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UNIT-II
Digital Modulation Techniques
Objectives:
To introduce the concepts of Digital Modulation Techniques.
Syllabus:
Digital Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying, Phase Shift Keying, Differential Phase Shift
Keying, Differentially Encoded Phase Shift Keying , Qudrature Phase Shift Keying, M-ary Phase
Shift Keying and Frequency Shift Keying, similarity of BFSK and BPSK.
Outcomes:
Students will be able to
Understand the need for Digital modulation.
Draw the modulated signals of various digital modulation techniques like ASK, PSK, FSK.
Calculate Bandwidth requirements of digital modulation techniques.
Compare different digital modulation techniques.





BPSKGeneration:

Fig. 2.1 Balanced Modulator


Transmitted signals are
VH( t )= VBPSK( t )= 2 Ps cosot
VH( t )= VBPSK( t )= 2 Ps (cos ot+)
= - 2Ps cosot

In BPSK the data b(t) in a stream of binary digit with voltage levels which as a matter of
convenience, we take +1 V and -1 V. So BPSK can be written as
V BPSK(t)=b (t) 2 Pscosot

Transmission
This VBPSK (t ) signal is transmitted through the channel. While it moves in the transmission path
of the channel, the phase of the carrier may be changed at the output of the receiver. So the BPSK
signal received at the input of the receiver can be taken as
where
Receiver

t =/ois

the time delay.





Fig. 3.2 Synchronous demodulator


Spectrum
The waveform b(t) is a NRZ binary waveform which makes an excursion between +

Psand

-Ps

The PSD of this waveform

The BPSK waveform is the NRZ waveform multiplied by 2PSCOS(ot) . Thus the power spectral
density of the BPSK signal is

Simultaneous bit transmission and thereafter overlapping of spectra is known as inter-channel


interference. Restricting the overlapping by considering the principal lobe to transmit 90% of
power ultimately cause inter-symbol interference.
Geometrical representation of BPSK signals:
When BPSK signal can be represented, in terms of one orthogonal signal





The distance between the signals is

DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying):


In BPSK receiver to regenerate the carrier we start by squaring b(t){(2Ps)}cos(0t). But when the
received signals were instead -b(t){(2Ps)}cos(0t) , the recovered carrier would remain as before.
Therefore we shall not be able to determine whether the received baseband is transmitted signal
b(t) or its negative i.e. -b(t). DPSK and DEPSK are modification of BPSK which have the merit
that they eliminate the ambiguity about whether the demodulated data is actual or inverted. In
addition DPSK avoids the need to provide the synchronous carrier required at the demodulator for
detecting a BPSK signal.
Transmitter (Generation)

Here, b(t)d(t)b(tTb)
b(0) cannot be found unless we know d(0) and b(-1). Here we have b(0) = 0, b(+1) = 0 so d(1)
should be 0.
In this Figure, d(0) & b(-1) is not shown. Here we have chosen b(0) = 0. If we choose b(0) = 1,
then there is no problem in detection of b(t).
VDPSK(t)=b(t) 2 Ps cosot
= 2Ps cosot

Transmission
When VDPSK(t) is transmitted from the generator to the channel, at passes through the channel,
then b(t) may be changed to b(t) before reaching receiver.
Receiver
b(t)b(t-Tb) = 1,

if d(t) = 0





but b(t)b(t-Tb) =-1,

if d(t) = 1

Fig.: Receiver of DPSK


Advantage of DPSK over BPSK
1. Local carrier generation not required and receiver circuit is simple.
2. If whole of the bits of b(t) is inverted then also correct d(t) can be recovered.
Disadvantage
1. Noise in one bit interval may cause errors to two bit determination that is a tendency for bit
errors to occur in pairs. The single errors are also possible.
2. Specrum of DPSK is same as BPSK .the geometrical representation of DPSK is same as BPSK.
DEPSK (Differentially Encoded Phase Shift Keying)
DPSK demodulator requires a device which operates at the carrier frequency and provides a delay
of Tb. Differentially encoded PSK eliminates the need for such a piece of hardware Transmitter or
generator is same as DPSK

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying )


The transmission bandwidth of bit NRZ signal is fb. So the transmission rate is
2fbbps.Hence to transmit BPSK signal the channel must have a bandwidth of 2fb. QPSK has been
formulated to allow the bits to be transmitted using half the bandwidth. D-flip flop is used in
QPSK transmitter to operate as one bit storage device.





Transmission
Due to finite distance between generator and receiver the signal available at receiver may have
some phase change so,
VQPSK(t )=k1Ps bo(t )sin( w0t +)+k2 Ps be(t )cos( w0t +)

Reception
QPSK receiver
VQPSK(t)
VQPSK(t) sin(ot+)

()Raisei/pto

(2 k+1) Tb

 ()d

th

4 power

(2 k1)Tb

Sampling switch
L
a
t
c
h

BandpassFilter
4f0

vqpsk(t)cos(0t+)
(2 k+1)Tb

Frequencydivider
4

 ()dt
(2 k1)Tb

cos(ot+)
sin(ot+)

Fig 3.8 Reception of QPSK

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