Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MANAGEMENT
(5584)
MBA Executive
ZAHID NAZIR
Roll # AB523655
Semester: Autumn 2009
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
ISDATERMNG
QUESTION 1
(20)
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER
A disaster (from Middle French desastre, from Old Italian disastro, from the
Greek pejorative prefix dis- bad + aster star) is the impact of a natural or
man-made hazards that negatively affects society or environment.
The word disaster's root is from astrology: this implies that when the stars are in
a bad position, a bad event will happen. Disasters occur when hazards strike in
vulnerable areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result
in a disaster; as is the case in uninhabited regions. It is often argued that all
disasters are man-made, because human actions before the strike of the hazard
can prevent it developing into a disaster.
Hazards are routinely divided into natural or man-made, although complex
disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing
countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the
impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in
coastal flooding.
Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss,
destruction and devastation to life and property.
The damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the
geographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of
vulnerability. This influences the mental, socio-economic, political and cultural
state of the affected area.
Generally, disaster has the following effects in the concerned areas:
It completely disrupts the normal day to day life.
It negatively influences the emergency systems.
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MERGNCYSPO
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Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and
deteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.
Unpredictability
Unfamiliarity
Speed
Urgency
Uncertainty
Threat
Thus, in simple terms we can define disaster as a hazard causing heavy loss to
life, property and livelihood. E.g. a cyclone killing 10,000 lives and a crop loss of
one crore can be termed as disaster.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
surroundings, keeping a supply of rescue goods, and having a detailed plan with
household members, emergency response can allow peace of mind and better
chance of safety in any situation.
One primary key to proper emergency response is being acquainted with the
potential for natural and man-made disasters in the surrounding area. Check
weather patterns and history to determine if the area is subject to wildfires,
floods, mudslides, tidal waves or severe storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Be
aware of the potential for earthquakes nearby, and if they are likely, nurture a
basic understanding of where the fault lines run. Also be aware of any potential
sources of man-made disasters in the local area. Chemical or nuclear plants can
both cause problems in the event of leaks or spills.
Having determined the likely sources of a disaster, a good emergency repair
plan can now be made. Take pains to ensure that residences are equipped with
any necessary outbuildings that can provide protection during a disaster, such
as tornado shelters. Make every person in the household aware of what to do
during and immediately after an emergency occurs. Many disasters may cause
cell phones to fail, so choose a meeting spot that is easily accessible and can be
used as a check-in point for missing family members.
A first-aid kit is a vital part of any emergency response package. Bandages,
antiseptic formula, sterile gauze, and basic pain medication should all be
included. When possible, have back-up bottles of any chronically needed
medications in the first aid kit. Be sure to replace these back-ups well before
they expire. Blankets, warm clothing, and a spare pair of shoes can also be
useful additions to a first-aid kit.
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YTPESOFDIAR
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Emergency response allows people to act quickly and without panicking should
an emergency occur. Knowing that plans have been made and supplies
arranged can help take considerable worry and fear out of the process. By
following emergency response procedures and listening carefully for any contact
or orders from emergency personnel, you can ensure a better chance of safety
and survival in any situation.
Technological Hazards
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PDSCMTRGOILNFAE
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prevention
phase
work
commences
on
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of
disasters
management
plans
community/school/individual
Mock drill, training and practice
Inventory of resources both material and human skill resources
Proper warning system
Mutual arrangement
Identifying the vulnerable groups
Phase 3: Response Phase
Response involves
Measures taken immediately prior to and following disaster
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for
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References:
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www.Wisegeek.com/disaster
Disaster Management - AIOU
###################
QUESTION 2
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ISRKCOMUNAT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster management planning and disaster recovery planning is not just about
setting up evacuation shelters and providing emergency supplies. Without rapid,
coordinated communications, even the best disaster management plan or
disaster recovery plan is virtually ineffective.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
disaster
prevention
and
preparedness
requires
the
use
of
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be as direct as a phone call announcing that fire fighters are on their way to
evacuate everyone.
Some disasters give little warning; others give warning sufficiently in advance.
The longer the warning period, the greater the opportunity for reducing the
consequences. For example, it is difficult to predict exactly when or where an
earthquake will strike because they give little or no warning. However high snow
packs and warming weather trends can warn emergency planners of a possible
flood weeks in advance of the event.
Emergency planners must have enough information to receive and understand a
warning. Then they must communicate the warning to the correct people.
Finally, the people who receive the alert must believe the information and know
what to do.
An alert can be communicated by various means including sirens, radio,
television, public address systems, telephones and bullhorns. The information
communicated and means of communication may depend on the; immediacy of
the threat, characteristics of the target population and the means of the
communication sources available.
For example, when alert information comes by telephone, it is often unclear
from the call what the situation is and what the subsequent impact will be. So
the first task on the receiving end of the call is to determine what exactly is
taking place (or is about to take place). The second task is to determine what
needs to be done in response.
An alert system should never be dependent on
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
References:
Disaster Management AIOU
Communicating Effectively in a Disaster Situation by Regenie Fraser
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
QUESTION 3
Explain the mitigation measures with special
reference to flood, Earth Quack, Land Sliding and
Drought.
(20)
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EARTHQUCK
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Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural hazard. They may occur at
any time of the year, day or night, with sudden impact and little warning. They
CAUSE OF EARTHQUACK
The earths crust is a rocky layer of varying thickness ranging from a depth of
about 10 kilometers under the sea to 65 kilometers under the continents. The
crust is not one piece but consists of portions called plates which vary in size
These stresses can be classified according to the type of movement along the
plates boundaries:
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Body waves (P and S waves) penetrate the body of the earth, vibrating fast. P
waves travel about 6 kilometers per hour and S waves travel with a speed of 4
kilometers per hour.
Surface waves vibrate the ground horizontally and vertically. These long
period waves cause swaying of tall buildings and slight waves motion in bodies
of water even at great distances from the epicenter.
Earthquakes can be of three types based on the focal depth:
Deep:- 300 to 700 kms from the earth surface
Medium:- 60 to 300 kms
Shallow: less than 60 kms
The deep focus earthquakes are rarely destructive because by the time the
waves reach the surface the impact reduces. Shallow focus earthquakes are
more common and are extremely damaging because of their proximity to the
surface.
Measuring Earthquakes
Earthquakes can be described by the use of two distinctively different scales of
measurement demonstrating magnitude and intensity. Earthquake magnitude
or amount of energy released is determined by the use of a seismograph
which is an instrument that continuously records ground vibration. The scale
was developed by a seismologist named Charles Richter. An earthquake with a
magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale releases 30 times the energy than one with
6.5 magnitudes. An earthquake of magnitude 3 is the smallest normally felt by
humans. The largest earthquake that has been recorded with this system is 9.25
(Alaska, 1969 and Chile, 1960).
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The second type of scale, the earthquake intensity scale measures the
effects of an earthquake where it occurs. The most widely used scale of this
type was developed in 1902 by Mercalli an Italian seismologist. The scale was
extended and modified to suit the modern times. It is called the Modified
Mercalli Scale, which expresses the intensity of earthquake effect on people,
structure and the earths surface in values from I to XII. With an intensity of VI
and below most of the people can feel the shake and there are cracks on the
walls, but with an intensity of XII there is general panic with buildings collapsing
totally and there is a total disruption in normal life.
Predictability: Although some scientists claim ability to predict earthquakes,
the methods are controversial. Accurate and exact predictions of such sudden
incidents are still not possible.
MITIGATION MEASURES
Community preparedness: Community preparedness is vital for mitigating
earthquake impact. The most effective way to save you even in a slightest
shaking is 'DROP, COVER and HOLD'.
Planning: The Bureau of Indian Standards has published building codes and
guidelines for safe construction of buildings against earthquakes. Before the
buildings are constructed the building plans have to be checked by the
Municipality, according to the laid down bylaws. Many existing lifeline buildings
such as hospitals, schools and fire stations may not be built with earthquake
safety measures. Their earthquake safety needs to be upgraded by retrofitting
techniques.
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FLOD
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get damaged even if the magnitude of the earthquake is not Strong. Similar
problems persist in the buildings constructed on the river banks which have
alluvial soil.
__________________________________________________________________
Flood is a state of high water level along a river channel or on the coast that
leads to inundation of land, which is not usually submerged. Floods may happen
gradually and also may take hours or even happen suddenly without any
warning due to breach in the embankment, spill over, heavy rains etc.
There are different types of floods namely: flash flood, riverine flood, urban
flood, etc. Flash floods can be defined as floods which occur within six hours of
the beginning of heavy rainfall, and are usually associated with cloud bursts,
storms and cyclones requiring rapid localized warnings and immediate response
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monitor flood conditions. In case of flash floods, warnings for timely evacuation
may not always be possible.
Causes:
There are several causes of floods and differ from region to region. The causes
may vary from a rural area to an urban area. Some of the major causes are:
a) Heavy rainfall
b) Heavy siltation of the river bed reduces the water carrying capacity of
rivers/stream.
c) Blockage in the drains lead to flooding of the area.
d) Landslides blocking the flow of the stream.
e) Construction of dams and reservoirs
f) In areas prone to cyclone, strong winds accompanied by heavy down pour
along with storm surge leads to flooding.
Warning:
Flood forecasting and warning has been highly developed in the past two
decades. With the advancement of technology such as satellite and remotesensing equipments flood waves can be tracked as the water level rises. Except
for flash floods there is usually a reasonable warning period. Heavy precipitation
will give sufficient warning of the coming river flood. High tides with high winds
may indicate flooding in the coastal areas. Evacuation is possible with suitable
monitoring and warning. Warning is issued by the Central Water Commission
(CWC),
Irrigation
&
Flood
Control
Department,
and
Water
Resources
Department. CWC maintains close liaison with the administrative and state
engineering agencies, local civil authorities to communicate advance warning
for appropriate mitigation and preparedness measures.
Mitigation Measures
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Mapping of the flood prone areas is a primary step involved in reducing the
risk of the region. Historical records give the indication of the flood inundation
areas and the period of occurrence and the extent of the coverage. Warning can
be issued looking into the earlier marked heights of the water levels in case of
potential threat. In the coastal areas the tide levels and the land characteristics
will determine the submergence areas. Flood hazard mapping will give the
proper indication of water flow during floods.
Land use control will reduce danger of life and property when waters inundate
the floodplains and the coastal areas. The number of casualties is related to the
population in the area at risk. In areas where people already have built their
settlements, measures should be taken to relocate to better sites so as to
reduce vulnerability. No major development should be permitted in the areas
which are subjected to high flooding. Important facilities like hospitals, schools
should be built in safe areas. In urban areas, water holding areas can be created
like ponds, lakes or low-lying areas.
Construction of engineered structures in the flood plains and strengthening
of structures to withstand flood forces and seepage. The buildings should be
constructed on an elevated area. If necessary build on stilts or platform.
Flood Control aims to reduce flood damage. This can be done by decreasing
the amount of runoff with the help of reforestation (to increase absorption could
be a mitigation strategy in certain areas), protection of vegetation, clearing of
debris from streams and other water holding areas, conservation of ponds and
lakes etc. Flood Diversion include levees, embankments, dams and channel
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LANDSIE
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improvement. Dams can store water and can release water at a manageable
rate. But failure of dams in earthquakes and operation of releasing the water
can cause floods in the lower areas. Flood Proofing reduces the risk of damage.
Measures include use of sand bags to keep flood water away, blocking or sealing
flood forecasting, flood plain zoning, flood proofing, disaster preparedness etc.
The flood management measures undertaken so far have provided
The term landslide includes all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes and
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
slowly or quickly from one place to another. Although the landslides are
primarily associated with mountainous terrains, these can also occur in areas
where an activity such as surface excavations for highways, buildings and open
pit mines takes place. They often take place in conjunction with earthquakes,
floods and volcanoes. At times, prolonged rainfall causing landslide may block
the flow of river for quite some time. The formation of river blocks can cause
havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting.
Causes of Landslide
There are several causes of landslide. Some of the major causes are as follows:
Geological Weak material: Weakness in the composition and structure of rock
or soil may also cause landslides.
Erosion: Erosion of slope toe due to cutting down of vegetation, construction of
roads might increase the vulnerability of the terrain to slide down.
Intense rainfall: Storms that produce intense rainfall for periods as short as
several hours or have a more moderate intensity lasting several days have
triggered abundant landslides. Heavy melting of snow in the hilly terrains also
results in landslide.
Human Excavation of slope and its toe, loading of slope/toe, draw down in
reservoir, mining, deforestation, irrigation, vibration/blast, Water leakage from
services.
Earthquake shaking has triggered landslides in many different topographic
and geologic settings. Rock falls, soil slides and rockslides
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Mitigation Measures
Hazard mapping locates areas prone to slope failures. This will help to avoid
building settlements in such areas. These maps will also serve as a tool for
mitigation planning.
Land use practices such as:
Areas covered by degraded natural vegetation in upper slopes are to be
afforested with suitable species. Existing patches of natural vegetation
(forest and natural grass land) in good condition, should be preserved
Any developmental activity initiated in the area should be taken up only
after a detailed study of the region has been carried out.
In construction of roads, irrigation canals etc. proper care is to be taken to
avoid blockage of natural drainage
Total avoidance of settlement in the risk zone should be made mandatory.
Relocate settlements and infrastructure that fall in the possible path of the
landslide
No construction of buildings in areas beyond a certain degree of slope
Retaining Walls can be built to stop land from slipping (these walls are
commonly seen along roads in hill stations). These are constructed to prevent
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
smaller sized and secondary landslides that often occur along the toe portion of
the larger landslides.
Surface Drainage Control Works The surface drainage control works are
implemented to control the movement of landslides accompanied by infiltration
of rain water and spring flows.
Engineered structures with strong foundations can withstand or take the
ground movement forces. Underground installations (pipes, cables, etc.) should
be made flexible to move in order to withstand
forces caused by the landslide
Increasing vegetation cover is the cheapest and most effective way of
arresting landslides. This helps to bind the top layer of the soil with layers
below, while preventing excessive run-off and soil erosion.
Insurance will assist individuals whose homes are likely to be damaged by
landslides or by any other natural hazards.
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DROUGHT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
natural event that provides the water in a given geographical region. The more
the imbalance in supply the higher is the drought. The following will help
explaining this general definition of the drought further.
Mitigation Measures
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References:
http://dmc.kar.nic.in/default.htm
www.drought.unl. Edu
http://www.fema.gov
www.imd.ernet.in
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QUESTION 4
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PRIDCTON
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strikes.
Predicting
different
hazards
(20)
1. Collecting Data
2. Analyzing data o assess the hazard
3. Translating data into a warning and disseminating it to the general
public and the disaster task force.
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Many natural and manmade hazards can be predicted before their onset. In
most cases, technology now makes it possible to act before disaster strikes.
Predicting different hazards requires different methods, technologies and
equipment.
Each country has different organizations that poses equipment and monitoring
systems for different types of hazards. Prediction is based on the scientific data
and information collected from different sources, which is simulated through
various models and finally analyzed to determine the impacts that an identified
hazard can have.
In fact, prediction is a means for hazard assessment, warning and alert systems.
Most natural hazards are linked to atmospheric and climate changes, which are
predictable. Within industrial and commercial settings many technological
hazards can also be predicted using different alarm systems. For example, it is
possible to predict the onset of major storms or torrential rains and floods with
fair accuracy, often a few days in advance.
Some well known international sources of prediction and forecasts of natural
hazards are:
The World Weather Watch (mainly for tropical storms)
Seismological facilities in various countries (for monitoring of earth
movements providing geographical co-ordinates of the movements and
intensities)
The Tsunamis Center at the Pacific Warning Center in Honolulu (for
Tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean)
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temperature,
clouds
visibility,
rainfall,
radiations,
dew
point
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
SATELLITE IMAGES
Accuracy of weather forecasts depends upon the availability of high resolution
satellite pictures. These systems can also be used for identifying fishing
grounds, detecting forest fires and monitoring crop conditions.
WATHER RADARS
Storm
warming
weather
radars
are
often
used
for
tracking
cyclonic
ETPCFQOMSAURLDIN
ITRHNMDSFZAOE
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The following table lists common information needed for timely prediction or
forecasting of some natural hazards.
Disaster
Cyclone
Information Needed
Cyclone track and intensity
Time and location of landfall prediction
Dissemination of warnings
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Floods
Drought
Earthquake
Landslides
Damage assessment
Implementation of relief plans
Area affected
Rainfall in catchments areas
Water levels (stream/storage areas)
Run-off predictions
Terrain relief and slopes
Extent of affected areas
Damage assessment
Rainfall anomalies and vegetable indices
Area affected
Estimate the damage assessment
Monitoring scan accumulation
Seismological networks
Areas affected by earthquakes
Estimation of damage
Modeling landslide process
Slope and soil stability information
Monitoring rainfall
Extent of areas affected
Damage assessment
References:
Disaster Management AIOU
www.iris.edu
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QUESTION 5
Elaborate
your
Organization
and
concept
about
Formation
of
Community
Community
Groups.
(20)
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COMUNITY
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1. The need for change, 2.The effort to make that change and 3. The resistance
to change co-exists.
Types of Communities
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OMCTYUNZRGAI
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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towards
common
purpose.
(Who
interact
with
one
another;
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3. Norming Stage.
Members establish procedure and a sense of how they should act in the group.
4. Performing Stage
The group concentrates on the tasks to be achieved.
5. Adjourning Stage
When the group completes its work, which results in a change in the
relationship among its members.
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References:
Disaster Management AIOU
www.scribd.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizing
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