip and break, leading to severe cuts or puncture
wounds.
Broken glassware, used pipets, melting point capillaries, and TLC capillaries are to be disposed of
in laboratory glass boxes only. There are two in each lab. One is located in front of the pillar by the
balances and for the pipets that have been used with smelly chemicals, dispose of these in the
laboratory glass box in the prep hood. Instrument rooms have melting point capillary tube waste bins on
the island with the Mel-Temps as well as a laboratory glass box on the floor.
No glass goes into the regular trash. Custodial personnel can be injured by sharps and will stop
collecting trash if they find them in the trash cans.
Microscale Organic Chemistry Glassware
Ground-glass joints. These are used to attach one piece of glass equipment to another with an air-tight
seal. The outer, or female joint is conical with a slight taper, and "ground" or rough on the inside. It slides
over the inner, or male joint which is conical with the same taper and ground on the outside. Together
they make a tight seal and join the two pieces. The joints are expensive because they are made to precise
sizes and must fit perfectly. They come in standard sizes, called "standard taper", and are identified by
two numbers, the first indicating the diameter of the joint and the second indicating the length of the
tapered part. The first number is most important in matching the inner and outer joints. There are three
sizes of standard taper (Ts) joints in your microscale kit: 14/10, 7/10, and 5/5. Usually these numbers are
written on the glass part near the joint to facilitate matching of joint sizes
Conical Vials. These take the place of large, round-bottom flasks used in the traditional laboratory.
Chemical reactions usually are carried out in these vials, and they can also be used for measuring and
storing chemicals. Each one has an outer ground-glass joint and a threaded outer surface to allow
attachment of other glassware. There are four sizes: 5.0 mL, 3.0 mL, 1.0 mL, and 0.3 mL capacity. The
two large sizes have a 14/10 outer joint, the 1-mL vial has a 7/10 joint, and the smallest vial has a 5/5
ground-glass joint at the top.

Air Condensers. These are glass tubes with an inner joint at the bottom and an outer joint at the top.
They are usually attached to a reaction vial (conical vial) and used to prevent vapors from escaping from
a hot or boiling reaction. The vapors contact the cool, inside surface of the tube and condense into the
liquid phase, dripping down the inside of the tube and returning to the reaction mixture. Air passing by
the outer glass surface keeps the tube cool. The air condenser can also function as a simple mechanical
extension to hold a conical vial in place in a cooling or heating bath. There are two sizes which differ in
the size of the ground-glass joints: the larger one has a 14/10 inner joint on the bottom and a smaller, 7/10
outer joint on top; the smaller one has 7/10 joints on top and bottom. The joint size must be matched with
the joint size on the conical vial you are attaching it to.
Water-cooled or Jacketed Condensers. These serve the same purpose as the air condensers, except that
cooling is made more efficient by circulating cold tap water through an outer glass jacket. Water goes into
the bottom connector and out the top to prevent trapping air in the water jacket. For lower-boiling liquids,
this additional cooling is necessary to prevent the escape of vapors.

Claisen Head or Claisen Adaptor. This rather exotic piece of equipment places an offset in the
plumbing of an apparatus with an access hole. This allows introducing chemical reagents (usually liquids)
into a reaction mixture without taking apart the whole apparatus. If a teflon liner and screw-cap are
secured on the access hole, liquids can be introduced with a syringe without exposing the reaction mixture
to the atmosphere. With a screw-cap and "O" ring, a thermometer can be introduced through the access
hole.

Hickman Distilling Head. This ingenious device replaces the traditional still, which is much larger and
requires connecting and supporting a number of pieces of glassware. The purpose of a still is to heat a
liquid until is passes into the gas (vapor) phase, and then allow the vapor to cool and condense back into
the liquid phase, with the condensed liquid trapped in a second container. The Hickman still functions like
the air condenser in condensing vapors with the cool glass surface, but the liquid drips down the inside to
be trapped in a small circular depression, or collar, in the lower part of the tube. The bottom joint is a
14/10 inner joint and the top joint is a 14/20 outer joint.
Drying Tube. The drying tube attaches to the top of an apparatus with a 7/10 inner joint. The tube is used
to protect the reaction from moisture in the atmosphere while still allowing the passage of air to equalize
pressure. To accomplish this the tube is packed with a glass wool plug, a quantity of moisture-absorbing
solid (the "drying agent"), and another glass wool plug. It is important to remove the drying agent and
clean the tube after each use, since drying agents can harden and swell with time and become impossible
to remove.

Craig Tube. The Craig tube is used for small-scale recrystallization, which is a method for the
purification of small quantities of solid compounds. It has two parts: an outer body, which functions

like\a vial or test tube; and an inner plunger, which fits partly into the body and rests on a ground-glass
surface. The ground-glass joint is not greased, so that liquids can leak through it but solids cannot pass.
Capillary Gas Delivery Tube. This long tube has an inner 7/10 ground-glass joint on one end, four
90o bends, and a very small inside diameter. It is placed on top of a reaction apparatus in which gas is
generated, and the gas passes through the tube to be collected in an inverted tube at the other end. Gas
collection is used to measure the quantity of gas produced in a reaction, or to prevent toxic gases from
escaping to the atmosphere.
Syringe. The syringe is really a medical device, but chemists use it regularly to measure and transfer
small volumes of liquids. It consists of three parts: the body, which is calibrated according to volume and
has a metal fitting, called a Luer-lock fitting; the plunger, which fits snugly into the body so that liquid
cannot escape between the ground-glass outer surface of the plunger and the ground-glass inner surface of
the body; and the needle, which is a hollow, pointed piece of stainless steel that connets to the syringe by
way of the metal Luer-lock fitting.

Magnetic Stir Vanes. No, they do not operate by magic. The stir vane is made of teflon with a small
magnet embedded in the center. The magnet tends to align itself with a large magnet mounted just under
the surface of the heater-stirrer. When the stirrer motor is started, the large magnet rotates and the spin
vane, trying to stay aligned, rotates at the same time. In this way a heterogeneous reaction mixture can be
continuously stirred without having to open the reaction apparatus and introduce a mechanical stirring
device. Homogeneous solutions do not usually require stirring, but chemists like to see something
happening so they often use spin vanes to liven things up. The spin vane has a triangular shape that
matches the triangular cross-section of the conical vials. It will not function unless it is placed in the vial
with the point facing downward; it is a good idea to put it into the vial before adding chemicals or
solvents. There are two sizes of spin vanes: the large one fits the two largest conical vials and the small
one fits the 1-mL conical vial. They will not function in the wrong size vial, or in a beaker, vial, or flask
which has a flat bottom. Spin vanes are very expensive and very easy to lose. You should clean them after
each use and return them to the small vial that holds them.
Magnetic Stir Bars. These function on the same principle as the spin vane, but is designed for vessels
that have a flat bottom. They will not function in a conical vial. They are just as expensive and easy to
lose as the spin vanes.
Micro-spatula. This is one of the most useful devices in your microscale kit. The flat, long blade can be
used to weigh out solids, stir mixtures, remove "O" rings, scratch glass surfaces to induce crystallization,
and generally poke at solutions to see what's going on. Keep it clean so that reactions and chemicals are
not cross-contaminated.