Design of Raft Foundation

DESIGN OF RAFT FOUNDATION
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Design Piled Raft Foundation & Other

Geotechnical Problems
Free Version
Design Considerations:
If the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy or the allowable
soil pressure so small that individual footings would cover more than about one-half
of the area, it may be better to provide a continuous footing under all columns and
walls. Such a footing is called a raft or mat foundation. Raft foundations are also used
to reduce the settlement of structures located above highly compressible deposits.
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Since rafts are usually at some depth in the ground, a large volume of excavation
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may beSHARES
required. If weight of the excavated soil is equal to the weight of the
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and that of the raft, and) the centres of gravity of excavation and structure
engg/design-of-raft-foundation/3212/
coincide, settlement would be negligible. Where complete compensation is not

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feasible,
a shallower raft may be accepted if the net increase in loads in small enough )
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to lead to tolerable settlement. A raft foundation may be rectangular or circular and
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may
be with or without an open as shown in fig.1 and fig.2.
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Fig.1: Solid Raft Slab
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Fig.2. Circular Raft Foundation

If the columns are equally spaced and loads are not very heavy, a raft may be
designed as having uniform thickness. The conventional design of such a raft consists
of establishing its dimensions, from which the soil pressure at various locations
beneath the slab may be computed. The raft is divided into a series of continuous
strips centered on the appropriate columns and rows in both directions as shown in
fig.3. The shear and bending moment diagrams may be drawn using continuous
beam analysis or coefficients for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear
requirements.
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Thickness &
grammage
on-contact, continuous
OF RAFT
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measurements of the
thickness and / or grammage
Fig.3: Raft foundation with strip centered on columns

The steel requirements will vary from strip to strip. This method gives a conservative
design since the interaction of adjacent strip is neglected.
If the columns are equally spaced and their loads are equal, the pressure on the soil
will be uniform, otherwise moments of the loads may be taken about centre of the
base and pressure distribution determined. Since the equations for this are usually
derived for a rigid member and a raft in general is not a rigid member, the pressure
and resulting internal stresses may be seriously in error if the eccentricity is very
large. The weight of the raft is not considered in the structural design because it is
assumed to be carried directly by the subsoil.
Raft may be ribbed where the column spacing is irregular or for economy in using a
relatively thin slab over most of the area as shown in fig.4. Alternatively, rafts may
be thickened at the column locations for economy and depth should be made
sufficient to resist shear. A ribbed raft foundation consists of a slab acted upon by
upward soil pressure at its underside and supported by beams from column at its top
which balance the upward pressure with downward column loads. It is a similar to a
floor slab resting on a system of beams and columns. The portion between beams is
designed as a conventional one way or two way slab. If the beams are deep, they
should be designed as deep beams.
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Fig.4: Raft foundation with walls as stiffener
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