International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)

ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 451-456
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BULKY MANURES ON GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF BIDI TOBACCO SEEDLINGS, ROOT-KNOT
DISEASE AND NEMATODES IN NURSERY
ANJANA R. PRAJAPATI & H. R. PATEL
Bidi Tobacco Research Station, AAU, Anand, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
Effect of different bulky manures on growth and development of bidi tobacco seedlings in nursery showed that
application of poultry manure @ 90 kg N/ha found the best in managing the root-knot disease, population of stunt, rootknot, reniform as well as total plant parasitic nematodes and thereby increasing the number of bidi tobacco transplants
and total surviving seedlings in nursery. Neem cake, mustard cake, castor cake and tobacco dust were next in order to
manage the root-knot disease and increasing bidi tobacco transplants. Carbosulfan being an insecticide/nematicide
remained at par with poultry manure in reducing root-knot disease but could not help in increasing number of
transplants. It was effective in management of rove beetles.

Received: May 17, 2016; Accepted: May 27, 2016; Published: Jun 06, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016054

INTRODUCTION
Bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important cash crop grown in middle Gujarat, Nipani area of

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Poultry Manure, Nematodes, Bidi Tobacco Nursery

Karnataka, some parts of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra in India. The crop is primarily attacked by root-knot
(Meloidogyne spp.), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes during its
life span in nursery and field. The loss in production of transplant and cured leaf yield due to root-knot nematodes
has been estimated to the tune of 51 and 50 % in nursery and field crops, respectively (Shah et al., 1983; Patel et
al., 1986). While, reniform nematode caused 22 % loss in transplant production at 1st pulling (Patel & Patel, 2009
a). Lots of work on plant parasitic nematodes with respect to management in bidi tobacco was carried out in
Gujarat. However, information on use of bulky manures on nematodes in bidi tobacco nursery was
lacking. Therefore, with a view to study the effect of different bulky manures on nematodes, present experiment
was carried out in the year 2015 in bidi tobacco nursery severely infested with nematodes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty two beds, each of 1.2 x 1.2m size, were prepared. Eight treatments viz., FYM @ 45kg N + Poultry
manure @ 90 kg N + AS & Urea @ 45kg N, FYM @ 45kg N + Neem cake @ 90 kg N + AS & Urea @ 45kg N,
FYM @ 45kg N + Mustard cake @ 90 kg N + AS & Urea @ 45kg N, FYM @ 45kg N + Tobacco dust @ 90 kg N
+ AS & Urea @ 45kg N, FYM @ 45kg N + Castor cake @ 90 kg N + AS & Urea @ 45kg N, FYM @ 45kg N +
Castor cake @ 90 kg N + Carbosulfan @ 2.5 l/ha one day prior to seeding and 25 DAS + AS & Urea @ 45kg N,
FYM @ 45kg N + AS & Urea @ 135 kg N+ Carbosulfan and FYM @ 45kg N + AS & Urea @ 135 kg as a

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452

Anjana R. Prajapati & H. R. Patel

control were tried. All treatments were repeated four times in randomized completely block design (RCBD). Each bed was
seeded with bidi tobacco cv. Anand 119 @ 5 kg/ha. All agronomic practices in vogue were followed. Soil samples from
each bed were procured before application of the treatments, at seeding and 15 DAS till the end of experiment and
analyzed for nematode assay using Petri dish assembly method (Chawla & Prasad, 1974). Observations on germination
count, fresh weight at I pulling, rove beetle burrow, root-knot index (0-5) at each pulling and number of transplantable,
total surviving seedlings and nematodes population were recorded at appropriate time. The data were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Perusal of data presented in Table 1 revealed non-significant differences among the treatments for germination
count. This indicated that there was no adverse effect of any treatment on seed germination. The number of burrows was
not observed in the treatments of castor cake + carbosulfan (CC+CAR) and carbosulfan (CAR); while, it was noticed in
remaining treatments. This showed that carbosulfan (CAR) was effective in managing the population of rove beetles. Data
presented in Table 1 showed that maximum and significantly higher fresh weight of 100 seedlings was recorded in poultry
manure (PM) compared to control (CON) and was closely followed by castor cake + carbosulfan (CC+CAR), neem cake
(NC), castor cake (CC) and mustard cake (MC). Tobacco dust (TD) and carbosulfan (CAR) were at par with control in this
respect. Poultry manure (PM) yielded maximum number of transplants at each pulling. At first pulling, poultry manure
(PM) and castor cake + carbosulfan (CC+CAR); second pulling poultry manure (PM) neem cake (NC), mustard cake (MC)
and at third pulling all the treatments significantly yielded more number of transplants compared to control (CON).
Similarly, all the treatments significantly yielded more number of total transplants compared to control (CON) barring
tobacco dust (TD) with maximum in poultry manure (PM). The treatment of poultry manure (PM), neem cake (NC),
mustard cake (MC), castor cake + carbosulfan (CC+CAR), castor cake (CC) and carbosulfan (CAR) found descending in
order with respect to number of transplants (Table 1).
All the treatments showed more or less same trend for total surviving seedlings as observed for total transplants
with maximum number of total surviving seedlings in the treatment of poultry manure (PM). Tobacco dust (TD) was at par
with control (CON) in this respect. Maximum and significantly more total surviving seedlings were observed in the
treatment of poultry manure (PM) compared to rest of the treatments barring neem cake (NC). It was closely followed by
mustard cake (MC), castor cake + carbosulfan (CC+CAR), castor cake (CC).
Significant differences were observed for root-knot index starting from first pulling at 44 days after sowing (DAS)
till harvesting. Minimum and significantly the least root-knot index at each pulling were observed in the treatment of
poultry manure (PM) over control barring first pulling. Similarly, all the treatments significantly reduced the root-knot
index at each pulling compared to control (CON). The treatment of poultry manure (PM) was significantly superior
compared to all the treatments barring castor cake + carbosulfan (CC+CAR) and carbosulfan (CAR) at last pulling in
reducing root-knot disease. The treatments of neem cake (NC), mustard cake (MC), tobacco dust (TD) and castor cake
(CC) were next in efficacy with respect to reduce root-knot disease.
Perusal of data presented in Table 3 and 4 revealed the presence of reniform and root-knot nematodes on the
experiment site before application of the treatment. Stunt nematodes were not noticed. The poor population of root-knot,
reniform and no detection of stunt nematodes before application of the treatment in the month of June may be due to hot
summer and high temperature in the range of 23.6 to 43.8 C
during March to May end in the year of 2015.

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Effect of Different Bulky Manures on Growth and Development of BIDI

Tobacco Seedlings, Root-Knot Disease and Nematodes in Nursery

453

At sowing population of stunt, root-knot and reniform nematodes was observed in experimental site. The
population of stunt nematodes was maximum in all treatments at sowing than reniform and root-knot nematodes. The total
plant parasitic nematodes at sowing were observed in the range of 58 to 234 per 200 cc soil.
Though the differences among the treatments were non-significant with respect to stunt, root-knot and total plant
parasitic nematodes at sowing maximum population of all the nematodes was observed in control (CON).
Application of organic manures numerically reduced the population of stunt, root-knot, reniform and total plant
parasitic nematodes than control as they were applied before 27 days of sowing. The population of total parasitic
nematodes in carbosulfan (CAR) treatment was observed numerically higher than organic manures and lower than control.
Final population of stunt, root-knot, reniform and total plant parasitic nematodes was increased in all the
treatments than at sowing. However, it was significantly reduced in all treatments with respect to stunt, root-knot and total
plant parasitic nematodes compared to control at the end of experiment.
Non-significant differences were observed among the treatments with respect to reniform nematode. However, it
was numerically low in all the treatments than control. Minimum population of stunt, root-knot, reniform and total plant
parasitic nematodes was observed in the treatment of tobacco dust at the end of experiment.
Thus, from the above results it is concluded that application of poultry manure @ 90 kg N/ha found the best in
managing the root-knot disease in bidi tobacco nursery, population of stunt, root-knot, reniform and total plant parasitic
nematodes and thereby increasing the number of bidi tobacco transplants and total surviving seedlings. Neem cake (NC),
mustard cake (MC), castor cake (CC) and tobacco dust (TD) were next in order to manage the root-knot disease and
increasing bidi tobacco transplants. Carbosulfan being an insecticide/nematicide remained at par with poultry manure in
reducing root-knot disease but could not help in increasing number of transplants. It also found effective in managing rove
beetles. The results obtained in present studies are akin to the results obtained by Patel et al. (1995a), Hundekar and Bhat
(2001), Agu (2008), Kankam et al. (2014), Ramkrishnan et al. (2014) and Patel et al. (1995b). They reported poultry
manure (PM) as effective treatment in management of nematodes in nursery and field crops. Efficacy of carbosulfan was
reported and it was recommended by Patel and Patel (2009b) in bidi tobacco nursery for management of root-knot disease.
Efficacy of neem cake (NC), mustard cake (MC) and castor cake (CC) was also reported by Ravindra et al. (2001), Patel et
al. (2004) and Raveendra et al. (2011). Reduction in nematode population due to application of tobacco dust (TD) was also
reported by Motha et al. (2010), Fathi and Eshtianghi (2001), Tapre and Patel (2015) and Khan et al. (1997).
Table 1: Effect of Different Bulky Manures on Seed Germination, Rove
Beetle, Seedling Growth and Development

Treatment

PM
NC
MC
TD
CC
CC+CAR
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Germi
Nation
Count/
25 cm2
13
13
12
12
12
13

No. of
Rove
Beetle
Burrow
/ 25
cm2
1
1
1
1
1
0

Fresh
Weight of
100
Seedlings
(g), (44
DAS)
475
468
388
353
413
470

Transplantable Seedlings/m2
st

1
Pulling
(44
DAS)

2nd
Pulling
(53
DAS)

3rd
Pulling
(74
DAS)

Total

203
172
156
143
156
184

279
268
246
198
222
226

339
324
272
235
255
262

821
764
673
575
632
672

Total
Surviving
Seedlings/m2
959
894
790
700
754
794
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454

Anjana R. Prajapati & H. R. Patel

13
CAR
11
CON
0.97
S.Em.
NS
CD(0.05)
15.81
CV %
DAS= Days after sowing

0
1
-

370
270
35.55
104.56
17.75

Table 1: Contd.,
153
203
136
179
13.63
20.72
40.09
60.96
16.76
18.23

251
183
14.36
42.25
10.84

606
498
31.87
93.73
9.73

722
608
35.90
105.59
9.23

Table 2: Effect of Different Bulky Manures on Root-Knot Index

Root-Knot Index (0-5)*
1st Pulling (44 DAS)
2nd Pulling (53 DAS) 3rd Pulling (74 DAS)
Org
Org
Org
+ .
+ .
+ . *
0.88
0.27
1.00
0.50
1.22
1.00
PM
0.88
0.27
1.01
0.53
1.33
1.26
NC
0.85
0.23
1.02
0.54
1.36
1.35
MC
0.85
0.23
1.10
0.70
1.36
1.35
TD
0.87
0.25
1.02
0.55
1.29
1.17
CC
0.85
0.22
1.02
0.55
1.22
1.00
CC+CAR
0.87
0.26
1.04
0.58
1.28
1.15
CAR
1.30
1.18
1.75
2.56
1.91
3.15
CON
0.02
0.02
0.02
S.Em.
0.05
0.05
0.06
CD(0.05)
3.69
3.27
2.92
CV %
* 0-Free; 5- Maximum disease intensity
Treatment

X + 0.5* = Square root transformation 0.5 added

Org = Original values
Table 3: Effect of Different Bulky Manures on Nematode Population: Stunt and Root-Knot/200 CC Soil
Stunt
Before
Final
At Sowing
Treatment Treat.
(75 DAS)
Org
Log* Org Log* Org
0
1.61
41
2.33
233
PM
0
0.99
50
2.19
217
NC
0
1.30
50
2.26
208
MC
0
1.42
67
2.20
184
TD
0
1.30
50
2.49
367
CC
0
1.95
92
2.21
234
CC+CAR
0
2.07
150
2.37
283
CAR
0
2.17
159
2.98
971
CON
0.29
0.12
S.Em.
NS
0.37
CD(0.05)
36.50
10.50
CV%
*Log = Log (X+1); Org = Original values

Root-Knot
Before
Treat.
Org
0
0
0
8
17
0
8
17
-

At Sowing
Log*
0.78
1.04
1.04
0.38
0.38
0.90
0.38
1.39
0.26
NS
66.50

Org
8
10
10
8
8
7
8
58

Final
(75 DAS)
Log* Org
2.18
150
2.18
150
2.18
150
2.17
146
2.25
183
2.18
150
2.18
150
2.49
317
0.03
0.10
3.03

Note: The statistical analysis among the treatments was not carried out due to more number of zero
(0) values

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Effect of Different Bulky Manures on Growth and Development of BIDI

Tobacco Seedlings, Root-Knot Disease and Nematodes in Nursery

455

Table 4: Effect of Different Bulky Manures on Nematode Population:

Reniform and Total Plant Parasitic/200 CC Soil
Reniform
Before
At
Final
Treatment Treat. Sowing
(75 DAS)
Org
Org
Log* Org
0
8
2.24
175
PM
0
8
2.26
183
NC
0
0
2.45
317
MC
8
8
2.17
150
TD
0
0
2.31
217
CC
0
0
2.27
217
CC+CAR
0
0
2.29
200
CAR
17
17
2.53
350
CON
0.09
S.Em.
NS
CD(0.05)
7.39
CV%
*Log = Log (X+1); Org =Original values

Total plant parasitic

Before
Treat.
Org
0
0
0
17
17
0
8
33
-

At Sowing
Log*
1.75
1.56
1.62
1.47
1.32
2.10
1.98
2.32
0.25
NS
28.18

Org
58
69
60
83
58
157
100
234

Final
(75 DAS)
Log* Org
2.74
558
2.72
550
2.83
675
2.67
479
2.87
766
2.76
600
2.78
633
3.21
1638
0.05
0.15
3.56

Note: The statistical analysis among the treatments was not carried out due to more number of zero
(0) values

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Effect of different bulky manures on growth and development of bidi tobacco seedlings in nursery showed that
application of poultry manure @ 90 kg N/ha found the best in managing the root-knot disease, population of stunt, rootknot, reniform as well as total plant parasitic nematodes and thereby increasing the number of bidi tobacco transplants and
total surviving seedlings in nursery. Neem cake, mustard cake, castor cake and tobacco dust were next in order to manage
the root-knot disease and increasing bidi tobacco transplants. Carbosulfan being an insecticide/nematicide remained at par
with poultry manure in reducing root-knot disease but could not help in increasing number of transplants. It was effective
in management of rove beetles.
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