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UAEConstructionSector
By
AmrithaAchuthan
Athesissubmittedinpartialfulfillmentofthe
requirementsforthedegreeof
MScinProjectManagement
FacultyofBusiness
August2009
SupervisedbyDr.Dulaimi
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Title
GreenDesignInitiativesintheUAEConstructionSector
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darkhours.Iextendmyloveandgratitudetothemthroughmywork.
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MSc.ProjectManagement2009
GreenDesignInitiativesintheUAE
ConstructionSector
AmrithaAchuthan,20050079
Abstract
TheUAEhasbeenprogressingsteadilyon
the path of growth and development over
thelastthreedecades,propelledbyanoil
richeconomy.Inaneconomylargelybased
on hydrocarbon production, managing
carbon emissions is a major challenge.
Carbon footprint statistics suggest that
UAE is an environmental disaster. But in
the past 2 years ecofriendly initiatives
havegainedmomentuminvarioussectors.
With the recent Dubai governments
directive proposing a regulation that
requiresallbuildingsinDubaitoadhereto
strict green standards, efforts in the
construction industry towards green
initiatives, in both public and private
sector have gained pace. Though along
withitareaseriesofspeculationregarding
itsdesiredimpact,anditsimmediateeffect
on the already volatile construction
industry. Construction professionals need
to educate themselves of green design, be
informedofthewholelifecycleprocessand
environmental impact of buildings so that
they can encourage key stakeholders to
makemoresustainablechoices.Thethesis
TABLEOFCONTENTS
CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
1.2 IntentofThesis
1.3
Scopeoftheresearch
1.4 AimsandObjectives
1.5
StructureoftheResearch
CHAPTER2:SUSTAINABILITYWORLDWIDE
2.1 TheconceptofSustainability
2.2 History
2.3 Sustainabledesign
10
2.4 FocusonUAE
12
2.4.1
SustainabilitydecisiondriversintheUAE
12
2.4.2
Governmentinitiativesandgreenregulations
15
2.4.3
AdventoftheGreenconceptinUAE
15
2.5 FactorsinhibitingSustainability
19
2.6 NeedforfurtherStudy
21
CHAPTER3:STUDYOFPLANNINGMETHODS
23
3.1
23
Preface
3.2 ENVIRONMENTANDPLANNINGCRITERIA
30
3.2.1
SiteSelection
30
3.2.2
BuildingFootprint
33
3.2.3
ParkingandTransportation
35
3.2.4
CoolRoofs
40
3.2.5
LightPollution
42
3.2.6
BuildingorientationandLandscaping
44
3.3 WATEREFFICIENCY
46
3.3.1
Potablewaterconsumption
47
3.3.2
WastewaterReuse
49
3.3.3
WaterEfficiencyinLandscaping
52
3.3.4
StormwaterdesignandRainwaterharvesting
54
3.4 ENERGYEFFICIENCY
57
3.4.1
DubaiScenario
57
3.4.2
MinimizeEnergyLosses
57
3.4.3
Buildingenveloperequirements
60
3.4.4
DistrictCooling
62
3.4.5
Onsiterenewableenergy
63
3.4.6
RefrigerantManagement
65
3.5 MATERIALS&RESOURCES
68
3.5.1
DubaiScenario
68
3.5.2
LegislationandGuidance
70
3.5.3
DesignGuidelinesforwastedisposal
71
3.5.4
Strategiesforprocuringmaterials
73
3.6 AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT
75
3.6.1
Commonpollutants
75
3.6.2
EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke(ETS)ControlRequired
75
3.6.3
ImprovedAirquality
77
3.6.4
LowEmittingMaterials
80
3.6.5
OccupantControls
81
3.6.6
Daylight&Views
83
3.7 VERNACULARDESIGNFEATURES
3.7.1
SUSTAINABILITYANDCULTURALRESOURCES
87
88
3.8 Constructionphaserequirements
93
3.9 ListofIndicators
94
CHAPTER4:RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
103
4.1 Introduction
103
4.2 ResearchMethodology,ApproachandStrategy
103
ii
4.3 EvaluationofliteratureforGreendesign
105
4.4 Tacitknowledge/Individualtoindividual
106
4.5 ActionorientedResearch/Directobservation
107
4.6 Interviews
108
4.7 Datacollection/Documents:
109
4.7.1
Informationsourcing
109
4.7.2
WebsitesandCirculars
109
4.7.3
LocalMedia
110
CHAPTER5:CASESTUDIES
112
5.1
112
CaseStudyI:BeachResort
5.1.1
Introduction
112
5.1.2
ImportanceofSustainability
113
5.1.3
Verificationoflistofgreenelements
114
5.1.4
Analysisofsustainabledesignelementsincorporated
122
5.1.5
RecommendationsandConclusion
144
5.2 CaseStudyII:AShoppingmall
147
5.2.1
Introduction
147
5.2.2
ImportanceofSustainability
148
5.2.3
Verificationoflistofgreenelements
149
5.2.4
Analysisofsustainabledesignelementsincorporated
157
5.2.5
RecommendationsandConclusions
178
CHAPTER6:CONCLUSION
181
6.1 Conclusion
181
6.1.1
CaseStudyI
181
6.1.2
CasestudyII:
181
6.2 IntegratedDesignManagement
183
6.2.1
TheneedforIntegratedDesignManagement
183
6.2.2
TheProcessofIntegratedDesign
186
6.2.3
Recommendationsforfurtherresearch
191
iii
6.3 Limitationsoftheresearch
192
6.4 Conclusion
193
REFERENCES
BIBILOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
AppendixA.
ListofwebsitesinUAEforgreendesign.
AppendixB.
CommonpollutantsfoundintheUAE
AppendixC.
Constructionairqualitymanagementstudy
AppendixD.
InterviewQuestions
AppendixE.
Listofinterviewees
AppendixF.
LEEDdata
AppendixG.
Materialinformation
AppendixH.
Microclimatecreationofshoppingmall
AppendixI.
Listofabbreviationsusedinthereport.
iv
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure1.
Ecologicalfootprintperpersonbycountry(WWF,2006)
14
Figure2.
MacLeamyCurve(PatrickMacLeamy,2008)
24
Figure3.
OverviewoftheLEEDprocess
26
Figure4.
DailymeanandaverageminimumandmaximumtemperatureforDubai(WSP,2008)
29
Figure5.
DubaiBicycleMasterPlan,(DubaiRTA,2008)
37
Figure6.
BlindedbyLights:AtypicalDubainightsky.
42
Figure7.
AbuDhabiWaterResourcesConsumptionStatistics(ADWRS,2002)
47
Figure8.
DubaiWasteCharacterization(WSP,2009)
69
Figure9.
HVACstrategyselection(USGBC,2007)
79
Figure10.
AnnualWindRoseforDubai(Arup,2004)
82
Figure11.
AlArish(Palmtreeleavesshelter)atDubaiMuseum(Mahgoub,2009).
89
Figure12.
AlBarjeelorAlKashteeltraditionalwindtowers(Mahgoub,2009).
90
Figure13.
PermeableBlockPavingSystem(WSP,2009)
127
Figure14.
RetainedLandscapingTreesandPlants
130
Figure15.
Translocationofexistinglandscapingtrees;B.IrrigatedonsitePalmnursery;C.
ShrubsandplantswithinthePalmnursery.
130
Figure16.
EstimatedProjectWasteComposition(WSP,2009)
132
Figure17.
DubaiStrategicBikewayNetwork(WSP,2009)
136
Figure18.
EnvironmentalManagementPlanStructure
139
Figure19.
MallBuildingComposition(Arup,2004)
147
Figure20.
PlanshowingCoolingstrategiesused(Arup,2004)
159
Figure21.
Radiantcooling
160
Figure22.
Coolingofthecanalside(Arup,2004)
160
Figure23.
Courtyardactions
162
Figure24.
ShadingAnalysisI
167
Figure25.
ShadingAnalysisII
168
Figure26.
Daylightingthroughtransparentroofwithshadingelementwithmetalgridsand
glazing.
169
Figure27.
SunPathDiagramforDubaiGeneratedCasestudyII.(WSP,2009)
Figure28.
Variousshadingstrategiesconsideredandutilizedfortheshadingdesign.(Arup,
2004)
170
171
Figure29.
Bougainvilleacanopiesandawnings.
172
Figure30.
VariousstrategiesutilizedforshadingoftheCanalWalk
172
Figure31.
CoolingColumns(Arup,2004)
174
Figure32.
AnIntegratedProjectManagementSession
188
Figure33.
ElementsofIntegratedDesign
190
LISTOFTABLES
Table1.
DubaiMunicipalityPotableWaterDemandRates(WSP,2009)
48
Table2.
AcceptableUsesofTreatedSewageEffluent
51
Table3.
ExistingBusServices
136
vi
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter1: INTRODUCTION
This chapter is to provide a background on the research topic. It
familiarizesthereaderwiththeaims,objectivesandrelevanceofthestudy.
Itillustratesthescopeandstructureoftheresearch.
1.1
Background
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
1.2
IntentofThesis
Thelasttenyearshaveseenagreatdealofdebateandsignificantchanges
in the construction industry. The ever expanding construction industry
facesmanyachallengesfromtimetotime.Theindustryhaschangedand
adaptedin ordertoaccommodatesolutionstoobstacles.Theinculcation
of green design strategy made mandatory by governmental regulations in
Dubaiandtheappropriatewayofintroducingandinfusingthem,intothe
systemshallbesuchachallenge.
Constructionmethodswillneedtoadapt,aswillthemindsetsofallthose
involved in a project. Project timeframes and costs will also need to be
reviewed, as will ensuring a skilled workforce is in place. Green building
practices can substantially reduce or eliminate negative environmental
impacts and improve existing unsustainable design, construction and
operational practices. Green design measures reduce operational costs,
enhance building marketability, increase worker productivity and reduce
potentialliabilityresultingfromindoorairqualityproblems.Greendesign
hasenvironmental,economicandsocialelementsthatbenefitallbuilding
stakeholders.Thisthesisaimstostudysuchgreendesigntechniques.
Being of architectural background and as a contribution to this ongoing
researchtowardsagreenfuture,itseemsinterestingtotakeupastudyin
understandingessentialprinciplesinthegreenbuildingdesignprocesses.
The intention is to research and seek answers to sustainable design
solutions for building in the desert region of Dubai. The thesis shall
examine the design submittals of LEED which form the basis of the
forthcoming green regulations in Dubai (Rogers, 2008), research its
applicabilityinthelocalcontextanddefineamethodologybywhichthese
regulationscanbeincorporatedintothedesignprocessofbuildings.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
1.3
Scopeoftheresearch
1.4
AimsandObjectives
HencetheAimofthethesisis
Toidentifyelementsofsustainablebuildingdesignbasedoninternationally
recognized rating systems and analyze the applicability of those elements
againstDubaisurbancontext.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
TheObjectivessoughtinthisstudyare:
Toanalyzecasestudiesinanattempttocrossverifythedesignand
implementation of shortlisted principles; learn different green
strategiesundertakeninliveprojects,understanditsimpactonthe
design along with the method of incorporating these green
elements.
1.5
StructureoftheResearch
Chapter 1 provides the reader with the intent of the thesis, the aims of
the research and the objectives sought as the result of the study. It
familiarizes the reader with the content that he should expect in the
followingchaptersandprovidesadiscussionexplainingtheflowofthought
formulatingthepatternofthisresearch.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter2discussestheworldwideissueofsustainabilityandemphasizes
on the need for concern and immediate action. The history of
sustainability, sustainable design and green buildings are explained along
withtheinfluenceofUAEonthisworldwidephenomena.Theresearchers
concernofthebuildingindustrysimpactontheenvironmentisexplained.
Theneedandrelevanceofthestudyisreasoned.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
SustainabilityWorldwide
"Societyislivingbeyonditsmeans.Weareabouttodispossesstheearthof
capitalassetsinthespaceofafewlifetimesthroughpatternsofexploitation.
Thesepatternsaredevastatingthenaturalenvironmentuponwhichwe
dependforourlongtermsurvival."
ArchitectsforSocialResponsibility(citedbyHart,etal.1994)
Thischapterdiscussestheworldwideissueofsustainabilityand
emphasizesontheneedforconcernandimmediateaction.Itshowsthe
influenceofUAE,particularlytheconstructionsector,onthisworldwide
phenomenon.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter2: SUSTAINABILITYWORLDWIDE
2.1
TheconceptofSustainability
Sustainabilityhaslatelybecomeabuzzwordworldover.Itisanideathat
recognizesthathumancivilizationisanintegralpartofthenaturalworld
and that nature must be preserved and perpetuated if the human
communityitselfistosurvive.(Hart,etal.1994)
Sustainability, in a general sense, is the capacity to maintain a certain
process or state indefinitely. As applied to the human community,
sustainability has been defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, (Bruntland Commission, 1987) as Meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. In meeting the needs of the human community,
development must be designed and built with an awareness of the
interrelationshipsbetweennatural,cultural,social,andeconomicresources
both locally and globally. As Hart (1994) mentions, It is the capability of
natural and cultural systems being continued over time. It is about
creatinghealthy,economicallyviablecommunitiesthatsatisfybasichuman
needs.
Beginningwiththeenvironmentalmovementofthe1960s,therehasbeen
anincreasingawarenessthathumanuseoftheearthisapproachingarange
of environmental resource limits and that this trend, rather than
diminishing, is escalating at an alarming rate (Meadows et al. 1972, WWF
2006). The 20th century has been marked by the reemergence of
environmentalvalueswithinWesternsocieties
2.2
History
Thompson (2000) explains that concern for the environment is not new
and can be found to a varying degree throughout history. The debate on
8
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
energy economic systems can also be traced into the 1800s, in the
literaturesofNobelprizewinningchemist,FrederickSoddy(Cutler,2006).
Duringthe1970s,whilethedevelopedworldwasconsideringtheeffectsof
the global population explosion, pollution and consumerism, the
developing countries, faced with continued poverty and deprivation,
regardeddevelopmentasessentialtomeettheirneedforthenecessities
of food, clean water and shelter. The 1972 United Nations Conference on
the Human Environment, held in Stockholm was the UN's first major
conference on international environmental issues and marked the
beginning of global cooperationin developing environmental policies and
strategies. In 1980 the International Union for Conservation of Nature
published its influential World Conservation Strategy, followed in 1982 by
its World Charter for Nature, which drew attention to the decline of the
world's ecosystems. Confronted with the differing priorities of the
developedanddevelopingworlds,theUnitedNation'sWorldCommission
on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) worked
for two years to try and resolve the apparent conflict between the
environment and development. The Commission concluded that the
approach to development must change: it must become sustainable
development(BruntlandCommission,1987)
Proponents of sustainable development have been trying to reconcile the
urgent needs of effective environmental protection and conservation of
resources with economic development. While the concept has been
politicallysuccessfulatbringingsustainabilityintothemainstream,bothin
developed and developing countries, it remains controversial (ONeill,
1999).
It is seen that development shifts land usage from natural, biologically
diversehabitatstohardscapethatisimperviousanddevoidofbiodiversity.
Thefarreachinginfluenceofthebuiltenvironmentnecessitatesactionto
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.3
Sustainabledesign
The concept of sustainable design has been popularized in the last two
decades, though has existed for over a century (Cutler,2006). Sustainable
design has been defined as the pursuit of any design activity that
encompasses concern for energy efficiency, environment, water,
conservationandthe useofrecycledproducts&renewableenergy(GGBC,
2008). It is an approach that demands an understanding of the
consequencesofouractions.Itintegratesprinciplesthatenablehumansto
live in harmony with the rest of the natural world. Sustainable design
articulatesthisideathroughdevelopmentsthatexemplifytheprinciplesof
conservationandencouragetheapplicationofthoseprinciplesinourdaily
lives.
This is further applied to Sustainable architecture, which is a general
term that describes environmentallyconscious design techniques in the
fieldofarchitecture.Inthebroadcontext,sustainablearchitectureseeksto
10
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
11
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.4
FocusonUAE
2.4.1
SustainabilitydecisiondriversintheUAE
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
13
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure1.
Ecologicalfootprintperpersonbycountry(WWF,2006)
14
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.4.2
Governmentinitiativesandgreenregulations
RasiedeyesofthegreenadvocatesarenowonUnitedArabEmirateswith
concernsonhowitwouldfostersustainabilitywithouthamperingtheglitz
andpaceofitseconomyandboomingconstructionactivity.Theincreasing
concerns with health and safety, the environment and the need for
sustainable development have resulted in higher benchmarks being
expectedbyclientsandrequiredbyworldwidestandards.
It is at this juncture that Dubai government announced a directive
proposing a regulation that requires all buildings in Dubai to adhere to
strictgreenstandardsprescribedworldwide.(Sell2007)
2.4.3
AdventoftheGreenconceptinUAE
TheadventofthegreenconceptbeganwithUAEbeingasignatoryofthe
Montreal Protocol which initiated the sustainability movement in 1987
(Bruntland, 1987). The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the
OzoneLayerisaninternationaltreatydesignedtoprotecttheozonelayer
by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be
responsible for ozone depletion, though it is evident that not much was
beingdonetobringaboutenvironmentalawarenessintheUAE.
Initiativesmarkingtherealisationofthegreenconceptwererecognisedin
the recent years. In the early 2005, JAFZA started implementing
environmental policies for the development of the buildings within the
JAFZAregion,thefreeeconomiczonelocatedintheJebelAliportsareaof
Dubai; (http://www.jafza.ae/en/) suggesting that all Green Certified
Buildingsmustprovideannuallyevidenceofoperationalcompliancefrom
theircertifyingbodies(EHS,2007).
A new wing called the EHS (Environmental health and safety;
http://www.ehss.ae/) within JAFZA was formed to formulate rules and
regulationsenforcingthegreenprinciplesandmonitoringtheconstruction
15
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
16
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
18
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ThesemovesleadtoageneralawarenessofgreenbuildingswithintheUAE
constructionindustry.Withtheconstructionboomintheregionmoreand
more stakeholders worked with the regulations set by the EHS and an
appreciationfortheadvantagesofgreenprincipleswasnoticedwithinthe
sector. The industry was made to understand the benefits of an
environmental regulation by aggressive media campaigns, government
seminars showing the cost comparison post construction and with the
supportandhelpoflargepowerfulfirmsworkinginthegreensector.The
industry has begun to appreciate the need for green through the general
awarenessbeingbroughtabout.Thedesiretopursuesustainabilitybythe
industrywasalready here(Oehme,2008) asthereseemstobeawelcome
attitude amongst industry professionals towards the new regulation.
Others were made to abide by the system by the enforced regulation and
rigorous planning approval processes. Examples of these are seen in the
formofafewgreenbuildingsscatteredacrossthecity.TheDubaiChamber
ofCommercehaslatelybeenredesignedandimplementedasasustainable,
lowenergy,greenbuildingandformsaperfectexampleofhowanexisting
facilitycanbealteredtobeefficient.VenturesliketheBabAlShams,aself
sustainable resort hotel, Pacific controls; a LEED platinum certified
commercial building, to name a few have all been making news with its
newlyadoptedapproachofbeingecosensitive.
2.5
FactorsinhibitingSustainability
19
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
neverdesignedtobeusedacrossmultiplecountriesandoftenhavefeatures
withasignificantlocalflavour.Wecannotjusttakethetechnologyfrom
westerncountriesanddumpitherebecausethemarketistotallydifferent;
research needs to be done first, says Dulsco general manager Prakash
Purab(Blackman,2009).Thisexplainswhyasuccessfulsystemmaynotbe
appliedsimilarlyelsewhereandthecomparisonsbetweenthesystemsatan
international level are not straightforward.(BREAM 2008) There is
currently no standardized set of indicators, and several international
institutionsarestilltryingtodevelopagenericindicatorformeasuringand
monitoring sustainable development. The many existing measures vary
enormouslybothintheircomplexityandintheirapplication.
Therehasbeensimilarspeculationoverthegreenregulationssetforthto
come to the UAE. A survey by Construction weekly indicate that the
regulation has been well received by many industry professionals though
therehasbeenambiguityaboutaclearunderstandingofthespecificdetails
of the regulation as they are yet to be officially published.(Sell 2007). Its
desiredimpactisyetunknown.Thoughitisinevitablethatthiswillcause
considerable alteration in construction methodologies, along with a need
for renewed attitudes and mindsets of all those involved within the
industry. Events in the timeline are required to be reassessed, revisited
andreengineered.Themeasuresofsuccessalsorequirerevisiting(Oehme,
2008).Municipal authorities, consultants, & contractors are all, already
equipping themselves to understand & adopt green processes, rereview
design principles and align themselves with sustainable practices set to
becomeanintegralpartofMiddleEastbuildingconstruction.
While many questions remain unanswered on exactly how designers,
developers and contractors will need to adapt, yet there seems to be a
unanimous desire to change for the sake of preserving the global
environment.Thoughtheenthusiasmishigh,onemustkeepinmindthat
20
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.6
NeedforfurtherStudy
21
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
22
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter3: STUDYOFPLANNINGMETHODS
This chapter evaluates data collected from the design submittals of the
LEEDsystem,whichformthebasisoftheforthcominggreenregulationsin
Dubai (Rogers,2008). A critical analysis as to whether these prescribed
design requirements suit the local context of Dubai, its impact and
effectivenessassessed. Thesedesignelementsarereviewedin conjunction
withcurrentregulationsandrequirementinDubai,theiralignmentwith
thelocalcultureandtraditionalarchitecture.
3.1
Preface
The design phase of a building process is the most critical stage for the
inculcation of sustainability principles. A majority of green elements
should be primarily applied to the Design phase. This is important as the
capacity to regulate the buildings performance is greatest early in any
projectslifecycle.
Furthermore,thegreaterinsightsonmethodstoachievetheeffectsdesired
and produce maximum outcome comes from the Design Phase. This is
demonstrated in the "MacLeamy Curve" created by Patrick MacLeamy
(Construction Users Roundtable, 2004). The MacLeamy Curve
demonstratesthattheeffortandeffectthrougheithertheTraditionalor
Preferred method comes in the design phase, well before the bid and
constructionphase.Additionally,asthephasesandtimemoveforward,the
abilitytoimpactcostandfunctionalcapabilitiesdecreaseswhilethecostof
design change increases. A majority of the green design principles will be
primarily applied to the Design phase. This is especially important as the
abilitytoalterthebuildingsperformanceisgreatestearlyinanyprojects
lifecycle.Hencechangesafterthedesignstagearenotrecommended.This
alsomakesitcrucialtoimplementsustainabilityinthedesignphasewhere
ideasareachievedatthebestcostandfunctionalcapacities.
23
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure2.
MacLeamyCurve(PatrickMacLeamy,2008)
ItisnoticedthattheLEEDgreenbuildingratingsystemhasbeenpopularly
used as the basis of formation of Green Building regulations. Dubai
Municipality(DM) is in the process of formulating their green building
regulationsbasedonLEEDasmentionedinaseminarbySusanRogersat
DM(2008).EHSandCEDaswellasAbuDhabihaveimplementedLEEDas
the basis of the rating system that is adopted in buildings within their
jurisdiction. As defined as United States Green Building Council (USGBC,
2007);LEEDisavoluntary,consensusbased,marketdrivenbuildingrating
system based on existing proven technology. It evaluates environmental
performance from a whole building perspective over building lifecycle,
providingadefinitivestandardofwhatconstitutesagreenbuilding.USGBC
saysthattheintentofLEEDistoassistinthecreationofhighperformance,
healthful,durable,affordableandenvironmentallysoundbuildings.
ForthepurposeofourstudyweshallresearchontheapplicabilityofLEED
guidelinesinDubaiandassessitsimplementationinDubaisenvironment.
24
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
provisionssetinplacebythegovernmentformsanimportantpartofthis
research.DEWAandDMauthoritieshavebeenapproachedinanattempt
to gather information and insight into government rulings regarding
resourceconservationandsustainablepractices.
Thus suggested actions for design professionals to establish and achieve
sustainabilitygoalsisreviewed.Alongwithitisinformationrelatingtothe
infrastructure set up by the government and the regulations mandating
theirusetosupporttheseinitiatives.Thusasummaryofaptgreendesign
elementsforUAEhelptoencouragebestpracticesforgreendesignaspart
oftheoveralldesignprocess.
OverviewoftheLEEDprocess:
LEED is split into 5 primary categories as represented below with their
percentageimpactontheprocess.
Figure3.
OverviewoftheLEEDprocess
26
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
A study of the LEED text Version 2.2 has been carried out in order to
identifysustainabilityelementsrelevanttotheregion.Factorsthatneedto
bekeptinmindattheonsetofagreenbuildingdesignexercise,additional
to the design requirements of a conventional building are listed in this
chapter. On the basis of the study conducted, which is explained in the
paragraphs to come, the researcher has identified six sustainability
elementsofimportancetothecontextofDubai.Theyare:
1)
ENVIRONMENTANDPLANNING
2)
WATEREFFICIENCY
3)
ENERGYEFFICIENCY
4)
MATERIALSANDRESOURCES
5)
ENVIRONMENTALAIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT
6)
VERNACULARDESIGNFEATURES
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
28
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure4.
DailymeanandaverageminimumandmaximumtemperatureforDubai(WSP,
2008)
The weather in the UAE is hot for most of the year round, occasional
rainfall (typically in short, heavy bursts) and on average, medium to high
humidity. Temperatures remain high all year round, with maximum
temperatures between April to November. Humidity can also be high
especiallyatnighttimetoearlymorningwithtypicalamidafternoondrop.
Afternoon sea breezes are pleasant, especially either side of the hot
summer months (i.e. March, April May and NovemberDecember
January)
Temperature is usually the most important parameter to consider in
determiningcomfort. Thefactorsofairtemperature,radianttemperature,
wind speed and humidity all contribute towards a level of comfort. It is
possible to achieve the same comfort level by various combinations of
factors, for example, air movement can reduce the heat sensation and
compensate for higher air temperatures. A key contributor to comfort
conditions is air movement, which can be enhanced by exploiting wind
29
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
pressureanddirectionwheredesirable.WindspeedinDubaiaregenerally
quitehigh,anditsdirectionvariable(Arup,2004).
Climate responsive design has been the underlying principle while
identifyinggreenbuildingdesignelements.Positiveclimaticattributesare
enhanced and unwanted impacts are eliminated through careful design
consideration.
3.2
ENVIRONMENTANDPLANNINGCRITERIA
Thissustainabilitycriteriadealswithbasicdesignfactorsinvolvingthesite,
itsecology,theimpactofthebuildingonthesiteanditsorientation.
3.2.1
SiteSelection
Theselectionofanappropriatesitehasthebiggestimpactonasustainable
design.Theprocessofsiteselectionforsustainabledevelopmentsisoneof
identifying, weighing, and balancing the attractiveness (environmental,
cultural, access) of a site against the costs inherent in its development
(environmental, cultural, access, hazards, energetics, operational). Spatial
zones meeting programmatic objectives, within acceptable environmental
parameters,arelikelydevelopmentsites(Hart,1994).
i.
ScenarioinDubai:
Most of Dubais land is underdeveloped and only 20% of the emirate has
beenoccupiedsofar(WSP,2008).
In Dubai, site selection is often based on the commercial viability of the
location. Though connectivity is an important aspect it is not always a
driving factor for site selection as most of the city commutes through
privatelyownedvehiclesandsofartheimpactofpublictransporthasbeen
minimal and rarely contributes to the success of a building location,
thoughitisimportanttonotethatthescenarioisgraduallychangingwith
30
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
theadventofrailtransport.Sobuildingsclosertomasstransitwillhavean
advantageoverothers.
Another preferred option is to develop predeveloped land. However in
Dubai,itisnotappropriatetorestrictdevelopmenttopreviouslydeveloped
sites as against virgin land, considering that most of the city is
underdeveloped.However,preferenceshouldbegiventodevelopedsitesas
their infrastructural requirements will be limited leading to minimal
environmentaldisruption.Besidescareshouldbetakennottoexploitthe
natural ecology by restricting developments along Creek areas including
RasAl Khor, land connecting to the mangroves which from habitat for
migratory birds; along the Beach side which are already over developed
desert zones with wildlife and such sensitive zones. The Dubai Desert
Conservation Authority has demarcated sensitive land and the planning
anddevelopmentofsuchareasisundertheircontrol.
ii.
Designguidelinesforsiteselection:
Design guidelines inferred from the study of LEED at parallel with the
Dubaiscenarioleadstothelistingofthefollowingelements:
Whereverpossible,thebeststrategyforselectingabuildingsiteisto
choose a previously developed site. Since these sites have already
been disturbed damage to the environment is limited and virgin
landareascanbepreserved(LEEDS.S.C2).
Duringthesiteselectionprocessgivepreferencetourbansiteswith
pedestrianaccesstoavarietyofservices.Provideshadedpedestrian
pathways connecting ancillary amenities like car park, bus station
etc(LEEDS.S.C2&4.1).
31
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Selectasitethatprovidesconvenientaccesstosafebicyclepathways
andsecurebicyclestorageareasforcyclists(S.S.C4.2).
32
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.2.2
i.
BuildingFootprint
ScenarioinDubai:
InDubai,abuildingfootprintisalwaysinresponsetothesiteaccessroads
andneighboringbuilding.Elevationalcriteriaforroadfrontagegovernthe
orientationandcommercialmaximizationdecidestheextentofthevertical
andhorizontalspreadforthebuilding.Climateresponsivedesignisrarely
observedasplayingaroleinthebuildingformandplacement.Landscaping
mainly consists of turf grass lawns and high maintenance plants in
discontinuouspatchesprovidinglittlerelieffromthebuildingmass.Hence
the concept of a thoroughly thought building footprint and its relevance
needs to be stressed. Much help can be sought by following the LEED
principlesmentionedbelow
ii.
DesignGuidelines:
33
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
generation,significantvegetation,existinggreencorridorsandother
suchsustainableissues.
Integrateneighboringactivitiestocreateadevelopmentwithshared
amenitiesandspaces(S.S.C5.2).
Providevegetatedopenspacewithintheprojectboundarytoexceed
thelocalzoningsopenspacerequirementforthesiteorequaltothe
buildingfootprint.
34
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
outdoors.Welldesignedopenspacessignificantlyincreasesproperty
values(USGBC,2007).
Along with every land plot affection plan, issued by the DM, a set of
developmentparametersareprescribedwhichneedstobeadheredtowhile
designing.The FloorArea Ratio(FAR) of the land is such a parameter on
theaffectionplan,whichdecidestheextentofthebuildingfootprintonthe
plot.However,presentlythesenumbersarerathergenerous.Henceitisthe
responsibilityofthedesignarchitecttorestrictthesprawlofbuildingmass
and take preventive actions with the help of the above mentioned
guidelines.
3.2.3
ParkingandTransportation
Parkingfacilitiesandroadwayshavenegativeimpactsontheenvironment
because impervious surfaces increase storm water runoff while
contributing to urban heat island effects. Encouraging the use of mass
transit reduces the demand for transportation thereby reducing the space
neededforparkinglots,whichencroachongreenspaceonthebuildingsite
(USGBC, 2007).The increase inpublic transport development in the UAE
in the form of public buses, interemirate buses, the proposed light rail
transport and tramps which shall all be operational from the end of 2009
onwardsshallhelpboosttheuseofmasstransitandtheUAEhopestosee
areductioninnumberofprivatevehiclesasanticipatedbythegovernment.
In accordance, parking lots can be minimized to reduce the building
footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater
developmentdensities.
i.
DesignGuidelines
35
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Reducethesizeofparkingareasbasedonanticipateduseofpublic
transit. This may also alter operating costs associated with parking
lotmaintenance.
Anotheralternativetoreducetheimpactofvehiclesistolookattheother
modesoftransportorridesharing.Thesearecurrentlybeingreviewedand
promotedbythegovernment.
ii.
BicycleUsage
36
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure5.
DubaiBicycleMasterPlan,(DubaiRTA,2008)
Buildingshouldbeequippedwithtransportationamenitiessuchas
bicycle racks and showering facilities (S.S.C 4.2). In Dubai, storage
shouldprotectbicyclesfromtheft.
Toprotectbicyclesfromtheharshdesertsunanddust,theirstorage
shouldbeundercoverorshadedorindoors
Theuseofbicyclesasanalternativemodeoftransportationisanimportant
partoflongtermsustainabletransportationandenergystrategies.Cycling
producesnoemissionsanddoesnotrequiretheuseoffossilfuels.Bicycle
commuting contributes to relieving traffic congestion and reducing noise
pollution. Bicycle and walking expose people to community, encouraging
interaction among neighbours and allowing for enjoyment of the area in
ways unavailable for automobile passengers. Designing spaces for this
interactionshouldbeconsidered.
37
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
VehicularTraffic:
38
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ease the emirates traffic congestion and help cut emissions the RTA has
launched
their
carpooling
scheme
called
Sharekni
CoolRoofs
ScenarioinDubai:
TheideaofcoolroofsandgreenroofsisafairlynewconcepttotheUAE.It
is recommended to design buildings that use materials with higher Solar
Reflective Index values, i.e. the capacity of a material to reflect solar
radiation;tohelpreducethedaytimetemperaturerange.Thiswillimprove
pedestrian and building occupant comfort and is likely to reduce cooling
demandwithinsomebuildingtypologies.
Heatislandsarecreatedduetothetemperaturedifferencebetweenurban
and natural areas. The heat content in built materials like concrete and
tarmac absorb solar radiation during the day and reradiate it off, leading
to a substantial temperature difference between built areas and green
areas.Inaddition,intheUAE,hotairreleasedfromairconditioningunits
contributes to warming up of built spaces, leading to Heat islands
(WSP,2008).
Greenroofsreduceheatislandeffectbyreplacingheatabsorbingsurfaces
with plants, shrubs etc. They provide insulating benefits, aesthetic appeal
and lower maintenance than standard roofs. They provide acoustic
insulation through deflection of sound, as plants block noise. However,
Green roofs require an additional upfront investment , but tangible
economicbenefitsarerealizedthroughincreasingtheoperationallifetimes
of protective roof elements and by lowering costs associated with the
provisionofrooftopthermalinsulation.AnumberofcompaniesinDubai
advertisetheirexperiencewithgreenroofsanditisnoticedthattheiruseis
40
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
DesignGuidelines
1. Choose roofing material with higher Solar Reflective Index. E.g.
Lightcoloured polymeric roof membranes and coatings, white
ceramic tiles, clay tiles, gravel etc. are good emitters of heat. Such
roofs known as Cool roofs help to reduce indoor heat gain. More
information on SRI of various materials and cool roofs can be
obtainedintheAppendix(S.S.C7.2).
Considercoveringroofswithphotovoltaicpanelsorsolarhotwater
collectors.
Avoidtheuseofdarknaturalstonefinish,concretepaversandfair
finish exposed concrete around walkways and at ground level as
theseleadtoheatislands(S.S.C7.1).
Select plants that are likely to support the species which are most
likelytoutilizethisspace(S.S.C7.2).
41
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.2.5
i.
LightPollution
ScenarioinDubai:
TheglitzandglamouroftheUAEnightlife,especiallyDubaiiswellknow
and sought after by tourists. Many iconic buildings are strategically lit,
illuminating the skyline with an interesting display of articulated shapes.
AccordingtoenvironmentalistsintheUAE,residentshaveadifficulttime
seeingthestarsatnight,partlyduetoinstalledfloodlightswhichwaste
40% into the night sky. The root behind the floodlight idea lies in
exhibitingthecharacterorrathermakingitnoticeablefromtherestofthe
adjacentbuildings.Howeverthishasalsoledtoaphenomenacalledphoto
pollution, arising from the reflection of excessive light (Moody, 2009).
Hencethereisaneedtomakesurethatexcessivenightlightingisavoided
also preventing the waste of energy. LEED prescribes design alterations
that can help reduce the impact of photo pollution which can be applied
effectivelyinDubai.
Figure6.
BlindedbyLights:AtypicalDubainightsky.
ViewofSh.Zayedroad.Source:http://starrynightlights.com/;2009
42
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ii.
DesignguidelinesforbetterlightingfromLEEDS.S.C8
Minimize site lighting where possible and model the site lighting
usingacomputermodel.Utilizelightingdesignsoftwaretodevelop
asiteilluminationmodel.
Designexteriorlightingtoachievelightingpowerdensitiesthatare
less than the requirements set forth in ASHRAE. Use the least
amount of lighting equipment possible to achieve the goals of the
project. Select efficient fixtures using efficacious sources to reduce
lighting power and illumination intensity. Balance quantity of
equipmentwithglarecontrolanduniformlighting.
43
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Allnonemergencyinteriorlightingfixturesshouldbedesignedto
be automatically controlled and programmed to turn off following
regular business hours. Controls like automatic sweep timers,
occupancy sensors programmed lighting control panels, curfew
timers can be effective components of the overall lighting strategy.
Manual override capabilities that enable lights to be turned on for
after hours use must be included in the design. Turn off non
essentialsitelightingafterclosinghours.
Employalightingprofessionaltodesigntheprojectslightingneeds.
Commissionlightingsystemtoensureitisoperatingproperly.Carry
out regular maintenance to ensure that it continues to operate
correctlyandthatlightpollutionisminimized(USGBC,2007).
BuildingorientationandLandscaping
44
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Costcanbereducedoreliminatedthroughthoughtfulplanningand
carefulplantselectionandlayout.
OrientwindowsandskylightstotheNorthtoutilizethebenefitsof
Northsunlight.
45
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.3
WATEREFFICIENCY
UAEhasoneofthehighestwaterconsumptionlevelsintheworlddueto
climatic conditions and high per capita income (Chaudhury, 2005). Per
capitademandintheUAEhasbeenestimatedat378litres/daycompared
withtheinternationalbenchmarksof189265litresperday.Abudhabihas
a total per capita daily domestic water consumption rate of 993 liters per
person per day, currently the highest in the world (Abu Dhabi Water
ResourcesStatistics,2002)whilein2008,Dubaiconsumed402billionlitres
of desalinated water (Brooks, 2009). Dubais water consumption has been
thesubjectofincreasingattentionbecausethecityhasvirtuallynonatural
supply of fresh water. Total water consumption within the UAE has been
calculated by the Federal Environment Agency to be 2.3 billion litres for
2005andisprojectedtorisetoapproximately4.7billionlitresby2010.The
rapiddevelopmentinDubaisuggeststhatalotofthisgrowthwillbedriven
by the booming Emirate. The annual recharge rate of groundwater in the
UAEisestimatedat20millionmperannumwhilsttherateofabstraction
is estimated at 880 million m per annum. Clearly this deficit is likely to
generateseverewaterresourcedepletionandsalineintrusionissuesinthe
coming years if no mitigation measures are identified and implemented
(WSP,2009).
Themainenvironmentalimpactsofwaterconsumptioninthisregionare
considered to be associated with resource depletion and pollution
generatedthrough water abstraction, treatment and pumping. 97% of the
fresh water Dubai uses has to be desalinated an expensive and energy
intensive process. Groundwater levels are also low, and overabstraction
has caused them to drop further causing them to become increasingly
saline and preventing potable use without desalination treatment (Abu
DhabiWRS,2002).
46
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure7.
AbuDhabiWaterResourcesConsumptionStatistics(ADWRS,2002)
The study of the LEED credits show that the intent of the LEED water
efficiency credit can be applied to this region. Efforts should be made
throughregulationanddesigntoachievethefollowing:
Reductioninpotablewaterconsumption.
Reductioninwastewatervolumesgenerated.
Potablewaterconsumption
In Dubai, potable water supply volumes are currently 210,000 m per day
andareprojectedtoriseto660,000mperdayby2020.85%ofthistotalis
however consumed as a result of extensive irrigation practices.
Desalination provides much of the potable water for the Emirate and the
optionchosenfordischargeofthiswaterwillplayakeyroleonthestatus
ofthenaturalgroundwaterresource.
Municipal water supplies are likely to consist mostly of desalinated water
blended with groundwater to improve mineral content and flavour. The
process of desalination and to a lesser extent abstraction is particularly
energy intensive especially in circumstances where the energy is derived
fromburningfossilfuelsandheavyoilinparticular.
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) is the sole provider of
potable water in Dubai and has an extensive network of potable water
47
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
transmissionpipesaroundand within.Potablewaterismadeavailableby
DEWAviathemainwatersupplynetworks.Theaveragepercapitademand
is adopted from the "Guidelines for New Development Projects" given by
DEWA.Figurebelowgivesthepotabledemandratesforthedifferentland
useswhichindicatestheaveragewaterdemandvaluesforthesefunctions.
Theestimatesofthewaterconsumptiongivenarebasedonstandardunit
consumptionratesspecifiedbyDEWA(DM,2009).
Table1. DubaiMunicipalityPotableWaterDemandRates(WSP,2009)
DEWAprovidespotablewaterfordomesticandpotableconsumptiononly.
Itneitherprovidesnorallowstheuseofpotablewaterforirrigationorfor
districtcoolingplants.
Consideringtheextensiveamountofenergyandinfrastructureinvestedin
providing potable water to Dubai, the careful use of water should be
enforcedthroughpoliciesandawarenessshouldbebroughtaboutamongst
thepublicaboutwaterconservation.
i.
GeneralMeasuresforWaterConservation:
48
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.3.2
WastewaterReuse
Wastewaterpresentsitselfasbothanenvironmentalthreatandapotential
opportunity. Whilst the characteristics of wastewater may be inherently
damaging to the environment, treating wastewater to tertiary level offers
the prospect of reuse for irrigation and the recharge of depleted
groundwaterresources.
i.
DubaiScenario:
InthearidregionofUAEwherefreshwaterisscarcelyavailabletheneed
for reusing waste water for non potable activities should be heavily
stressed upon by the government. The growth of Dubais population and
infrastructure will lead to rapid growth in the volumes of wastewater
generatedbroadlyinlinewith95%ofthewaterconsumed.Themajorityof
futureincreaseswillbederivedfromdesalinatedwaterandthetreatment
andreuseofthiswaterthereforeincreasesthelevelofavailablewastewater
forirrigation.
WastewatercanbetreatedonsitetotertiarystandardsrequiredbyDubai
MunicipalityTechnicalGuideline62beforeitisusedforirrigationortoilet
flushing. Options for onsite wastewater treatment include packaged
biological nutrient removal systems, constructed wetlands, and high
49
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
efficiencyfiltrationsystems.Usetechnologieslikeconstructedwetlands,a
mechanical recirculating sand filter, anaerobic biological treatment
reactor.
However,thenecessityandavailabilityofwastewaterreuseandtreatment
strategies is heavily influenced by the project size and location. Irrigation
water in Dubai is Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE). DM manages and
operatesallthepublicsewagetreatmentplantsinDubai.Thedistribution
of TSE to the various areas in Dubai is allocated by the DM Irrigation
Department. DM has an existing network of irrigation water distribution
lines around the emirate. It has an established network to distribute TSE
andhasundertaken,inconjunctionwithDEWA,toprovideTSEtoanynew
districtcoolingplantsandcommunitylandscapingifrequired(DM,2009).
DubaialreadyhasanestablishedcirculationinfrastructureforTSE,which
can be utilized by building owners and developers. In city centers where
landisscarceandonsitewastewatertreatmentisnoteconomicallyfeasible,
municipally treated wastewater can be used, instead of setting up
wastewater treatment infrastructure. TSE from sources approved by the
Municipality must be contracted and implemented. Treated Sewage
Effulent(TSE)usedforlandscapingpurposesmustfulfillDMwaterquality
standardsandnecessarypermitsobtained.Whenusingwaterforirrigation
and ornamental water features, human health implications must also be
considered. For instance water for irrigation may require salinity to be
belowacertainlimitinordertopromoteplantgrowth.Theproposedend
useofTSEfromtheexistingDMsupplydefinestherequiredqualityofthe
finaleffluent.Forcertainuses,suchasforhumanconsumptionandhuman
contact,waterqualitywillbeclearlydefinedbywhatwillbesafeforthose
purposes and parameters are often set by national and/or international
legislation. DM Technical Guideline No. 62: The Reuse and Irrigation of
Wastewater and Sludge (1998) provides standards for the unrestricted
50
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
irrigationofClassAWatersandtherestrictedirrigationofClassBWaters
asfollows:
Table2. AcceptableUsesofTreatedSewageEffluent
ii.
DesignGuidelinesforwastewaterreuse:
51
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Allcarwashingfacilitiescanrecoverandreusetheirwastewater.
3.3.3
WaterEfficiencyinLandscaping
ThegreeningofthedesertisacommonlynoticedphenomenaintheUAE.
Landscape irrigationintheUAEconsumesthemaximumamount oftotal
water used. Water use strategy depends on site location and site design.
Plants which are better adapted to hot arid climate consume less water,
should be inculcated in the landscape design. Well known as Xeroscapes
i.e.landscapewhichminimizeswaterusage,shouldbeincorporatedinthe
design with the help of experts in the field. Hence the amount of water
required for irrigation will be considerably reduced. The planting of low
water demand plants could lead to large potential savings in water
consumption.
i.
DesignGuidelinesforLandscaping:
Designthelandscapewithindigenousplantstoreduceoreliminate
irrigation requirements. Install landscaping that does not require
permanentirrigationsystems.Determineappropriateplantmaterial
withasoil/climateanalysis(W.E.C1.2).
Contour the land to direct rainwater runoff through the site. This
givesvegetationanadditionalwatersupply.Plantsshouldbelocated
andgroupedaccordingtotheirwaterrequirements.Thisallowsfor
52
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Nighttimeirrigationismoreefficientsinceevaporationismuch
lowerandwindusuallydecreasesatnight(W.E.C1.1).
Minimizetheamountoflandcoveredwithturfduetoitshighwater
requirement. A large number of golf courses proposed in the UAE,
are with expanses of green waterconsuming turf. In addition, it is
observed that turf grass forms a large part of the planted areas
around buildings in Dubai. Plant turf grass only for functional
benefits such as recreational areas, pedestrian use or for soil
conservation.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
StormwaterdesignandRainwaterharvesting
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
DesignGuidelines:
Design the pipe networks such that the reused stormwater and
graywater system are not connected to other domestic or
commercialwatersystems(W.E.C1.2).
Usealternativesurfaces(e.g.,vegetatedroofs,perviouspavementor
grid pavers) and nonstructural techniques (e.g., rain gardens,
vegetated swales, disconnection of imperviousness, rainwater
recycling) to reduce imperviousness and promote infiltration
therebyreducingpollutantloadings(W.E.C1.2).
55
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Wherewastewaterandstormwaterisconveyedtoapublicdrainage
system, collection point, gutter or similar disposal method, water
discharge limits, retention design and water quality must comply
withDS96DMSewerageandDrainageDesignCriteriaandLocal
OrderNo.61/1991Article19.
All these need to be taken into consideration while designing the storm
water system. Water detention and retention features require cost for
design,installationandmaintenance.However,withanannualrainfallless
than100mmintheUAE,itisnotalwaysfeasibletoharvestinstormwater
in underground cisterns. The cost implications for designing and
constructing a storm water harvesting tank and the area that would be
neededtobetappedinordertocollectasubstantialamountofwateristoo
extensivefortheschemetobeeconomicallyfeasible.Hencepriorthought
needstobegivenanditsfeasibilityworkedoutbeforeincludingitaspart
ofthesustainabledesignstrategy.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.4
ENERGYEFFICIENCY
Theenergyuseofbuildingsiscloselyrelatedtotheirsize,use,thewaythey
are operated, their construction characteristics, shape and of course the
climate.
3.4.1
DubaiScenario
The citys per capita energy consumption is growing at the rate of 15 per
cent a year. Al Tayer, who is also the chairman of Dubai Infrastructure,
recognized the citys status as having the worlds highest per capita
consumption at 20,000kWh per year (Sinclair, 2008). The International
EnergyAgencyinitsreportin2008,saidgovernmentsneededtodomore
to encourage the development of renewable energy, citing solar power as
oneofthemostunderdeveloped.AlTayersaidthedepartmentwasraising
awarenessamongthepublicaboutrenewableenergyastheconsumercan
maximiseitsuse.
Ontheonsetofadesignprogrammeitisessentialtosetminimumenergy
efficiency requirements for the project, for all the proposed building and
systems. A good practice is to design the building project to comply with
the mandatory provisions of American Society of Heating, Refrigeration
and Airconditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)/IESNA Standard 90.12004 for
the climate zone of 1A in which UAE is located. (Rogers, 2008). This
establishesminimumrequirementsforenergyefficientdesignofbuildings.
In addition, design the building envelope, HVAC, lighting, and other
systemstomaximizeenergyperformance(USGBC,2007).
3.4.2
MinimizeEnergyLosses
ThehottemperaturesandhumidityinUAE,necessitatesthatallbuildings
requireairconditioningandmechanicalventilationtobeinstalled.Mixed
mode systems combining natural and mechanical ventilation should be
encouraged as for five winter months of the year the weather is pleasant
andairconditioningcanbeoptional.
57
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
i.
DesignGuidelines:
Reduceinternalloadsthroughshellandlightingimprovements.
Increaseefficiencywithamoreefficientenvelope,andappropriately
sizeHVACsystems(EA.C1).
Recoverwasteenergythroughexhaustairenergyrecoverysystems,
graywaterheatrecoverysystemsandcogeneration.
Theuseofvestibulesatbuildingentrancesisanimportantfeaturein
minimizing energy loss to the outside environment. The loss of
cooledairtotheoutsideenvironmentisacommonfeatureseenin
thebuildingsintheUAE.Themainexternalentrances,mustinclude
adoordesignwhichactsasabarrier,intheformofadoubledoor,
oranaircurtain,tominimizethelossofconditionedair.Thedoor
designmustconsiderthelocationandtrafficofthespace.
Designalsoshouldprescribeforpipinginsulation,poolheatersand
poolcovers.
58
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Allpipescarryingrefrigerant,hotwaterorchilledwaterandducts,
including prefabricated ducts, supplying conditioned air must be
insulated to minimize heat loss and prevent condensation. Ducts
passingthroughoutsideorunconditionedspacesmustbeinsulated.
Meteringstrategiesshouldbeconsideredatthedesignstage.Inthe
rentalapartmentbuildingsinDubai,thecostofairconditioningis
includedintherentalcostandcalculatedonthebasisoffloorarea.
Ifthesupplyofchilledwaterismeteredandbilledtotheuserbased
onactualconsumptiontherewouldbeafinancialincentiveforthe
user to manage the use of air conditioning. DEWA recently
introduced a slab tariff system, whereby the higher the
consumption,thehighertherates(Sinclair,2008).Thiswillrequire
the metering infrastructure being put in place to allow a charging
methodbasedonactualconsumption.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.4.3
Buildingenveloperequirements
VentilationandairconditioningequipmentinDubaisbuildingshasbeen
shown to account for up to 60% of the total energy consumed in
buildings(DM, 2009). The majority of this energy is used to provide
cooling toachieve comfortable conditions for building users. The thermal
performance of the building envelope is one of the main drivers in
determining what the cooling load and resultant energy use will be and
minimize its wastage. Hence it is important to consider the design of
buildingenvelopewithprimarysignificance.DMprescribesstrictUvalues
to adhere to, for Building thermal insulation as per DM Administrative
Resolution66of2003.
WhenwarmhumidairinDubai,comesincontactwithacolderobjectslike
pipes and air handling ducts, it may cool to form condensation. This
condensation causes damage to building components. This condensation
can be prevented by providing insulation around ducts and pipes which
preventstheairfromcomingintocontactwithcoldsurfaces.Inbuildings
with central chiller and ventilation systems, there may be considerable
lengthsofpipeworkcarryingwaterfromthechillertodevicessuchasfan
coil units or ducts carrying air which has been cooled at a main air
handling unit. If pipes and ducts are not suitably insulated, energy loss is
experienced before its destination. Such losses require additional energy
use to provide extra cooling. Hence proper insulation helps to prevent
moistureandthuspreventmould.Itisnoticedthattheinsulationofpipes
andductworksisalreadyacommonpracticeintheUAE.
Computersimulationenergymodelsofbuildingsareverybeneficialatthe
design stages. The main purpose for undertaking a dedicated energy
modeling study is to ensure that the Green Building Regulations have
specificbenefitsquantifiableinthecontextofDubai.Thedynamicthermal
modeling approach used allows the detailed consideration of all these
factorstounderstandtheirsensitivitytotheenergyuseofbuildings.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
DesignGuidelines:
Inordertoreduceheatbuiltupwindowareamustbelessthan50%
ofthegrosswallarea.Theskylightareamustbelessthan5%ofthe
gross floor area. Limit fenestration to 50% of gross wall area and
uniformlydistributeittoall4orientations(EA.C1).
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Thermalspecificationsformaterialsshouldbeusedduringdesigntoenable
building designers to allow calculation of the performance criteria for
composite building elements. Designers should seek this technical data
before deciding on external materials and finishes. The best means of
controllingenergyuseinDubaiisbyensuringthatbuildingsaredesigned
and constructed to provide the most efficient thermal performance for
localclimaticconditions.
3.4.4
DistrictCooling
ThereisagrowingdemandforeconomicalcoolingalternativesintheUAE,
suchasDistrictCoolingtowers.
DistrictCoolingcanbedefinedasthedistributionofcoolingfromoneor
more sources to multiple buildings. District cooling systems produce
chilled water at a central plant, which is used to cool air and then that
energy is piped out to buildings in the district for air conditioning use.
Hence individual buildings do not require their own chillers or air
conditionersanymoreThisbenefitsthelocalpowergridbyreducingpeak
power demand and alleviating power congestion due to power
transmissionlimitationsincities.Ithelpsalleviatethechallengesposedby
high electric consumption as it helps reduce the annual energy
consumptionby55%.(Anon,2009)Inaddition,acentralplantroomshould
useozonefriendlyrefrigerantsuchasHFC134a.Leakagefromonecentral
plantismuchlowerthanfrommanyscatteredplantsorunits.
DistrictcoolingplantsaremajorprovidersforAirconditioningsystemsfor
Dubaibuildings.Asignificantnumberofprestigiousmegadevelopmentsin
the UAE, including the Gardens Residential Complex (25,000 Tones of
refrigeration (TR), Jumeirah Islands (15,000 TR), Discovery Gardens
(126,000 TR),Palm Jumeirah Trunk (126,000 TR), The Jumeirah Lake
Towers (167,000 TR), Palm Jumeirah Crescent (124,000 TR), Jumeirah
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Village South (255,000 TR), International City (125,000 TR) and Dubai
Maritime City (100,000 TR) are utilizing the energy benefits of District
coolingsystem(DubaiNewsOnline,2008).
Active measures have been taken up by the government to promote
district cooling. District cooling utility service provider established by
governmentownedinvestmentfirmIstithmar,amajorinvestmentholding
andpartoftheDubaiWorldgroupofcompanies,hasrecentlyannounced
thatithasbeenactivelypromotingthestrategicbenefitsdeliveredbyPalm
District Cooling's (PDC) worldclass cooling solution. With recent studies
byMiddleEastEconomicDigest(MEED)predictingtheregionalmarketto
growupto8.3million(TR)by2015fromjust1.8millionTRin2007,district
cooling is an economical solution for the region's increasing air
conditioningrequirements.(DubaiNewsOnline,2008)
The incorporation of district cooling should be an integral part of the
building design. In addition to reducing energy demands it also helps to
displace bulky equipment from the building facade and roofs as is often
seen on Dubai. Consider including thermal storage systems inorder to
offsetenergydemandsfrompeaktooffpeakperiodsandreduceelectrical
costs.
3.4.5
Onsiterenewableenergy
Encourageandrecognizeincreasinglevelsofonsiterenewableenergyself
supplyinordertoreduceenvironmentalandeconomicimpactsassociated
withfossilfuelenergyuse.
Green power is derived from solar, wind, geothermal, biomass or low
impacthydrosources.Harvestingsiteenergyincludesusingfreeresources
such as daylight, ventilation cooling, solar heating and power, and wind
energy to satisfy needs for spaceconditioning, service water heating and
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
DesignGuidelines:
Assesstheprojectfornonpollutingandrenewableenergypotential
includingsolar,wind,geothermal,biomassandbiogasstrategiesall
of which can be implemented in Dubai. When applying these
strategies, take advantage of net metering with the local utility
(EA.C6).
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.4.6
RefrigerantManagement
Themostefficientwayofhandlingrefrigerantsistodesignandoperatethe
facilitywithoutmechanicalcoolingandrefrigerationequipment.Butinthe
hotandhumidclimateofUAEitbecomesessentialtocoolandcondition
air for healthy habitable human conditions in the summer months.
Refrigerantmanagementcanminimizenegativeimpactsofrefrigerantuse
on ozone depletion and global warming. For new buildings, specify new
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
HVAC equipment in the base building that avoids the use of CFCbased
refrigerantsasCFCcausesdepletionoftheOzonelayer.
UAE is a signatory of Montreal Protocol of 1987 which has resolved to
phase out substances that deplete the Ozone Layer in an international
treatydesignedtoprotecttheozonelayerbyphasingouttheproductionof
anumberofsubstancesbelievedtoberesponsibleforozonedepletion.The
thinningoftheozonelayerincreasestheamountofUVraysreachingthe
earth,whichcancausenumeroushealthproblems.
i.
DesignGuidelines:
(TakingguidiancefromLEEDEAcredit4)
Designbuildingsthatdonotrelyonchemicalrefrigerants.
Wheremechanicalcoolingisused,utilizebasebuildingHVACand
refrigeration systems for the refrigeration cycle that minimizes
direct impact on ozone depletion and global warming. Select
refrigerants with zero or low Ozone Depletion Potential and
minimaldirectGlobalWarmingPotential
AvoidCFCbasedRefrigerantsforequipment.
Employ natural refrigerants. Follow best practices for refrigerant
management and equipment maintenance. This can minimize the
lossofrefrigeranttotheatmosphere
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
APhaseoutplanforCFCbasedrefrigerantswithatimelineof5yrs
from completion of the project must be in place. Chilled water
systemsmustbeCFCfree.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.5
MATERIALS&RESOURCES
DubaiScenario
ItisrecognizedthatDubaiisfacingsignificantchallengesassociatedwith
waste generation and disposal. Construction and demolition waste
generatedinDubairegisteredarecord163%growthlastyearcomparedto
the previous year, according to the annual report of DM's Waste
Management Department, Dubai's vast number of building sites means
thatindustrialandconstructionwastehasgonefromthreemilliontonnes
in 2000 to 10.5 million tonnes in 2006. In 2007, a total of 27.7 million
tonnesofconstructionwastewereremovedfromthevariousconstruction
sites within the city(DM,2009). According to figures from DM,
constructionanddemolitionwasteaccountsfor75%ofallwasteproduced
inthecity,50%ofwhichcouldberecycled.Concreteaccountsfor70%of
all construction waste and can be reground and used as road and
construction base aggregate. The amount of waste generated on a daily
basisgreatlysurpassestheaveragewastegenerationofothercountries.
Dubai generates 10,000 tonnes of general waste per day. The volume of
domesticsolidwastegeneratedinDubairoseby13.7%in2007ascompared
to2006withatotalof3.34milliontonnes.Thetotalvolumeofliquidwaste
(mainlyconsistingofdrainagewatercarriedfromareasthatareconnected
tothesewagenetwork)was76,456tonnes.Ifthesegenerationratespersist
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
below.
Figure8.
DubaiWasteCharacterization(WSP,2009)
The market believes that the government needs to take action by putting
fundsintorecycling.Itisnotprofitabletorecycleunlessyougetsubsidies
from the government to do so. says a contractor in an weekly article
(Blackman,2009).Accordingly,anewAED66millionrecyclingplantisto
be set up in conjunction with DM. When operational, it will be able to
recycle 8.5 million tonnes of waste a year. DM recycles, by means of a
publicprivate joint venture initiated last year with Al Rostamani Group,
eightmilliontonnesofconstructionwasteattheEmiratesRecyclingPlant
locatedintheAlLusailyareaontheAlAinJebelAliRoad.Theremaining
wastegoestolandfill(WSP,2009).
DM's endeavours to recycle various types of waste are yielding positive
results.Eachyearthegapbetweentreatedandnontreatedwasteisbeing
reduceddespitethefactthatthetotalvolumeofwastegeneratedinthecity
is increasing drastically. Last year, DM treated over 31 million tonnes of
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
general solid waste, 83 million gallons of liquid waste, and 347 tonnes of
hazardouswaste(DM,2009).
In addition to the recycling plant for construction and demolition waste,
DMhasenteredintoseveralotherjointventureswithgroupslikeTadweer,
Zenath Group and Al Serkal Group to recycle domestic waste, medical
waste and waste edible oil. These joint ventures are currently run on a
BOOT(build,own,operateandtransfer)basis.Tadweer,oneofthebiggest
investment projects in the region, treats a total of 4000 tonnes of solid
wastedaily.AlSerkalGroup'sAED10mwastetreatmentfacilityinAlAwir
recycles waste edible oil from hotels, restaurants and food processing
factories.AhazardouswastelandfillrunbyDMexistsintheJebelAliFree
Zonetoacceptanyhazardouswastesproduced.
ThefollowingarethelandfillfacilitiesinDubai:
1. AlQusaisLandfill
2. AlWarsanLandfill
3. AlBayadaLandfill
4. AlLusaillyRecyclingCentre
5. JebelAliHazardousWasteLandfill
3.5.2
LegislationandGuidance
Thelaws,regulationsandspecificationswithregardstosolidwastewhich
applyintheEmirateofDubaiareasfollows:
ChapterTenofLocalOrderNo.11of2003titledPublicHealthand
Community Safety in the Emirate of Dubai refers to the Public
Health and Community Safety issues and requirements within the
EmirateofDubai.TheWasteServiceSectionofDubaiMunicipality
isresponsibleforenforcingtheaforementionedchapter.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
InformationBulletinonWasteOilCollectionandReuse.
AlongwiththeregulatoryguidelinesfromDM,LEEDconstructioncredits
for diverting waste from landfills, recycled content and the reuse of
materialsindesignshouldbeapplied.
3.5.3
DesignGuidelinesforwastedisposal
(FromLEEDMaterialandResourcesPrerequisite1)
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Researchlocalrecyclingprogramsforaparticularbuildinglocation.
Involve the local hauler who will provide waste management
services to the site while allocating space for centralized collection
point of recyclables. Decide whether it is comingled or a source
separationstrategy.Accordinglyallocatespace.
Activitiesthatcreateodours,noiseandaircontaminantsshouldbe
isolated or performed during nonoccupant hours to maintain
optimalindoorenvironmentalquality.
Asortingandstoragefacilityforrecyclablematerialsmustbemade
mandatorybyregulation.Occupantsofthebuildingmusthaveeasy
access to an area where recyclable waste can be deposited for
sorting, storage, transport and processing. Establish a project goal
for recycled content materials and identify material suppliers that
canachievethisgoal.
i.
UseofRecycledmaterialsindesign
Considerreuseofexisting,previouslyoccupiedbuildings,including
structure,envelope,andinteriornonstructuralelements.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Strategiesforprocuringmaterials
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
UAE has always sourced wood and timber from all over the world,
including Africa, Asia and America. With the boom in the construction
industryoverthelateyears,largequantitiesoftimberhavebeenimported
intothecountry.
Specifyincontractdocumentsthatwoodproductsshallcomefrom
forests that are certified as wellmanaged according to the rules of
FSCandrequireChainofcustodydocumentation(MR.C.7).
Tryusinglowergradesofwoodtoreducepressureonforests,grade
2or3forlumberorveneerratherthangrade1(MR.C.7).
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.6
AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT
3.6.1
Commonpollutants
EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke(ETS)ControlRequired
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
DesignGuidelines:
(FromLEEDEnvironmentalQualityPrerequisite2)
Prohibitsmokingincommercialbuildingsoreffectivelycontrolthe
ventilationairinsmokingrooms.
Forresidentialbuildings,prohibitsmokingincommonareas,design
building envelope and systems to minimize ETS transfer among
dwellingunits.
Locatedesignatedsmokingroomstoeffectivelycontain,captureand
remove ETS from the building. At a minimum, the smoking room
mustbedirectlyexhaustedtotheoutdoorswithnorecirculationof
ETScontaining air to the nonsmoking area of the building, and
enclosedwithimpermeabledecktodeckpartitions.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
With the doors to the smoking room with door closers, operate
exhaust sufficient to create a negative pressure with respect to the
adjacentspacesofatleastanaverageof5Paandwithaminimumof
1Pa(USGBC,2007).
3.6.3
ImprovedAirquality
Ventilationdesignguidelines:
Asupplyofoutdoorairmustbeprovidedtoeachparkinglevel.Itis
essentialtoventilateparkingtoensurehealthandsafetyofparking
facilityusers(EQ.C2).
COandCO2shouldbeconstantlymonitoredincarparks.CO2being
heavy,monitoringlocationsshallbebetween3feetand6feetabove
thefloor(EQ.C1).
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ForNaturallyventilatedSpaces,theCarbonTrustGoodPracticeGuide237
recommendsthefollowing
1. Developdesignrequirements,
2. Planairflowpaths,
3. Identify building uses and features that might require special
attention,
4. Determineventilationrequirements,
5. Estimateexternaldrivingpressures,
6. Selecttypesofventilationdevices,
7. Sizeventilationdevices,
8. Analyzethedesign.
For Mechanically ventilated Spaces: The HVAC design and sizing should
accountforincreasedventilationrates.Ventilationstrategyshouldinclude
1. Airflowpaths,
2. Airflow rates planned for different operational periods during the
dayandnight,
3. Peakinternaltemperature,
4. Meansofshadingforsummersolargains,
5. Openingsizeforoperablewindows,trickleventsandlouvers,
6. Drivingpressureshowingtheeffectsofbothwindandstackinduced
pressuredifferentials.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure9.
HVACstrategyselection(USGBC,2007)
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chemical storage and mixing area should also be located away from
occupant work areas. Maintain physical isolation from the rest of the
regularlyoccupiedareasofthebuilding(EQ.C5).
LowEmittingMaterials
IntheIndoorAirQualitymanagementplan,lowemittingmaterialsshould
be specified. Groundwork for baseline testing of materials and HVAC
system should occur during the design process, making sure that testing
requirements are included in the project specification. The availability of
lowemittingproductsinDubaiisgrowingrapidlyandlocalmanufacturers
andsuppliersarenowproducingandstockingsuchproducts.
ForcarpetsystemsselectproductsthatarecertifiedundertheGreen
LabelPlusprogram(EQ.C4.3).
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
i.
OccupantControls
DesignforThermalComfort:
Designthebuildingwithoccupantcontrolsforventilation.Allbuildingsin
the UAE have mechanical ventilation and air conditioning. The
opportunitytocombinebothmechanicalandnaturalventilationformany
months of the year must however not be ignored. The natural ventilation
will be sufficient in some buildings, like villas and apartments during the
months of October to March. This can help in energy savings and could
resulttobetterindoorairquality.Withamixedventilationsystem,natural
andmechanicalventilationcanbeutilizedatdifferenttimesoftheday,or
seasons of the year, to provide a comfortable living and working
environmentandsuitableindoorairquality.
Byprovidingopenablewindowsanddoorsinbuildings,theoccupantsare
able to exercise control over the indoors environment. There are
psychological and health benefits associated with naturally ventilating
spaces and people having more choice as to how they control their
environment.
Designbuildingenvelopeandsystemswiththecapabilitytodeliver
performanceintheextremetemperatureandhumidityofDubai.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Allowcomfortcontroladjustmentstosuitindividualneedsorthose
of groups in shared space. Integrate individual controls with
occupancy sensors. Design team should determine the level of
individualcontroldesired(EQ.C6.2).
Designforindividualadjustmentcontrolslikeindividualthermostat
controls,localdiffusersatfloor,deskoroverheadlevels,orcontrol
ofindividualradiantpanels(EQ.C7.1).
Theportionofthewindowthatcanbeopenedshouldbe4%ofthe
net occupiable area as prescribed by LEED. Windows must be
readilyaccessibletooccupants(EQ.C2).
Figure10.
AnnualWindRoseforDubai(Arup,2004)
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
A wind rose diagram for Dubai illustrates that the prevailing wind
conditions arise from the northwest and westnorthwest. These
windswhichblowinfromtheArabianGulfandarelikelytobringa
cooler breeze onto the land. Design to position windows and wind
catchers along these directions. Consider the possibility of cross
ventilationbetweenspaces.
Daylight&Views
While designing for maximum views and day lighting, designers must
evaluateandbalanceanumberofenvironmentalfactorssuchasheatgain
and loss, glare control, visual quality and variations in daylighting
availability.
i.
DubaiScenario:
The UAE lies at near equatorial latitude. Here the North sun is preferred
thanthesolarradiationonthesouth,westandtheeastasthesunappears
along them at higher polar angles (Arup, 2004). Direct solar radiation
through glazing substantially increases the cooling load of buildings.
Restrict the amount of glazing which faces the sun. This direction of
sunlight can be calculated with the help of a Sun Path Diagram and
sciographiescanbechartedouttohelporientbuildingdesign.InDubaithe
maximumimpactofthesunisonthoseportionsofabuildingwhichface
south,southwestandsoutheast.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ii.
DesignGuidelines:
(FromLEEDEQ.C8.1and8.2)
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Allexposedglazingsurfacesshouldbebackinginsulatedpanels.
The direct solar heat gain for windows on the north shall be
significantly lower and hence glazing should be predominantly
North oriented. The North light is also popularly used in
architecturaldesignforitspleasantquality,glarefree,readinglight.
Thebeststrategytoreduceheatloadistoprovideexternalshading
elementswhichrestricttheamountofsunlightpassingthroughthe
windows. The shading can be integrated parts of the building
structure or be elements which are fitted to the main structure. If
shading is used, it is most effective on the west and southfacing
walls(EQ.C7.1).
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.7
VERNACULARDESIGNFEATURES
Architectureinanysocietyconstitutesoneofthemostimportantandoften
one of the most enduring cultural artifacts (Velinga, 2005). Local
archeology, history, and people are the existing matrix forming the
foundationofnewagearchitecture.Inadditiontoillustratingthecultural
embodiment of architecture, vernacular architecture also focuses on
contemporaryissuessuchasurbanization,emergencyhousing,technology
transfer and resource management. Vernacular Architecture (1999) shows
that vernacular traditions are not anachronistic survivals of a vanishing
world, but are infact important to the future provisions of culturally
appropriate and sustainable architecture. Every culture, every civilization
has a fingerprint of those things that are unique to it and if one can take
things on, reinterpret them with contemporary building systems and
materials, we can refresh the genius of that place in the world (Anon,
2008).
There is a growing recognition that cultural issues need to be
acknowledgedforaprojecttobesuccessful.Thereisanincreasingneedfor
anthropological involvement in the design of sustainable architecture.
EffectivelywhatOlivercallsforisanapproachthatregardsthevernacular
as a locus of indigenous knowledge one that critically examines the
possibilities of implementing local vernacular knowhow in both a
developmentandmoderncontext.
Sustainableprinciplesseekbalancebetweenexistingculturalpatternswith
new development. Sustainability has often been an integral part of the
compositionofbothtangibleandintangibleculturalresources.Developing
an understanding of local culture and seeking their input in the
development processes can make the difference between acceptance and
failure. The book Homework(Khan,L. 2004) demonstrate the strength of
theneed,desireandcapacityofhumanbeingsallaroundtheworldtobein
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
SUSTAINABILITYANDCULTURALRESOURCES
Itisnotjustnostalgiathatdrawspeopletohistoricdevelopments.Muchof
what is valued in these developments is their response to the climate,
naturalsetting,andlocallyavailablebuildingmaterials.Theirusefulnessas
model for new buildings only adds to their value. Many preserved
buildings, districts, and landscapes consist of vernacular design
architecture without architects, built with onsite or locally available
materials.(Hart.1994)
Asymbioticrelationshipofhumanactivitieswithintheirhostenvironment
isevidentintheBastakiyasofDubainowpreservedastheculturalheritage
zone of the city. Natural sandstone, date palm leaves and local mud were
used to build and shelter communities from the harsh desert. Permanent
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
houses were made of stones or Guss (mud mixture made as blocks) and
covered with palm trees leaves (Mahgoub, 2009). Small courtyards
enhancingthestackeffects,commonmudwallstoreduceexposedsurface
areaofdwellingstothesun,windcatchersknownasAlBarjeel,intheform
ofornatetowerswithsmallopeningsinallfourdirectionsactingasarabair
conditioners, were all features of UAE architecture The occupants'
structuresweretheirdirectresponsetotheenvironment.Theybuiltthem
with what they had, and built them in such a way as to be cool in the
summer,easilywarmedinthewinter,andwithsmallopeningsthatcould
beblockedoverquicklyintheeventofasandstorm.
Figure11.
AlArish(Palmtreeleavesshelter)atDubaiMuseum(Mahgoub,2009).
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure12.
i.
AlBarjeelorAlKashteeltraditionalwindtowers(Mahgoub,2009).
DesignGuidelines:
Sustainable building decisions usually fall into one of these three basic
categories:
1.Materials&Equipment(specificationsandapplicationmethods)
2.Active/SystemsDesign(mechanical,electrical,plumbingsystems)
3.Passive/GeneralDesign(placement/orientationofbuildingandrooms)
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Thefocusonenvironmentaldesignhasbeenmarkedwiththerediscovery
and further development of many ancient skills and techniques.
Sustainable building can include a wide range of methods, materials, and
systems. Sustainable building has active and passive components.
Technology can lead us towards sustainability, but must be applied
cautiouslyasinsomeinstancesitcanendupdoingmoreharmthangood.
Adecisionnottousecertainhightechgadgetscanbeasimportantasthe
decision to use others. Apply strategies or measures that demonstrate a
comprehensive approach and quantifiable environment and health
benefits.Thiscouldbethemostessentialrequirementforthedevelopment
ofcontemporarysustainablearchitecture.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.8
Constructionphaserequirements
Guidelines:
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.9
ListofIndicators
DMregulations
Environmentandplanning
Climaticresponse
1.Developclimateresponsivebuilding
designs
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article26.andTheregulations,
codesofconduct&practicefor
theDubaidesertconservationreserve.
2.Understandmicroclimates.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.Usethermalmasstoimprove
comfortandefficiency.
AdministrativeResolutionN0302007,Article
63,whichinturnimplementsLocalOrder11
2003,Chapter9,Article54.
4.Selectspaceconditioningstrategies
5.Shadesouthfacingwindows
6.OrientbuildingdesignwithSunpath
Diagram
7.Alignshortersideofabuildingto
facenorth/south
SiteSelection
TechnicalGuideline(TG)No.53:Environmental
1.Developpreviouslydevelopedlandin
ImpactAssessmentReport&TGNo.56:
analreadydevelopedarea
EnvironmentalDevelopmentPlan.
2.Avoidsensitivelandtypes.
3.Provideshadedpedestrian&bicycle
accesstosurroundingareas.
4.DevelopBrownfields.
5.DevelopclosetoMasstransport.
BuildingFootprint
1.Designsmallfootprintsfor
buildings
2.Minimizedisruptionoftheeco
system
3.Buildindenseblocks
4.Shareamenitiesandspaceswith
neighbours.
DMLocalOrderNo.61of1991onThe
EnvironmentProtectionRegulationsintDubai
FederalLawNo.24/1999,PROTECTIONAND
DEVELOPMENTOFTHEENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTPROTECTION&SAFETY
SECTION,Number54,CleanupofContaminated
Land
DMTechnicalGuidelineNo4
5.Incorporatenaturalfeatures
existingonthesite
6.Providevegetatedopenfor
recreationalopportunities.
7.buildminimal/noadditional
infrastructuretosupportthebuilding
8.Designaccessibleopenspacesfor
recreationalactivities.
Parkingandtransportation
1.Performatransportationstudyof
futureoccupants
2.Reducesizeofparkinglots
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.Provideunderground/
multistory/deckparking
4.Providesecurebicyclestorage+
bicyclepath+showerareas.
DubaiBicycleMasterPlan(January,2008),Dubai
Roads&TransportAuthority(RTA)
5.Provideminimumrequiredparking
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article24,25and27.
6.Providepreferredparkingforlow
emissionvehicles
UAEFederalLawNo.25,1999.Article22for
specialneeds.
7.Provideinfrastructuretofacilitate
sharedvehicleusage
8.Buildrefuellingstationsforhybrid
cars
CoolRoofs
DMcircular1712009;LandscapingofRooftops
1.Providegreenroofswherepossible
andBuildingFacades,July09
2.Provideroofswithhigh
SRI/vegetation
3.CoverroofswithPVpanelsorsolar
watercollectors.
4.DesignasperDMCircular191
LightPollution
1.Avoidoffsitelightingandnightsky
pollution
2.Minimizesitelighting
3.Minimizearchitecturalandfeature
lighting
4.Selectlowintensityefficient
fixtures
5.Shieldfixtures,usedownlighting.
6.Preventinteriorlightspill
7.Installprogrammedlighting
controlpanels
LuxlevelsshouldmeettheCodeofConstruction
Safety,Practice,Section3.9.
8.Installoccupancysensors
BuildingorientationandLandscaping
1.Increaseshadecanopy
2.Plantnativeoradaptedplant
material.
TheComprehensiveGuidetotheWildFlowersof
theUnitedArabEmirates.MarijckeJonbloed,
ERWDA,AbuDhabi.2003.
3.Increasegreenareaonbuilding
sites
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
WaterEfficiency
Potablewater
1.Reducepotablewater
consumptionforirrigation.
2.Specifyhighefficiencyfixtures
3.Installoccupancysensors
4.Installmeteringcontrols
TGNo.57BundingofStorageTanksandTransfer
Facilities
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article28.
5.Capture/reusetreatedwaterfor
nonpotableuses.
CircularNo.93Ref:812/02/19931Rainwater
DrainageOrificesandNumber62,TheReuseand
IrrigationofWastewaterandSludge
Wastewaterreuse
1.Reducewastewatervolumes
generated.
TechnicalGuidelineNo.12Requirementsfor
GravityOilwaterSeparator
2.TreatwastewatertoDMtechnical
guideline62
StandardsforDisposalofWastewater
ExecutiveRegulationsofDMLocalOrderNo.
61/1991(Article19)
4.Collectcondensatewater
DS96DMSewerageandDrainageDesign
Criteria,DMbuildingregulationsAdministrative
resolutionNo.1252001,Article43,45,46
ManagementofLegionellainWaterSystemsand
IndustrialPlants,1994
5.Usealternativepermeable
surfaces
CircularNo.93Ref:812/02/19931Rainwater
DrainageOrifices
WaterEfficientLandscaping
1.Usecapturedwater/TSEfor
irrigation
2.Designlandscapewithindigenous
plants
CircularNo.77,ConcerningthePerennialTrees
withintheExistingPlotsofLandandFarms
3.Planwaterusezones&group
plantsaccordingly
DMCircularNo.77,ConcerningthePerennial
TreeswithintheExistingPlotsofLandandFarms
4.UsehighefficiencyIrrigation
equipment/climatebasedcontrollers.
3.Installdualplumbinglinesfor
wastewater
5.Minimizetheamountofland
coveredwithturf
6.Reduceimpervioussurfacesonthe
site
EnergyEfficiency
HVACrequirements:
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
1.DesignasperASHRAE90.1
2.Recoverwasteenergy
3.UseTSEforwatercooledHVACs.
4.Providevestibulesatbuilding
entrances
5.Insulatepipesandducts
6.Incorporatethermalbridges
7.Installmeteringcontrols
8.Connecttoadistrictcooling
system
9.Includethermalstoragesystems
atDistrictcoolingplants
Buildingenvelope
1.Useacomputersimulationmodel.
2.DesignBuildingenvelopewith
insulation
3.DesignUvaluerequiremts
accordingtoDMdecree66
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article50.NationalFireProtection
Association(NFPA)Standardsasapplicableforuse
inDubai.
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article28.
AdministrativeResolutionNo662003Approving
RegulationsontheTechnicalSpecificationsfor
ThermalInsulationSystemsandControlofEnergy
ConsumptionforAirConditionedBuildingsinthe
EmirateofDubai
4.Windowarea>50%ofthegross
wallarea.
5.Skylightarea>5%ofthegross
floorarea.
Onsiterenewableenergy
1.Designforuseof35%renewable
energy
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article26.
2.Useonsiterenewableenergy
3.Engageinagreenpowercontract
4.Exteriorlightingpoweredthrough
renewableelectricity
5.InstallSolarHotWatersystems
RefrigerantManagement:
1.Avoid/PhaseouttheuseofCFC
basedrefrigerants
TechnicalGuidelineNo.55,ReplacementofCFCs
inDegreasingandCleaning
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.SelectrefrigerantswithlowODP
DMCircularNo.1082001,Concerningthe
SpecialProtocolControlProceduresofOzone
DepletingSubstances;DubaiMunicipality
TechnicalGuidelineNumber58Policyforthe
ControlofOzoneDepletingSubstances
3.Useequipmentwithincreased
equipmentlife.
4.Firesuppressionsystemsshould
notcontainHalons.
MATERIALS&RESOURCES
MaterialProcurement:
1.Uselocallysourcedmaterials
2.Userapidlyrenewablematerials
3.UseFSCcertifiedwoodproducts
4.Specifytheaboveincontract
documents
5.Usageoflowerwoodgrades.
WasteDisposal:
1.Provideforsegregatedwaste
disposal
Newrubbishcollectionsysteminvolving
undergroundcontainers
2.Locatecentralcollectionand
storagearea
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article28.
3.Providesortingandstoragefacility
forrecyclablematerials
DubaiMunicipalityBuildingRegulations
AdministrativeResolution1252001
4.Incorporatesalvagedmaterials
intobuildingdesign
5.Involvelocalhaulertoprovide
wastemanagementservices
6.Designforfrontloaderbinanda
rampuptorecyclingarea
ENVIRONMENTPROTECTION&SAFETYSECTION,
WasteMinimization.TechnicalguidelineNo.
28/2000
7.Hazardouswastedisposalpermitsas
perDM
DubaiMunicipalityTechnicalGuidelineNumber
26RequirementsandProceduresfortheDisposal
ofHazardousWastes,January2005Revision.
AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT
TobaccoSmokemanagement
1.Prohibitsmokinginthebuilding
DMInformationBulletin,EnvironmentalStandards
andAllowableLimitsofPollutantsonLand,Water,
andAirEnvironment.May2003
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.Forsmokingrooms,obtainpermit
allowingsmoking
DubaiMunicipalityLocalOrderNo112003and
AdministrativeResolutionNo922009
RegulatingSmokinginPublicPlaces
3.DesignasperDMResolutionNo92
2009
4.Exteriorsmokingareasatleast25
feetawayfromentries/airintakes/
windows
5.Smokingroommustbedirectly
exhaustedtotheoutdoors
6.Provideimpermeablepartitionsto
smokerooms
7.Designforanegativepressure
withDoorclosers
ImprovedAirquality
2.Providenaturallycrossventilating
spaces
TGNo.29RequirementsfortheDischargeof
WasteGases,Fumes,andDuststothe
Atmosphere
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article12,13and14.
3.Installpermanentairmonitoring
systems
DMAdministrativeResolution302007,relative
toImplementationofLocalOrder112003
4.Supplyoutdoorairtoparking
levels
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article63
1.DesignsystemstomeetASHRAE
Standard62.12004
5.InstallCO2&COmonitoringat36
feetAFFLinparking.
6.Installhighlevelfiltrationsystems
inAHUs
7.Installpermanentarchitectural
entrywaysystems
8.Dedicateexhaustsystemsforprint
&faxrooms
9.Maintainnegativepressurein
roomswithchemicals.
10.Dedicateexhaustsystemsfor
cleaning&maintenanceareas
11.Isolatechemicalstorageandmixing TechnicalGuidelineNo.57BundingofStorage
area
TanksandTransferFacilities
LowEmittingMaterials:
1.SpecifylowVOCmaterialsin
design
TGNo.48SafetyinHandlingAsbestos
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
2.SelectcertifiedGreenLabelPlus
programcarpetsystems
DMS20:2005SpecificationforPaintsand
Varnishes
3.Specifyassemblieswithnoadded
ureaformaldehyderesins
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article63.
4.Specifytestingintheproject
specification.
OccupantControls:
1.Provideforcombinationof
mechanicalandnaturalventilation
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article12,13and14.
2.DesignHVACsystemsaccordingto
ASHRAE552004
3.Integrateindividualcontrols
4.Provideforoccupancysensors
5.Openablewindowsconstitute4%
ofoccupiablearea
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article15.
6.positionwindows/windcatchers
alongNW&WNWdirections
Daylight&Views:
1.Restrictglazingwhichfacesthe
south
2.Useexternalshadingdevicesto
reduceglare&heat
DMbuildingregulationsAdministrativeresolution
No.1252001,Article26.
3.Providemin2%glazinginall
regularlyoccupiedareas
4.Addinteriorblinds,louvers,light
shelvesetc
5.Usehighperformancesolarcontrol
glazing
6.ProvidePhotoresponsivecontrols
forelectriclighting
VERNACULARDESIGNFEATURES
1.Designtotakeadvantageof
existingnaturalresources.
2.Designexteriorswithlightcolours
withhighSRI
3.Promoteuseofcourtyards
4.Providewindcatcherswithfilters.
5.Includemaintainedwaterfeatures
indesign
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Constructionrequirements
1.CreateanErosionand
Sedimentationcontrolplan
DubaiMunicipalityTechnicalGuidelines29and48.
DubaiMunicipalityBuildingDepartmentscircular
papersforconstructionanddemolitionactivitiesC
77,C89,C108,C117,C139,C154,C158,C161;
andDubaiMunicipalitysBuildingDepartments
2008CodeofConstructionsSafetyPractice.
2.Designate3rdpartycommissioning
forallsystems
3.Evaluateenergysystem
performancethroughM&VPlan
4.ProtecttheHVACthroughIAQ
managementplanduringconstruction
5.Sequencetheinstallationof
materialstoavoidcontamination
6.Depressurizeconstructionwork
area
DustSupressiontechniquesasperUAEFederal
Law241999,Article52andDMCodeof
ConstructionSafetyPracticeSection3.12.
7.Performabuildingflushoutof
HVACpreoccupancy
DubaiMunicipalityInformationBulletin,
EnvironmentalStandardsandAllowableLimitsof
PollutantsonLand,Water,andAirEnvironment.
May2003.
ForallstandardsnotmentionedbyDM,BritishstandardsorASHRAEstandards
areadheredto.
Refer to Circular No. 1612008, Concerning the Implementation of Green
Building Standards in Dubai for an insight on the overall green building
guidelineannouncedtocome.
Further to the guidelines suggested above, the process of design is
inherently creative. So is the process of sustainable buildings. Creativity
and thoughtful green intent could lead to various expressions of
sustainable architecture. Hence more than the need of applying any
guidelinetogreendesign,acreativethoughtprocesscouldleadtovarious
sustainable innovative solutions which would be apt to the conditions of
the building setting. Thereby encourage creativity thinking in
sustainability!
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter4: RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
4.1
Introduction
The previous chapter gives an overview of the intent of this thesis along
with its aims and objectives. This chapter details the appropriate
techniquesitcanadopttoachievetheseobjectives.
4.2
ResearchMethodology,ApproachandStrategy
i.
Methodology
FromthethreedifferentwaysmentionedbyYin(2003)ofthemethodology
for research, the approach adopted for this study is that as being
descriptive as well as exploratory. Descriptive research explains empirical
generalization (Yin, 2003) based on existing theories and hypothesis.
Exploratoryresearchisoneinwhichaproblemisdifficulttolimitcoupled
with little or restricted research available on the topic.(Chaudhry, 2007
citesErikssonetal,1997)
Inordertogainadeeperknowledgeofgreenprinciplesanditsinfluenceon
the design process in the construction industry of Dubai various
sustainabledesignmeasuresareexplored.DescriptionoftheDubaiclimate
and conditions along with the conventional construction habits are
documented. The issue of sustainability and governmental commitment
arereviewed.Regionalinfluencesandtheoriesshowingtheeffectivenessof
vernacular architecture as sustainable design prototypes are examined.
Hence the study is largely descriptive. However, as the study is being
carried out in a region and industry, new to sustainability ideas it can be
considered as exploratory as well. Thus the methodology utilized for this
researchisdescriptivecumexploratory.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ii.
ResearchApproach:
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
4.3
EvaluationofliteratureforGreendesign
Thefirststepinvolvescollectionofaknowledgebankforgreenrules.The
mostpopular,amongstthevariouspreexistingmodelsofgreendesignare
evaluated and explained. Extensive data collection from green design
guides used world over, primarily focusing on the study of the design
submittalsfromtheLEEDsystemiscarriedout,asinChapter3;Studyof
planning methods; as this forms the basis of the forthcoming green
regulationsinDubai.Thepurposeofthisistoprepareadatabaseofallthe
populartechniquesusedworldoverwhileacquaintingtheresearcherwith
acceptedpractices.
Atparallel,thestudyofthesystemsandproceduresrelatingtothebuilding
industry in Dubai are gathared. Applicable regulations, government
requirementsandpublicandprivatesocialgreeninitiativesaretakeninto
accountandarchived.Theexistinginfrastructureandregulationsavailable
tosupportitsapplicabilityareresearchedastheyformanessentialpartin
thesuccessofthegreenprinciple.Thisisstudiedinconjunctionwiththe
prescribedgreenregulationstoexaminetheirinfluenceovereachotheror
thelackofit.
These existing systems are combined in a way that matches the research
objectives and a new model is developed. This new set of parameters are
used to evaluate the case studies, questioning the usability, influence on
the design process and the difficulties associated with its implementation
inDubai.Casestudiesareanalyzedinanattempttocrossverifythedesign
and implementation of shortlisted principles; learn different green
strategiesundertakeninliveprojects,understanditsimpactonthedesign
alongwiththemethodofincorporatingthesegreenelements.Discussions
and interviews with the design consultants of these buildings give further
insightintotheuniqueissuesassociated,specificallywiththisregion.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
4.4
Tacitknowledge/Individualtoindividual
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
information
acquisition,
its
retention
and
retrieval
4.5
ActionorientedResearch/Directobservation
Thebestwaytogetafirsthandimpressionoftheincomingchangesisto
be an involved spectator of the industry employing direct observation
technique. As Yin(2003) notes, direct observation technique provides
evidencethatiscontemporarybasedontheobservationsoftheresearcher
andhenceisoneofthestrengthsofthecasestudyapproach.
Being an architect and working in a worldclass consultancy practicing
responsible design the researcher is actually in the midst of the design
change process performing action research; therefore direct observation
forms an important part of the data gathering process. Action research
studies the system in its environment and surrounding circumstances
along with getting involved with the members of the system to change it
towards a desirable direction through active collaboration of both the
researcherandtheclient.Hencecolearningisafeatureoftheprocess(Al
Hammadi cites Gilmore et al. 1986). . Having the opportunity of being
involved in green design workshops, having undertaken a certification
course in the LEED rating system, and being the regulatory authority
liaising engineer for the consultancy employed with, the researcher has
ampleopportunitiesforinteractionwiththesystemandmakeshimagood
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
4.6
Interviews
Dialoguesintheformoffacetofacecommunicationbetweenpersonsisa
processinwhichonebuildsconceptsincooperationwithothers.(Nonaka
1994). Research advocates interviews where textual depth and insight is
required(ONS,2005;May2001).Interviewsyieldrichinsightintopeoples
experiences,opinions.(Lilleker,2003).
Further, given the infantile nature ofgreen technology in the Middle east
and the indepth insight required for the analysis, it is essential that the
interviewbeconductedwithindividualspossessingdetailedknowledgeof
the project , with involvement throughout the design process of a green
building in Dubai and encompassing proper authority to justify the
applicationofacertaindesigndecisionandensuingprocedures.
Interviewsshouldprovideaholisticviewoftheentireprocesswithproper
insights,hencetheresearchershoulddeliberatelyseekoutindividualswho
fitthebill(Jick,1979).LeadprojectArchitect,ConsultantProjectManager,
Cladding Engineerandengineersfromregulatoryauthoritieswerechosen
asasourceinformationbasedontheirinvolvementindecisionmakingand
yearsofexperienceintheregion.Semistructuredinformalinterviewswas
adoptedasamethodofcollectingdatafromtheseindividuals.AlHammadi
(2009) notes that the use of informal interview is preferred in the UAE
culture where socialization is considered more appropriate than rigid
formal interviews. Semi structured interviews are flexible allowing the
interviewertocoverthepredefinedchecklistoftopicsandinteractwiththe
interviewee by formulating ad hoc questions to obtain the desired
information. (AlHammadi, 2009). Hence, the interviews questions are
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
4.7
Datacollection/Documents:
4.7.1
Informationsourcing
WebsitesandCirculars
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
DubaiMunicipalitycircularsreleasesformsanintegralpartoftheresearch
as these have direct impact on the sequence of activities carried out in a
project. These study of these circulars has an impact on when and how
these activities are to be undertaken, modifications to building
specifications and hence goes forth to shape design decisions and
procedures.
4.7.3
LocalMedia
Media accounts have been gathered for the purpose of this research from
industryrelatedpublications.Thisprovidedthelatestmarketinformation
on the topic along with industry attitude, reaction and responses to the
subject.Anattempthasbeenmadetorestricttheinformationcollectedto
twowellknownregionalpublicationsandtwowellrespectedEnglishdaily
newspapers.Informationhasbeengatheredfromthefollowing:
ITPsArchitectmagazine,
Canbeaccessedonlineat:
ITPsConstructionWeekbiweekly.
Canbeaccessedonlineat:
GulfNewsadailynewspaper
Canbeaccessedonlineat:www.gulfnews.com
KhaleejTimes:
Canbeaccessedonlineat:www.khaleejtimes.com
Hence,therationalebehindtherequirement,impactofcontextualfactors,
the implementation procedures followed, the new process followed are
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
111
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter5: CASESTUDIES
Casestudiesarecarriedoutinanattempttounderstandtheapplicationof
thereviewedsustainabilityelementsinprojectdesignandexecution.Vast
amountof informationandprojectmanagementtechniquescanbelearnt
from the practical experience gathered in case studies. Similarly, the
following case studies aims to understand green design principles better
andshowcasesvariouswaystoexecutethem.Thesecasestudieshavebeen
collectedbythesimpletechniqueofsitevisits,datacollectionfromdesign
reports and oneone interviews with design consultants of the project.
Anonymity has been maintained on the request of the consultants and
client.
5.1
CaseStudyI:BeachResort
5.1.1
Introduction
Thiscasestudyhasbeenpreparedinrelationtoaproposedfivestarluxury
beachresortinDubai.TheresortwillbelocatedinthedistrictofJumeirah
and the site is surrounded predominantly by residential houses and small
businesses. It is proposed to be a LEED accredited building and is still in
the construction documentation stage. The Project will comprise both
hospitalityandcommercialfacilitiesincludingthefollowinguses:
Guestaccommodation;
Spa,fitness,andrecreationfacilities;
Retailshops;
Foodandbeveragefacilities;and
Administrativespace.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ImportanceofSustainability
ImportantOfSustainableDesignelementsinthisproject:
Theinclusionofsustainabledesignelementsisconsideredtobeoneofthe
drivingforcesoftheProjectinabidtominimizepotentialenvironmental
impacts and in lieu of the energy conscious market. A balance between
economic,humanandenvironmentalimplicationsofthedevelopmentare
soughttoensurethattheproposeddevelopmentadherestotheprinciples
of sustainable development. The sustainability component of the Project
will have the greatest potential to positively impact on the baseline
environmentalconditions.
ii.
Sustainabilityatdesignstage:
Thesustainabilitygoalsfortheprojectarebeingintegratedintothedesign
asopposedtobeingaseparatesectorofthedevelopmentasitisessential
that the design of green elements is an integrated process. An integrated
design approach is utilised and the project is being guided by a LEED
AccreditedProfessional(AP).Sustainabledesignoptionsfortheprojectare
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Additionalactivitiesundertakentoincorporatesustainability:
Verificationoflistofgreenelements
Requirement
Provided
Remarks
Environmentandplanning
Climaticresponse
Not possible due to commercial
1. Develop climate responsive
restriants. Features included to utilise
buildingdesigns
positiveclimaticimpact
Created with water bodies and
2.Creationofmicroclimates.
vegetation
3. Use thermal mass to improve
comfortandefficiency.
4. Select spaceconditioning
Mechanicallyconditionedspaces
strategies
5.Shadesouthfacingwindows
6. Orient building design with
SunpathDiagram
7.Alignshortersideofabuilding
tofacenorth/south
Withtrellisesandplanting
Site restrictions due to privacy issues
relatedtoAdjoiningLadiesClubplot
SiteSelection
Hoteldevelopmentpreviously
2.Avoidsensitivelandtypes.
BuiltonexistingMarineflauraandfona
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
4.DevelopmentofaBrownfield.
NA
transport.
BuildingFootprint
1. Design small footprints for
Sprawl structure due to nature of
buildings
commercialusage.
2. Minimize disruption of the
Building of Breakwater restaurant
ecosystem
affectingflauraandfona
3.Buildindenseblocks
4. Share amenities and spaces
withneighbours.
Buildingsscatteredalloversite.
Natureofcommercialusgaerequireall
amenities within plot for security
reasons.
Beachfront,.
Existing
vegetation
reutilised
frequentgreenreliefprovidedbetween
buildingmassesasinteractivespaces.
existingonthesite
6. Design accessible green
spacesforrecreationalactivities.
7. Build minimal/no additional
As it is a reused plot infrastructur
infrastructure to support the
alreadyexists.
building
Parkingandtransportation
1. Design to accomodate
Public bus, metro, tram route and
transportation requirements of
vehicular traffic studied and designed
futureoccupants
accordingly.
2.Reducesizeofparkinglots
AsperDMstandards.
3. Provide underground/
multistory/deckparking
4. Provide secure bicycle
storage + bicycle path + shower
areas.
5. Provide minimum required
parking
6.Providepreferredparkingfor
lowemissionvehicles
7. Provide infrastructure to
facilitatesharedvehicleusage
Provisions
provided.
Provided
for
additional
Parking
CoolRoofs
40%greenroofprovided.
Reflectiveceramictilingproposed
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
orsolarwatercollectors.
LightPollution
1. Avoid offsite lighting and
Prevented
nightskypollution
Lighting required as architectural
2.Minimizesitelighting
connectionsandidentifypathways.
Architectural lighting along road
3. Minimize architectural and
elevation and for beach side
featurelighting
recognitionfromthesea.
4. Select low intensity efficient
Specified
fixtures
5. Shield fixtures, use
Downlightingused.
downlighting.
Opennatureofrestaurant,preventthis
6.Preventinteriorlightspill
designaspect.
7. Install programmed lighting
controlpanels
8.Installoccupancysensors
BuildingorientationandLandscaping
Undulatingroofacrossmainbuildingto
promote shading. Overhangs and
1.Increaseshadecanopy
material.
relocationofexistingvegetation.
Resort ambience premeditates the use
3.ReduceuseofTurfgrass
ofvegetation.
4. Increase green area on
Changedtoxeroscapeandrockscape.
buildingsites
WaterEfficiency
Potablewater
1. Reduce potable water
consumptionforirrigation.
2. Specify highefficiency
fixtures
OnlyTSEused
3.Installoccupancysensors
4.Installmeteringcontrols
5.Capture/reusetreatedwater
fornonpotableuses.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Wastewaterreuse
WaterEfficientLandscaping
1. Use captured water/TSE for
irrigation
2. Design landscape with
indigenousplants
3. Plan water use zones &
Vegetationisindiscontinuouszones.
groupplantsaccordingly
4. Use highefficiency Irrigation
equipment
/climatebased
controllers.
5.Minimizetheamountofland
coveredwithturf
6. Reduce impervious surfaces
onthesite
7. Use alternative permeable
Permeablepaversused.
surfacesfdorgroundwater
EnergyEfficiency
HVACrequirements:
5.Insulatepipesandducts
PlantroomwithAHUprovided.
NA
1.DesignasperASHRAE90.1
2.Recoverwasteenergy
6.Incorporatethermalbridges
7.Installmeteringcontrols
8. Connect to a district cooling
system
9. Include thermal storage
systemsatDistrictcoolingplants
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Buildingenvelope
Onsiterenewableenergy
1. Design for use of 35%
PVcellsusedforsolarwaterheating
renewableenergy
2. Use onsite renewable
Notfeasibleaslargeinvestmentagainst
energy
smalloutput
3. Engage in a green power
Notavailablecurrentlyintheregion
contract
4. Exterior lighting powered
throughrenewableelectricity
5. Install Solar Hot Water
systems
RefrigerantManagement:
1. Avoid/Phase out the use of
CFCbasedrefrigerants
2. Select refrigerants with low
ODP
3. Use equipment with
increasedequipmentlife.
4. Fire suppression systems
shouldnotcontainHalons.
MATERIALS&RESOURCES
MaterialProcurement:
Prescribed where ever possible.
Exclusivefinishesarerequiredbyclient
1. Use locally sourced
materials
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
4.Specifytheaboveincontract
documents
Specified
5.Usageoflowerwoodgrades.
WasteDisposal:
1.Provideforsegregatedwaste
disposal
2.Locatecentralcollectionand
storagearea
3. Provide sorting and storage
facilityforrecyclablematerials
Segregationsupportedatprimarylevel.
SupportedbyTRASHCO
4.
Incorporate
salvaged
materialsintobuildingdesign
Fromprevioushotel,goodqualitywood
work like doors, frameworks, features
andscrapmetalarebeingreused
5.DesignGarbageroomsasper
DMArticle51and52/2001
6. Involve local hauler to
provide waste management
services
7. Design for front loader bin
andarampuptorecyclingarea
Incorporated
TRASHCO
(Garbage
collection
company)toadviseondesign.
Provided
AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT
TobaccoSmokemanagement
1. Prohibit smoking in the
building
Dedicatedexhaustductingprovided.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ImprovedAirquality
1. Design systems to meet
ASHRAEStandard62.12004
2. Provide naturally cross
ventilatingspaces
3. Install permanent air
monitoringsystems
4.Supplyoutdoorairtoparking
levels
5. Install CO2 & CO monitoring
at36feetAFFLinparking.
ProvidedinVillas,notinmainbuilding.
Incarparks.Smokedetectorsprovided
elsewhere.
Fresh air vents provided to basement
carparks.
Installed
Equipmentwithhighlevelsoffiltration
installed.
Regular
maintenance
specified.
7.
Install
permanent
architecturalentrywaysystems
8.Dedicateexhaustsystemsfor
print&faxrooms
9. Maintain negative pressure
inroomswithchemicals.
10.Dedicateexhaustsystemsfor
cleaning&maintenanceareas
11. Isolate chemical storage and
mixingarea
Beingconsidered
NA
Dedicated ducting provided with fresh
airsupplyvents.
NA
LowEmittingMaterials:
1.SpecifylowVOCmaterialsin
design
2. Select certified Green Label
Plusprogramcarpetsystems
3. Specify assemblies with no
addedureaformaldehyderesins
Unavailabilityofsuppliers.
4.Specifytestingintheproject
specification.
OccupantControls:
1. Provide for combination of
Villaswithopenablewindows
mechanical
and
natural
ventilation
2. Design HVAC systems
accordingtoASHRAE552004
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
3.Integrateindividualcontrols
Dependentonbuildingorientation.
Daylight&Views:
Any glazing along South are shaded
withScreensorplantedtrellises.
Wood finish photo sensitive louvers
androllupblindsprovided.
More than 10% provided to enhance
connectiontothebeachfront.
Curtains provided as an interior
feature.
controlglazing
6. Provide Photo responsive
controlsforelectriclighting
VERNACULARDESIGNFEATURES
1. Design to take advantage of
Beachfrontmaximized.
existingnaturalresources.
2. Design exteriors with light
Beigeandwoodworksasexteriorswith
colourswithhighSRI
naturalcoloursandfinishes.
Courtyards created between villas to
3.Promoteuseofcourtyards
promoteairmovement.
4. Provide wind catchers with
filters.
5. Include maintained water
Intermittent water features and
featuresindesign
landscapeasrelief.
Constructionrequirements
Contractorshallprepare andsubmitto
consultantforapproval.
Donebyconsultant.
Partofcommissioning.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Constructionphasestrategydocuments
lists and details specifications for
procedures and requirements of
installation.
6. Depressurize construction
workarea
Essentialtoaluxuryresortsetup.Flush
out and Commissioning beings much
priortohandover.
5.1.4
i.
Analysisofsustainabledesignelementsincorporated
WaterUsage:
During the operational phase of the project, the requirement for potable
water will be high. According to the estimates of standard unit
consumption rates within the DEWA Guidelines for New Development
Programs,theaveragepercapitapotablewaterdemandforhotelroomsis
400litrespercapitaperday.Thisrateissignificantlyhigherthanforother
land use types estimated. The standard potable water demand for the
project, which includes the requirements for the water features proposed
withintheProjectSite,iscalculatedtobeapproximately220m3/day.
The development will also have a relatively high water usage due to the
requirements for irrigation of landscaped areas. Improved resource
efficiency,wastewaterreuseandresourcereplenishmentwillallbepossible
throughtheuseofthetreatedsewageeffluentfromDM.
A mains water tank capable of storing a 24 hour supply of water will be
required within the project site in order to store the water provided by
DEWA.Suitabledrainagenetworksandstormwaterdrainsexistwithinthe
Project Site and an irrigation network will serve to distribute TSE to
landscapedareasoftheProjectSite.
ThefollowingarepredictedfortheProject:
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Potablewater:220m3/day;and
Fouldischarge:19l/secpeakflow.
PotableWater
The potable water demands of the Project will be high given the luxury
nature of the proposed facility, which have a higher water consumption
comparedtootherfacilities,andtheproposedexternalwaterfeaturesand
other features such as swimming pools. Mitigation measures such as the
incorporation of water savingtechnologieswithin thebuilding design has
beenconsidered.
PotablewatersupplyfortheprojectsitewillbeprovidedbyDEWAviathe
mains water supply, which connects into the site in the north eastern
corner and comprises a mains water supply, sewerage and treated sewage
effluent(TSE)supply.
IrrigationWaterTSE
TheProjectwillhavearelativelyhighwaterusageduetotherequirements
for irrigation of landscaped areas. Demand for landscape irrigation water
will be determined by the various land uses and areas of landscaping, as
well as the various types of planting to be used which comprise various
ornamentalplantspeciesaswellasgrass,groundcover,shrubs,treesand
palms
Nevertheless,thesourceofirrigationwaterwillbeTSE(TreatedSewerage
Effluent)fromtheexistingDMnetwork.Thebenefittotheenvironmentis
thattheseeffluentsaredirectedawayfromthecoastalenvironment.Such
schemes therefore are able to make a significant contribution to the
sustainabledevelopmentofDubaiandthewiderregion.
The irrigation network will serve to distribute TSE to fulfill the irrigation
demand requirements of the landscaped areas. The network shall have a
designatedstoragetankandpumproom.Thesystemwillcomplywiththe
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Subsurfacedripfeedpipingshouldbeusedinpreferencetoabove
groundspraysystems;
Landscapeplantingshallbedensetoreduceevaporationlossesfrom
thesoilsurfaceorcoveredwithloosebarkorgravels;and
Nativedesertadaptedxerophyticplantsshallbeincorporatedwithin
the landscaping plan, which will minimize water requirements for
irrigationpurposes.
TSEandsludgeusedforthelandscapingwillmeetsafetystandards
givenbytheauthoritiesasaminimum.
WasteWater
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
potable water and would also avoid the need to transport water to the
Project Site, which would potentially result in greater impacts upon the
localtransportnetworkandincreasecosts.
StormwaterDischarge
Itisproposedthatstormwaterwillbedealtwithinthreeways.Firstly,the
twomainbuildingsareproposedtodischargethestormwaterdrainageto
the DM storm water network. The peak run off rate would be 90 l/s in
accordancewiththeDMdesigncriteriabasedona5yearreturnperiod.
Stormwaterdrainagefromthevillaroofswouldbecollectedbyrainwater
pipes and connected to a private underground drainage system before
discharging to a permeable block paving system aggregate sub base. The
depth of the sub base would be designed to provide attenuation
requirements for both the roofs and hard landscaped areas. It is also
proposedtouseapermeableblockpavingsystemapprovedfortheexternal
hardlandscapedareasandforthevehicularaccessroads.Thedepthofthe
aggregatesubbasewouldbesubjecttoattenuationrequirementsbasedon
thevolumeofrainfallandtherateofsoakageoftheunderlyingsand.Itis
advisedthatthepermeableblockpavingsystemwouldprovidescreeningof
contaminatesfromvehicularoverrun.Alternativelyscreeningfortheaccess
roadscouldbeprovidedbytheuseofinterceptors.
The proposed storm water infrastructure would be a combination of pipe
orboxculvertsfortheroadsandcarparks.
For the builtup areas along the road and car parks, a soakaway drainage
system will be used in line with the principles of Sustainable Drainage
Systems(SUDS)design.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure13.
PermeableBlockPavingSystem(WSP,2009)
Forthelowerbeachlevelvillasitisproposedtodischargethestormwater
viaasoakawaywhichdrainsdirectlytothebeach.Stormwaterrunofffrom
villas situated near to the beach will be collected and discharged to a
soakawayonthebeachitself.Thiswillhavenegligiblesignificanceasthere
will be few sources of potential contamination and such events would
occuronlyrarely.
In this way, the Project incorporates the principles of Sustainable Urban
Drainage Systems (SUDS) while taking measures not to significantly
increasetheloadontheexistingstormwaterfacilitieswithinDubai.
DesignMeasuresimplementedtoreducewaterusage:
PotableWaterUseandWasteWaterGeneration
Sustainability measures is implemented within the design of the Project,
including sustainable practices and technologies aimed at water saving
(suchaswatersavingdevicesinthetoilets,showersandtaps),andreuse
(such as the utilisation of grey water for irrigation or other nonpotable
processes)includingthefollowing:
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
In areas where water has a low carbonate content, spray taps and
aerationincreasesefficiencytoapproximately65%.
Inpublicareassuchasrestaurants,barsandcafs,sustainabletoilets
canachieveverysignificantreductionsinwateruse.Essentiallythe
cistern only flushes when it has recorded a specified number of
urinalvisits.Ifthesystemisnotusedforanumberofhoursthena
hygieneflushwilloccurtopacifyodourproblems.Waterlessurinals
are developing in terms of their popularity although some designs
suffer from design deficiencies resulting in increased maintenance
andodourissues.
Cisternvolumesarenotrequiredtoexceed6litresformechanicalor
hygienicpurposes.Modernsanitarywaremayrequireretrofittingof
cisterndamsorvolumereducingdevicestoachieveasimilarresult.
Typical efficiencies can reach 16% when coupled with dual flush
toilets which have an optional 4 and 6 litre flush volume. In
addition, urinal cisterns should serve more than one urinal unit
whereapplicable.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Thewaterdistributionnetworkaredesignedsuchthatfuturewater
connectivityofgreywaterrecyclingsystemscouldbeadopted.
Ifthemitigationmeasuressetoutaboveareimplemented,itwouldreduce
theresidualimpactsoftheProjectuponpotablewatersuppliesandcentral
wastewatertreatmentfacilitiestonegligible.
ii.
Landscaping:
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure14.
RetainedLandscapingTreesandPlants
Figure15.
Translocationofexistinglandscapingtrees;B.IrrigatedonsitePalmnursery;C.
ShrubsandplantswithinthePalmnursery.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
treesandshrubstothetemporarypalmnurseryreadyforthefutureusehas
ensured the survival and continuation of mature vegetation which would
have taken many years to achieve had the vegetation been lost and new
plantingdominatedtheprojectsite.
Theapplicationoffertiliserstolandscapedareashasthepotentialtoenter
themarineenvironment,particularlythroughleaching,whichcanresultin
waterqualityissuesthroughlocalizedeutrophication.Inordertoprevent
contaminationtothemarineenvironmenttheapplicationoffertilizersand
pesticides shall be kept to a minimum to prevent the build up of excess
chemicalsinthesoilsandsubsequentleachingtothemarineenvironment.
It has also been proven that the use of organic rather than chemical
fertiliserssignificantlyreducestheeffectsofnitrateleachingfromsoils.
The inclusion of native, desert adapted plants considered within the
landscapedareascouldincludethefollowingspecies:
PortaluucaorCrassula:theseplantsarealsoveryhardyandareboth
xerophyticsucculents;and
Wedeliawhichiseasytomaintainandrequiresrelativelylittlewater.
iii.
SolidWasteManagement:
WasteManagementStrategy
AWasteManagementStrategy(WMS)hasbeendevelopedfortheProject,
which aims to facilitate the implementation of waste minimization,
segregation and recycling methods. The WMS considers the key issues
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
associatedwiththesustainablemanagementofwasteproducedaspartof
theproject,withparticularreferencetoidentifying:
Reduction,reuse,recyclingandrecoveryofoperationalwastes;
Therequirementforaflexiblewastemitigationstrategythatmeets
DMrequirements;
Astrategythatcanadapttofuturerecyclingmarketsandlegislative
changes.
Daily waste generation estimates are provided which reveal that the total
waste generation per day, by all components of the development, is
estimatedtobe3,274kg.
Figure16.
EstimatedProjectWasteComposition(WSP,2009)
MitigationMeasures
Sufficient recycling bins shall be provided all around the site to
encouragesegregationatsourceofrecyclablewaste.Thecontentsof
thesebinswillberegularlyremovedtoacentrallycontrolledwaste
facilityonsite.
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Disposalofhazardousandnonhazardouswastes
If asbestos is found within the Project Site the correct handling and
disposal of this material shall be put in place. Procedures are established
forthestorage,handlingandtransportationofhazardouswastefoundon
the site. DMs approved list of contractors for the removal of hazardous
wasteshallbeassignedtocarry wastetothehazardouswastelandfillrun
by DM in the Jebel Ali Free Zone. All waste from construction shall be
segregatedonsiteandrecycledwherepossible.Landfillingofwasteshall
bekepttoanabsoluteminimum.
iv.
AirQuality
Inadditiontoairqualityeffectsassociatedwithtraffic,impactsonambient
air quality may result from the use of site plant including stand by
generators, cooling plant and HVAC, laundry equipment which would
result in emissions of NO (Nitrous oxide), SO (Sulphorous Oxide) and
particulates, causing respiratory problems for humans. Air shall be
continuouslymonitoredforaircontaminationlevels.
Similarly, noise shall be monitored for ambient levels. Noise from
mechanical services plant will be designed and installed such that is does
notincreasetheexistingbackgroundnoiselevels.Thiswillbeachievedby
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OzoneDepletingSubstances
Thereisthepotentialofhazardousgases(e.g.ozonedepletingsubstances
such as manmade CFCs) being released into the atmosphere during
maintenanceofcoolingplantsandairconditioningunitsoperatingduring
thisphaseoftheproject
Coolingplantsandairconditioningunitsoperatedwithoutozonedepleted
substances shall be specified in design and installed. Where it is not
possible to use equipment that does not use ozone depleting substances,
appropriatemeasuresshallbeundertakenduringthemaintenanceofthese
equipmentto ensure that these gases are not released to the atmosphere.
Regularinspectionsandmaintenanceofallplantitemsshallbeundertaken
throughout the operational phase of the Project to ensure efficient
operation,whichwillreducethepotentialforsignificantemissions.
v.
EnergyReduction
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Solarshadingandexternalfaadetreatmenttoreducesolargain.
PublicTransport
ThereisawidenetworkofexistingbusservicesservingtheJumeiraharea.
TheTablebelowsummarizesthebusservicenumbers,origins,destinations
and frequencies operating along Jumeirah Road. In addition to the routes
listed, bus services 90, 92 and 98 operate along Al Wasl Road a short
distancefromtheproposeddevelopmentsite.
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Table3. ExistingBusServices
Pedestrian/cyclistAccess:
Figure17.
DubaiStrategicBikewayNetwork(WSP,2009)
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AdditionalConsiderations:
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
SustainabilityduringConstruction
AConstructionEnvironmentalManagementPlan(CEMP)isdevelopedfor
the site works that will require all works to be undertaken in accordance
with the relevant guidelines and best practice. Typically this will involve
the use of measures such as pollution prevention techniques and
equipmentto reduce the risk ofpollution to soil orgroundwater. Specific
procedures for the delivery, handling and storage of any oil, fuels and
chemicals are put in place where necessary. All construction contractors
willberequiredtoimplementthisCEMPandadheretoitsproceduresasa
minimum.
TheCEMPwouldconsider,theenvironmentalactionsrequiredduringthe
constructionphaseof theProjectinordertocomply withlegalandother
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure18.
EnvironmentalManagementPlanStructure
MainMitigationMeasuresduringConstruction
Thepotentialforfinesedimentstoenterthemarineenvironmentwillbe
controlledbytheimplementationofthefollowingmeasures:
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
A3metrehighmasonrywallrunsalongtheperimeteroftheProject
Siteboundaryonthreesides.Itisconsideredthatthisboundarywall
will afford some protection to adjacent residential homes and
businesses from the potential impacts caused dust generation and
should be retained for as long as possible during the construction
phase.
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5.1.5
i.
RecommendationsandConclusion
Drawbacksofthescheme
Fromthechecklistresponsesitcanbenoticedthatthefivestarnatureof
the project and the associated security and quality issue perceived has, in
certaincasesmadeitdifficulttoachievesomeofthesustainabilitycriteria.
Theadjoiningladiesclubplotandtheneedtoensurethatthedesignhas
nodirectvisionintothatplot,hasimposedrestrictionsonthesitelayout.
Accordingly,orientationofindividualbuildingshavenotbeendesignedto
maximize climatic response. Rather they have been oriented to maximize
views to the sea and provide visual connection to nature. The main
commercial buildings has sprawled across the road frontage of the site to
capatalise on prominence of the location and make the presence of the
brandrecognized.
It is felt that the consultants could have achieved a more efficient design
layout, prioritizing both the commercial as well as the needs of a climate
responsive design. Though a study of the sun paths and wind rose have
beencarriedoutduringdesigninitiation,anattempttogainthebestoutof
thesestudiesarenotreflectedinthelayouts,whereascommercialviability
isseenasakeyguidingfactor.Pointersfromthesunandwinddirections
study have been utilized to enhance interior occupant comfort levels,
which is seen through the incorporation of architectural elements like a
cascadingroofprovidingshelterfromthesouthsun,permanentmanually
adjustablewoodenlouversandblinds,intermittedwaterbodiespositioned
intheflowofwindetc.
The large expanse of building footprint spread all across the site
necessitated by the nature of resort buildings, has disturbed the natural
stateofthesite.Thoughthissortofspillingofbuildingmassesisdictated
by the typology of resort building, careful addition of native planting and
therestorationofexistingsiteplantmaterialbeingwiselyincorporatedin
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the landscaping scheme has added value to the quality of natural eco
systemcreatedwithintheresortpremises.Anattemptismadetominimize
disturbance to the eco system and factors to sustain and promote the
existingsystemareputinplace.
Theneedfornonewinfrastructuretobeplaced,duetotheexistenceofthe
prior resort facility, has been a bonus to the site as no major excavation
andlayingofinfrastructurelinesisnowrequired.
One of the major environmental impacts of the proposed development is
theeffectofthebreakwatersandtheconstructionofawaterrestaurantat
thetipofthebreakwaters.
Therequiredpilingduringtheconstructionphaseshallhaveadverseeffect
onjuvenilecoralgrowthandtheburgeoningmarinelifenoticedalongthe
concreteriprapandboulders.Measuresshouldbeplannedtomakegood
thislossofmarinelifepostconstructionphase.
It is noticed that sustainable design elements form an overarching
component of the Project, and is considered in all aspects of the project
designandexecution.Sustainabledesigninthebuildingplaysavitalrolein
minimizing or mitigating negative environmental impacts, particularly in
terms of water and energy resource consumption. Water, energy and
resourcedemandsaswellaswasteandwastewateroutputsareattempted
in being reduced without affecting the overall experience of the building
andsurroundinglandscaping.Onthewholethisprojectisagoodexample
ofsustainablebuildingdesigninpracticeinDubai.
ii.
Typicalissuesassociatedwithagreendesignandbuilding
The project architect pointed out that efficient coordination between all
team members is a difficult task. An integrated design approach was
employed and design workshops were held frequently. A project co
ordinatorwasessentialtothesuccessfulprogressofthedesign.
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5.2
CaseStudyII:AShoppingmall
5.2.1
Introduction
Dubaihaswitnessedtheburgeoningofvariousshoppingmallsinthepast
twoyears.Manytouristicmalls,where5starhoteldevelopmentsarelinked
with shopping, popularly known as Resort shopping destinations have
gained popularity in the city. Retail sales in Dubai are high and Dubai is
currently one of the most popular shopping destinations worldwide with
mostofthepopularbrandssettingupshophere.Thiscasestudyisabout
sucharesortshoppingdestinationwithinthecity;asite,currentlyadjacent
toahoteldevelopmentatthenorthend,facingthecreektoitswestanda
residentialdevelopmentatthesouth.
Themallconsistsof3mainelements.Themainmallbuildingwhichforms
thebulkofthebuildingmass,acentralwaterbodyformingthecanalspace,
small broken up building masses called Pavilions connected to the main
buildingthroughbridges,facingthecreekwhichultimatelyculminatesas
the quayside. It is ground and 2 storyed low rise building with 2 levels of
undergroundcarpark.
Figure19.
MallBuildingComposition(Arup,2004)
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Thisprojectwasconceivedin2003;beforethetrendofgreenarchitecture
andsustainabilitycameabouttoDubai.Neverthelessitwasstillconsidered
as an excellent example of the use of passive elementary architectural
features,whichareeasytomaintainandoperate.Notallfeaturessuggested
inthedesignhavebeenimplementedduetodesignmodifications.
The researcher has been a part of the team involved in construction and
supervision of this mall. Many systems and architectural elements were
specifically designed to accommodate local conditions and create comfort
zones. In an attempt to find more about the building the researcher
approached the project manager who has worked with an international
team of architects, right from the concept stage to the handover of the
building. In a conversation with Mr. Adams, the Project Manager, he
quoted,Abuildingbuiltwithinthenormsofworldwidebestpracticescan
easily achieve a LEED Silver rating, without following the credits by the
book.Thisbuildingisdesignedresponsibly,byareputedconsultancy,and
hencerespondstoitsdutyofenvironmentwellness.
5.2.2
ImportanceofSustainability
It was learnt that sustainability was not a guiding factor during the
planningstagesofthebuilding.Itwasnotconsideredasoneoftheprimary
aimsoftheproject,yetbestpracticeswereemployedinallsectorsofdesign
which in itself incorporated sustainability elements. No benchmarks for
green building design were set at the conceptual design stage, however a
design in response to climatic conditions was a part of the design brief.
Enhancing the comfort level of occupants and providing a comfortable
pleasant outdoor and indoor ambience to make the shopping experience
enjoyable was a design need. This necessitated the need to consider the
environmental impact while designing unlike typical Dubai buildings. A
detailedclimaticstudywiththemovementofsun,temperatures,wind,the
impactofthelargecreekwaterbodyandassociatedhumidityfactorswere
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GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
considered.Astheprojectmanagermentioned,thedesigninculcatesbasic
design criteria for good responsible design with internationally
recommendeddesignstandardsbeingadheredto.Alongwithitareageold
proved and recommended techniques of wind catching, courtyard effect,
water body enhancement and passive shading elements infused into the
designtosuitthecontemporarycontextofamodernshoppingmall.The
resultantisauserfriendly,ecofriendlysustainabledevelopment.
Thiscasestudywasthencomparedagainstthegreenelementsshortlisted
throughthestudyofsustainabletechniques.Achecklistwithreasoningfor
each of the elements were prepared. This was done with the help of the
project manager, who threw further light on the reasons impacting the
decisionstaken.Astheresearcherwaspartoftheexecutionteam,ithelped
in understanding the need and difficulties associated with the design and
implementation of the prescribed principles. Further insight was also
gainedaboutthemarketattituderegardingtheissueofsustainability,cost
implications,contractualissuesrelatedtoavailabilityandmaintenanceetc.
However it is beyond the scope of this dissertation to cover these issues
andcallsforareasofnewresearch.Thelistandtheinformationgathered
through this form of interactive action research along with added insight
fromtheProjectmanagerarediscussedandanalyzedbelow.
5.2.3
Verificationoflistofgreenelements
Requirement
Provided
Remarks
Environmentandplanning
Climaticresponse
Climate impact studied. Effect of sun
and wind considered in design.
1. Develop climate responsive
Buildingmaterialsareclimatefriendly,
buildingdesigns
recyclable.
Microclimates
created
with
2.Creationofmicroclimates.
architecturalelements.
3. Use thermal mass to improve
Building mass articulated to promote
comfortandefficiency.
comfort
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4. Select
strategies
spaceconditioning
5.Shadesouthfacingwindows
6. Orient building design with
SunpathDiagram
7. Align shorter side of a building
tofacenorth/south
Usedwithcoolingelements.
Windows in south rather than north.
Noshadingfeatureprovided.
Skylights shaded using sunpath
analysis.
Orientation may not respond to
sunpathanalysisduetocreekfrontage
and adjoining masterplan. Therefore
microclimatespromoted.
SiteSelection
1. Develop previously developed
landinanalreadydevelopedarea
2.Avoidsensitivelandtypes.
4.DevelopmentofaBrownfield.
NA
5. Develop
transport.
Masstransitdesignedaroundbuilding.
close
to
Mass
BuildingFootprint
1. Design small footprints for
Sprawl structure due to need of the
buildings
commercialusageitincorporates.
2. Minimize disruption of the
Creek is cut to achieve desired
ecosystem
landform.
3.Buildindenseblocks
Greenreliefareasprovided.
Parkingandtransportation
1. Design to accommodate
Public bus, metro, tram route and
transportation requirements of
vehicular traffic studied and designed
futureoccupants
accordingly.
2.Reducesizeofparkinglots
DMprescribedsizemaintained.
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3.
Provide
underground/
multistory/deckparking
4.Providesecurebicyclestorage
+bicyclepath+showerareas.
5. Provide minimum required
parking
Basementlevelparkingdesigned
7. Provide infrastructure to
facilitatesharedvehicleusage
CoolRoofs
1. Provide green roofs where
possible
2. Provide roofs with high
SRI/vegetation
3.CoverroofswithPVpanelsor
solarwatercollectors.
Usedinsmallmicroclimatespaces
LightPollution
Lighting used to create a landmark
arebrightlylitpollutingthenightsky.
featurelighting
1. Avoid offsite lighting and
nightskypollution
6.Preventinteriorlightspill
8.Installoccupancysensors
InstalledinallStaffareas.
BuildingorientationandLandscaping
Planting installed. Growth phase. Site
iscoveredwithexpansivefoliagetrees
1.Increaseshadecanopy
whichinduetimewillcoverroadsand
pathways.
2.Plant nativeoradaptedplant
Palmsused.
material.
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3.ReduceuseofTurfgrass
Buildingsiteextensivelypaved.
WaterEfficiency
Potablewater
1. Reduce potable water
consumptionforirrigation.
OnlyTSEused
2.Specifyhighefficiencyfixtures
3.Installoccupancysensors
fornonpotableuses.
wateravailableforcustodialactivities.
Wastewaterreuse
1. Treat wastewater generated to
DMtechnicalguideline62
2.Installdualplumbinglinesfor
Separatelyidentifiedandlabeled.
wastewater
3. Collect & condensate water
fortoiletusage
4.Installmeteringcontrols
WaterEfficientLandscaping
1. Use captured water/TSE for
ConnectedtoDMTSEline.
irrigation
2. Design landscape with
Whereverpossible,palmsused.
indigenousplants
3.Planwaterusezones&group
Landscapeisdiscontinuousandpatchy
plantsaccordingly
4. Use highefficiency Irrigation
equipment
/climatebased
controllers.
5. Minimize the amount of land
coveredwithturf
Site covered with interlocking pavers
due to infrastructural lines beneath,
which require frequent maintenance
6. Reduce impervious surfaces
surfacesfdorgroundwater
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EnergyEfficiency
HVACrequirements:
Essentialduetohighpublicfootfallin
retailspaces.
5.Insulatepipesandducts
Insulatedandlabeled.
7.Installmeteringcontrols
1.DesignasperASHRAE90.1
2.Recoverwasteenergy
6.Incorporatethermalbridges
Usedinexternalcoolingwalls
Forindividualtenantreadings.
Buildingenvelope
Yet designed badly, many leaks are
visible due to poor construction
1. Use a computer simulation
insulation
3. Design U value requiremts
accordingtoDMdecree66
Onsiterenewableenergy
1.Design for use of 35%
renewableenergy
2.Useonsiterenewableenergy
PVcellsforcoolwalls.
Notavailableintheregion.
5.InstallSolarHotWatersystems
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RefrigerantManagement:
1. Avoid/Phase out the use of
CFCfreesystemsused.
CFCbasedrefrigerants
2.SelectrefrigerantswithlowODP
LowODPequipmentsspecified.
MATERIALS&RESOURCES
MaterialProcurement:
Building cladding stone and glass
1.Uselocallysourcedmaterials
locallyprocured.
Partitions and ceilings in Gypsum
2.Userapidlyrenewablematerials
boards.
3.UseFSCcertifiedwoodproducts
NotavailableintheUAEmarket
Specifiedwhereverapplicable.
5.Usageoflowerwoodgrades.
WasteDisposal:
4.
Incorporate
salvaged
materialsintobuildingdesign
5.DesignGarbageroomsasper
DMArticle51and52/2001
6.Involvelocalhaulertoprovide
wastemanagementservices
DesignedasperDMrequirements.
Wastedisposalareaverywellplanned
and located from all Back of house
areas to the lower basement loading
dock and garbage collection space
which is connected by a dedicated
servicetunnelforloadingvehiclesand
garbage trucks to the main road
externaltothedevelopment.
AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT
TobaccoSmokemanagement
1.Prohibitsmokinginthebuilding
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permitallowingsmoking
3. Exterior smoking areas at
Could not be provided due to the
least 25 feet away from entries/
sprawl
of the structure and
airintakes/windows
intermittentopenspaces.
4. Smoking room must be
NA
directlyexhaustedtotheoutdoors
5.
Provide
impermeable
NA
partitionstosmokerooms
6. Design chemical rooms for a
Interiors maintained at positive
negative pressure with Door
pressure to reduce outside hot air
closers
exchange.
ImprovedAirquality
1. Design systems to meet
ASHRAEStandard62.12004
2. Provide naturally cross
Building mass too large to provide
ventilatingspaces
crossventilation.
3. Install permanent air
Smokedetectorsinstalled.
monitoringsystems
4.Supply outdoor air to parking
External air ducts provided to the
levels
basements.
5.InstallCO2&COmonitoringat
CO monitoring systems installed in
36feetAFFLinparking.
basements.
6. Install high level filtration
AHUsmaintainedregularly.
systemsinAHUs
7.
Install
permanent
Notprovided.
architecturalentrywaysystems
8. Dedicate exhaust systems for
NA
print&faxrooms
9.Maintainnegativepressurein
Janitor rooms, filtration rooms and
roomswithchemicals.
storeshavenegativepressurebuiltup.
cleaning&maintenanceareas
11. Isolate chemical storage and
NA
mixingarea
LowEmittingMaterials:
1. Specify lowVOC materials in
Conceptswerenotverywellknownin
design
theUAEin2003andhencedifficultto
2. Select certified Green Label
market.
Plusprogramcarpetsystems
155
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
OccupantControls:
1. Provide for combination of
mechanicalandnaturalventilation
2. Design HVAC systems
accordingtoASHRAE552004
3.Integrateindividualcontrols
4. Provide
sensors
for
occupancy
5.Openablewindowsconstitute
4%ofoccupiablearea
Daylight&Views:
1. Restrict glazing which faces
Extensiveglazingalongsouthside.
thesouth
2. Use external shading devices
Avarietyofshadingdevicesused.
toreduceglare&heat
3. Provide min 2% glazing in all
Goodoutdoorconnectionprovided.
regularlyoccupiedareas
4. Add interior blinds, louvers,
Providedwherevernecessary
lightshelvesetc
5. Use high performance solar
controlglazing
6. Provide Photo responsive
controlsforelectriclighting
VERNACULARDESIGNFEATURES
1. Design to take advantage of
Creekdesignmaximized.Canaladded.
existingnaturalresources.
2. Design exteriors with light
Lightcolouredstonecladdingused.
colourswithhighSRI
3.Promoteuseofcourtyards
Microclimatecreated.
156
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Constructionrequirements
1. Create an Erosion and
Sedimentationcontrolplan
2.
Designate
3rd
party
Notimplemented
commissioningforallsystems
3. Evaluate energy system
Beingmonitoredcurrentlytoevaluate
performancethroughM&VPlan
systemperformances.
4.ProtecttheHVACthroughIAQ
HVAC covered with polythene during
management
plan
during
constructionphase.
construction
5. Sequence the installation of
materialstoavoidcontamination
6. Depressurize construction
workarea
7. Perform a building flushout
Provided
as
per
consultant
ofHVACpreoccupancy
specifications.
5.2.4
i.
Analysisofsustainabledesignelementsincorporated
CreationofMicroclimate:
Thedesignofadevelopmentislargelydictatedbytheclimateasislearntin
ourplanningtechniques.Inthismall,Microclimateshavebeencreatedto
enhancetheshoppingexperience.TheMicroclimatestudyanditsproposed
schemeconfirmsthestrategicdesignadviceprovidedforthearchitectural
and landscape detailed design, and provides further detail and comfort
predictions to the microclimate zones. The design of Microclimate has
addedvaluetoexternalspacesleasedtorestaurant/cafoperators.
During the design phase, a climatic analysis for the month of July, the
hottest month is carried out. In this an external environment, the floor
(whichishot)andthesunaretheonlysourcesofradiation.Inthedesign,
the microclimate is modified to create more comfortable outdoor
conditions by incorporating various features that augment the outdoor
environment. Typically used features are intelligent planting, water
features like cool walls, topiary misting, waterfalls, shading devices like
Teflon coated canopy shading, large umbrella structures, building mass
157
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
shading, drop down shades and temporary screens, green roofs and wind
shield structures. Microclimates were created along the Quayside and the
canalside.
AreaAssessments
Quayside:
Thequaysideareasareintendedforusearoundtheeveningtime.Thereis
less flexibility in design here as the spaces tend to be public plazas or
promenades,whichdonotlendthemselvestohighlevelsofenvironmental
control.Controloverthemicroclimateisconfinedtowelldefinedareas.If
spaces are not at least partly enclosed, it is difficult to moderate the air
temperature.
Canalside:
The Canal spaces are intended for use all day, as extensions to the air
conditionedinteriorsofthemainmall.Manyareasarecafs,diningareas
etc and it was found necessary to significantly improve the comfort
conditions in these spaces in order to encourage their use. Longterm
sittinghasassociatedcomfortrequirementswhichhadtobeaddressedby
microclimatedesign.
It was realized that it is only possible to control air temperature if the
spaceswereeffectivelyprotectedfromthewind,suchthattheexternalair
replacement rate is not too high. The areas under terraces were well
protectedbycoolingwallsorshadesinwindyconditions.
158
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure20.
PlanshowingCoolingstrategiesused(Arup,2004)
RadiantCooling:
159
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure21.
Radiantcooling
Conduction
Figure22.
Coolingofthecanalside(Arup,2004)
160
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
ExternalComfort:
AirMovement
161
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
iv.
Figure23.
Courtyardactions
162
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
v.
Wind
Thereisastrongsoutherlyinfluencefromthedesertallyearroundonthe
site. In the hot summer months, the winds tend to swing round to the
NorthandNorthWestinprovenancefromthesea.
The wind patterns in this area are largely dependent on the hotel
developmenttothenorth.Thereisanincreasedvolumeofwarmsoutherly
winds during the worst microclimate conditions. In order to protect the
space from uncomfortable wind conditions, planted trellises are used as
windbreaks.
Dailypatternssuggestthattheafternoonseabreezestendtodropoffinthe
evening, when humidity is high again. Design accommodates these wind
directionpatternstobenefitfromthem.
vi.
WaterFeatures
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
MaterialsandFinishes
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
are white (best), followed by light beige followed by very light grey. Dark
and metallic materials are not used. Aluminium foil performs well as a
coating,butislikelytocauseuncomfortableglareandthereforeisavoided.
viii.
Planting
Treesandplantinginthedesign,significantlycoolthelocalenvironment.
Their impact is dependent on their size and location. Large and medium
scaleplantedareashaveacoolingeffectduetoevapotranspirationwhich
regulates foliage temperature. The temperature reduction is caused by
evaporative cooling and shading of the ground. Smaller green areas are
spacedatintervalsforeffectivecoolingofsurroundingareas.
For small scale planted areas, apart from the evapotranspiration, other
majorqualitativeeffectsare:
-
Shadingeffectsduetotrees:mitigationofthesolarheatgain.
Reductionofradiationtransmissionfromgroundtooccupiedspaces
bygroundcoverplants.
Windbreakeffect:windspeedmitigation.
Occupantcontrols
The design consultants believed that if occupants know that at any time
theycanmodifytheirconditions,forexamplebychangingathermostator
165
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
bymoving,peopletendtobemorecomfortable.Ifoccupantschoosetobe
inanexternalenvironmenttheyaremorelikelytobesatisfiedthanifthey
donotchoosetobetheretheresultsofresearchintothiseffectareshown
below.
x.
Shading
166
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure24.
ShadingAnalysisI
Manyareasareprotectedfromabovebybuildingoverhangs.However,with
skylightsandthisbuildingconfigurationleadtosomeotherexposedfaces
through which direct sunlight can penetrate at certain times of day.
Penetration of direct sunlight to seated areas will create uncomfortable
conditions,soadditionalshadinghasbeendesignedintheformofscreens
andoverhangs.
Someareasareshadedfromabovebybuildingoverhangs.Thenorthsideof
the quayside overhead shading is effective in the mornings, and reduces
throughout the afternoon. The south side overhead building shading is
fully effective from midday onwards. This is realized from the shading
analysis, illustrated below. The seating areas are provided with some
additionallocalshading,e.g.umbrellas,tobecomfortablethroughoutthe
day.Ceilingfansimproveairmovementonstillorhumidevenings.
167
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure25.
ShadingAnalysisII
ShadingAnalysis:
Overhangswithsouthopeningswillbeveryexposedtomidday
wintersun.Therewillalsobesomepenetrationbymiddaymid
seasonsun.Inthesouthfaade,extendingtheoverhangpastthe
occupiedspaceisfoundeffective.
Eastfacingopeningsareexposedtomorningsunandwestfacing
openingstoafternoonsun.Removableandmechanicallyoperated
adaptableshadesandawningsareprovidedonthesefaces.
168
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure26.
Daylightingthroughtransparentroofwithshadingelementwithmetalgrids
andglazing.
Computergeneratedshadingmodehavebeenusedtostudytheimpactof
sunlight travelling throughout the day. The following pictures have been
generatedusinglightingsimulationsoftwarethatmodelslightinteraction
in a physically accurate way. They are modeled for midday in June. The
pictures are included as a physical representation of the amount of light
entering the space. The shading is designed to protect from the lowest
angle unwanted sun with the help of this computer generated shading
study.
169
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure27.
SunPathDiagramforDubaiGeneratedCasestudyII.(WSP,2009)
Itisseenthatfacingnorth,theroofappearslightandpresentsagoodview
ofthesky,evenwiththeextensiveshading.Facingsouththeshadeblocks
thesky.Thisisbecauseitisfulfillingthefunctionofblockingoutmostof
thesun.
Aconnectiontotheoutdoorismaintainedthroughoutthemallwithlarge
expanses of daylighting and transparent roof features. About 50% of the
externalenvelopeconsistofglazingwithshadingfeatures.
Sunanglesrecommendforthisdesignwastaking50forsouthwestfacing
spaces,30forduewestfacingspaces
170
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure28.
Variousshadingstrategiesconsideredandutilizedfortheshadingdesign.
(Arup,2004)
The majority of first floor terraces spaces are shaded overhead by the
second floor of the buildings. They are all facing between southwest and
northwestsowillrequireextrashadingtoprotectfromtheafternoonsun.
Angled awnings and movable screens are installed. Trellises with
bougainvilleas and fabric awnings were recommended in design but not
installed,duetoadditionalmaintenancerequirements.
171
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure29.
Bougainvilleacanopiesandawnings.
Figure30.
VariousstrategiesutilizedforshadingoftheCanalWalk
172
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
xi.
CoolWallsandCeilingfans
The large volume of waste condensate available made this the preferred
coolth source, with concerns only of providing the condensate to the
required location. Power (from the main building supply) is utilized to
pumpthecondensatearoundthecoolwallcircuit.Permanentinstallations
havethermalcapacitorsinordertostorecoolthandminimisepeakhour
energyconsumption.Theportabletypearemorelightweight,andiseither
powered by a PV cell installation locally, or by plugging into the main
electricitysupply.
Drainage channels and gullies are provided to collect condensation
droplets from the wall surfaces. Control of the cooling walls are manual
on/off,asdeterminedbythetenantoperators.
Materials suitable for external applications are used, i.e. stainless steel
meshtreated(andmaintained)withantibacterialfinishes.Animpermeable
finishwasrequiredtopreventpenetrationofmoistairintotheunit.
173
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure31.
CoolingColumns(Arup,2004)
Overhead ceiling fans are used to improve air movement in the evenings.
Misters are used in areas which are sufficiently enclosed, when the
humidityisnothigh.Thevolumeofcondensaterequiredisapproximately
0.6 l/h per m of enclosed area. Ceiling fans have large diameter rotating
blades.Wherebuildingsoverhangexternalspaces,ceilingfansareprovided
at a density of 1 per 5 x 5 grid. Control of the ceiling fans are manually
operatedbytheterrace/restaurantstaff.
Similarly Air handling units are installed at the amphitheatre spaces
designed for children interaction and activities. This uses collected
condensate water from the mall for operations. Their design is further
describedintheAppendix.
xii.
DesignStrategyforExternalEnvelope
TypesofExternalEnvelope
Theexternalcladdingengineerexplainedthedesignedcladdingsystemto
beanefficientthermalenvelope.Wherepossible,theexternalglazedwall
174
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
WeatherResistance
Thedesignoftheexternalenvelopearebuilttothestandardspublishedby
theUKCentreforWindowsandCladdingTechnology(CWCT).Laboratory
testing of each different type or configuration of external envelope to the
CWCTstandardsarespecifiedandrecommendedtothecontractors.
ThermalandSolarControlPerformance
Materials for the external envelope are selected to limit the heat
transmitted from outside to the inside of the building. The following
performance criteria, which are better than the minimum values required
byDubaiMunicipalityareassumed.
Uvalueforglazedareas:
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Uvalueforsolidwallelements:
0.50w/m2K.
Uvalueforsolidroofs:
0.40w/m2K.
Uvalueforglazedroofs:
MaterialsandFinishes
Curtain wall framing is used for 50% of the building envelope. Steel
membersandglasscaneasilyberecycledattheendoftheirdesignlifefor
reutilized.
In order to maintain maximum transparency in shopfront areas, neutral
colourcoatedglasswithlowreflectancewasselected.
Solidwallelementsareconstructedofblockworkwithnaturalstonefacing,
timber, terracotta tiles, ceramic tiles or metal panels. Precast concrete
sandwichpanel construction incorporating closedcell insulation are used
in various parts. The external face finish feature various treatments like
smooth,pigmentedcolourandreliefpatterns.
Sunscreening
materials
(brise
soleil),
on
lightweight
metal
framing/tension cables are used in most areas for shading. These include
PTFE or PVC fabrics, woven stainless steel fabric supported on hardwood
(merantiorsimilar).
177
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
xiii.
WasteManagement
GeneralProvisionsforwaste:
1. A segregated waste strategy, which allows the recycling of a
proportionofthewastegeneratedbythesiteisadoptedbythemall.
Wastearesplitbetweendry(paper,plastics,packaging,aluminium,
andglass)andwetwaste.
2. All wastes are taken to a Central Waste Area (CWA) located
adjacent to the service area (i.e. loading bays, etc) using services
corridorsinthebasement.Thisprovidesgoodsvehicleaccesstothe
bulk waste storage and remove waste collection vehicles from
pedestrianareas.
3. The use of a CWA allows the consolidation of waste, the
coordination of collection vehicles, compaction and onsite
segregation.
4. Chilledstorageareasareprovidedfornonrecoverable(wet)waste.
Theseroomsreducetheinfestationofbacteria,insectsandrodents
due to the hot conditions in Dubai. The chilled rooms are located
withintheCWAandinterimwasteareas.
5.2.5
RecommendationsandConclusions
i.
Designaspectswherethegreendesignintentisnotreflected
1.
architecturalfeatures,todrawattentiontocertainareasaswellasprojectit
along the creek elevation as an exquisite outdoor recreational location.
Little thought and care has been taken with regards to the excessive
lightingenergyconsumption.
Identifyingthemallfromlongdistances,fromair,roadaswellaswaterand
creatingitasalandmarkfeaturewastheaimofthelightingdesign.Itwas
178
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
envisagedthattheMalllightingexperienceshouldstartlongbeforevisitors
arrive.Thelightingdesignshouldbelayeredandshouldbeginforvisitors,
depending on the viewpoint, at long distance travelling in by land, sea or
air. As the visitor draws closer he is introduced to the development via a
series of lit elements. Lighting to the boulevard roadway were proposed
with lighting columns that are curved reflecting the shape of the site,
sculptural. At this point other layers of light from the surrounding
landscape treatment are revealed, such as light features, store entrances,
trees,canopiesetc.
The retail building, key mass areas of the faade are identified for
architecturallightingtreatmentwiththepotentialuseofcolourprojection
to create strong and vibrant images. Main entrances are lit to generate a
sense of arrival before discovering the interior mall spaces. On the canal
side with the consideration of the canal walk , lighting is used to reflect
intothewaterareaswhiledelineatingthearchitecture.
2.
Buildingsarenotorientedtomaximizethenaturalconditions.
Excessiveexposureontothesouthwestandnorthwesthasnecessitated
additionalshadingelements.
3.
Largeamountofexternalpavingandroadwaysisnoticedthroughout
the site. Though the area is welllandscaped, the trees cover is as yet
growingandcurrentlythewalkwaysareallexposedtodirectsunandheat.
Excessivepavingisused.Howeveritisnotedthatthepavingblocksareof
permeabletype,allowingwaterseepageandoflightcolourwithhighSolar
ReflectiveIndex.
4.
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Forthecreatedmarinaandquayside,largeamountsofdredgingwas
180
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Chapter6: CONCLUSION
6.1
Conclusion
6.1.1
CaseStudyI
It can thus be noted that a large number of design and execution points
learnt in the planning techniques have been implemented to the design
process of this resort building. A number of procedures have been put in
placetoensurethesuccessfulimplementationrightfromthedesignstage.
Careful execution now forms a vey important part for the success of the
greeninitiativesendeavoredinthisproject.
Lessons learnt include that additional time and procedures need to be
implemented to formulate procedures and systems customized to
individual site conditions. Thoughtful specification forms an important
partofdesigndevelopment.AnIntegrateddesignprocessisessentialasall
consultants need to contribute to optimize energy savings and resource
consumption. It was also learnt that the Municipality procedures and
infrastructure in place, like hazardous waste treatment facilities, an
extensiveTSEnetworktonameafew,areverybeneficialandaidtheGreen
buildingdesignintent.Thepropagationandpopularityofsuchprojectswill
gradually tune the supply market too, for obtaining local and fair trade
materials and stimulate the usage and market for green products and
eventuallysuccessfulgreenbuildings.
6.1.2
CasestudyII:
CreationofacontrollableMicroclimateisaneffectivestrategythatcanbe
implemented in Dubai. Passive techniques, inspired from vernacular local
architectureshouldbeimplementedasbeingalowtech,lowmaintenance
sustainable design feature. Though not all aspects of green design are
181
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Lackofskillbase
LackofEnforcementandinspectioncapacities
Speedypaceofdevelopment
Lackofpublicawareness
LackofModelingandtechnicalcapacities
Alloftheseconstraintshavebeendiscussedandmeasuredadvocatedinthe
casestudies.Alongwithit,asislearntfromtheabovetwocasestudies,our
approach to Green should be primarily through Benchmarking and
BuildingasystemasisseeninthecaseoftheBeachResortwherethegreen
intentisspecifiedclearlyandsystemsarebeingsettoachievethesame,by
adheringtoLEEDratings.Thesearealsorecommendedbythe"Hannover
Principles" or "Bill of Rights for the Planet," developed by William
McDonough Architects model of the new design principles necessary for
sustainability.
6.2
IntegratedDesignManagement
6.2.1
TheneedforIntegratedDesignManagement
With the increasing boom within the construction sector it was noticed
that the developers expected their buildings to be constructed within the
shortest possible timeframe in an attempt to speedup their revenue
generation process. Tight deadlines and poorly coordinated designs had
become a feature of a typical Dubai project. It is learnt that the trouble
withmostLEEDprojectswhichhadbegunintheUAEisthatLEEDwould
be often introduced after the design stage just before mobilization. This
made it difficult to integrate the LEED principles into the project at this
stage as a large amount of design work needed to be reworked to fit into
the LEED requirements. Case studies suggest that an Integrated Design
Processbepartoftheplanningphaseofabuildingproposedtobeenergy
183
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
TheProcessofIntegratedDesign
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
stakeholdersinterests(Morris,1994).Performancecriteriaexpectedofthe
buildingarelistedandtheplanningofthebuildingiscarriedoutunderthe
guidanceofaLEEDAP.
Once the Predesign activities are complete, the architect or other prime
consultant, in consultation with his or her team of subconsultants, may
produce initial graphic suggestions for the project or portions of it. Such
suggestionsaremeanttostimulatethoughtanddiscussion,notnecessarily
todescribethefinaloutcome.
A preliminary meeting is held with the project team, which comprises of
the clients representatives, the core consultants and the LEED facilitating
team. A preliminary energy modeling of the building is prepared. The
window to wall ratio is decided upon and LEED requirements are
highlightedandexplainedtoalltheteammembersbythefacilitator.
An attempt is made to integrate the construction credits during the
initiation stages, itself, so as to ease the process and get a feedback from
LEED.MostLEEDconstructioncreditsneedtobeconsideredearlytomake
sure they are planned for and included in specification documents. In
addition,itisgoodtoknowhowmanycreditsarebeingtargetedoverallto
reachthelevelthresholds(silver,gold,etc.).
The second workshop focuses on further details of the project. MEP,
landscapeengineersandthecontractorsformvitalpartoffuturemeetings..
Simultaneously feedback is received from the Master Developer for the
proposed development with their comments. Work is carried forth with
coordinated responses and guidance of all these key players. Periodic
meetings are held often to ensure that the project objectives are as yet
aligned with the clients green interests. With time all the other sub
consultants are now incorporated for the meetings making all the parties
aware of the progress achieved or obstacles faced. Code officials, building
technologists, cost consultants, civil engineers, mechanical and electrical
187
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure32.
AnIntegratedProjectManagementSession
Involvementofsubconsultantsisacriticalpartoftheprocessatthisstage
their individual insights made at this point can prevent costly changes
further along in the process. Gradually a design emerges which embodies
the interests and requirements of all participants while also meeting the
overall area requirements which the project budget will have established
duringPreDesignactivities.TheresultingSchematicDesignsproducedat
this stage show site location and organization, general building shape,
spaceallocation,andanoutlinespecificationwhichmakesaninitiallistof
components and systems to be designed and/or specified for the final
result.Itisoftenusefultohaveacostestimateperformedbyaprofessional
cost estimator at this point. This aids in the selection process for a
contractor,assumingotherprerequisiteslikebondingcapacity,experience
withthetypeetc.
AfterthegeneralcontractorisselectedandduringtheConstructionPhase,
thedesignersandothermembersoftheteammustremainfullyinvolved.
Decisionspreviouslymademayrequireclarification;suppliers'information
188
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
Figure33.
ElementsofIntegratedDesign
Theabovefigureandthesummarybelowdescribesthestandardoperation
oftheintegratedprojectteam.AnIDPdependson:
1. Clearandcontinuouscommunication
2. Rigorousattentiontodetail
3. Activecollaborationamongallteammembers
Adherence to these principles will assure the best result. An integrated
process, or "whole building" design process, includes the active and
continued participation of all stakeholders in the building. The best
buildingsinhistoryaretheresultofhighdegreesofconsistencyatalllevels
of their realization. They result from active, consistent, and organised
collaboration among all players. Good buildings result from an
appreciation by all involved of the importance of formal consistency
190
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
6.2.3
Recommendationsforfurtherresearch
This study covers a very small segment of the green building industry
setting up base in the UAE. A quantitative analysis with statistics of the
amount of resource sustained for prolonged usage, energy savings in
carbon emissions and cost benefits realized in comparison to a
conventionalprojectmustbetakenup.Variouscontractualandexecution
issues came about at various junctures of the research. Accordingly other
topicswhichareanextensionofthisstudyandofinterestarelistedbelow.
Criticalsuccessandfailurefactorsingreendesign.
Executionandsupervisionofgreenbuilding
Specificationwritingforgreenbuildingcomponents
IntegratedDesignProcessinpracticeintheUAE.
Greendesignknowledgeretentionforaproject
GreendesignintheUAEfromcontractorspointofview
Supplychainmanagementforsustainablebuildingcomponents
SettingupofagreencomponentsupplychaininUAE
RenewableenergyinUAE
191
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
6.3
Limitationsoftheresearch
Duetothevastextentofthetopicofgreenbuildings,therearemanymore
subjects that need to be researched to understand the impact of
sustainabilityintheUAE.Onlythedesignaspectshavebeenlookedatin
this research, which is a very crucial but a small aspect of the overall
construction process. Construction execution perspectives, end user
responsesandcontractorviewsarenotconsideredinthisstudy.Thepaper
is also limited to a qualitative research due to the absence of the lack of
statistics, facts and figures as this area of work is relatively new to the
region. Also the study covers the region of Dubai alone, due to the
regulatory impact that may be too many for the whole of UAE and too
extensivetocoverinthetimeandcontentconstraintsthatthedissertation
stipulates;thoughdesignguidelinesshouldsuittheentireregion.
The case studies do not cover all areas that have been looked at in the
researchdocumentreview.Thisinsomecasesisduetotheconfidentiality
expected and in some cases due to the lack of information. The recent
downfallofthemarkethasfurthercomplicatedtheinformationgathering
process as consultants; clients as well as regulatory authorities are now
tightlippedaboutforthcomingschemes.Duetothecomplexnatureofthe
current market in recession, information about forthcoming projects is
highlyconfidentialandthereislackofcommunicationandreliablemarket
information due to the calling off of the undecided fate of various
envisaged green projects in the UAE. Hence the case studies have been
restricted to two carried out in relevant detail. As the market for
sustainability evolves, further areas of green building investigations shall
openupandamorefarreachingresearchneedstobeconducted.
192
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
6.4
Conclusion
GreendesigninitiativesintheUAEconstructionsector
194
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APPENDIX
A. ListofwebsitesinUAEforgreendesign.
http://www.environment.dm.ae
http://www.thermal.dm.ae/BuildingServicesandEnergySaving
http://www.dm.gov.ae/DMEGOV/pcrecycle/prhome.htmlPCrecycle
www.emiratesgbc.orgEmiratesGreenbuildingcouncil
http://www.moew.gov.ae/En/pages/default.aspxMinistryofEnvironment
andWater(UAE)
http://www.ead.ae/en/EnvironmentAgencyAbuDhabi
http://www.irenauae.com/en/home/index.aspxIRENA
http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/united_arab_emirates/
EmiratesWildlifeSociety
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/csd/csd_csd15_ipm.shtmlU.N.Commissionon
SustainableDevelopment
https://portal.dm.gov.ae/AirQuality/AirQualityControllerPublic.action?COMMAND=
Main&Language=ArabicAirQualityMonitoring
FurtherinformationontheSharekniSchememaybefoundat
http://www.sharekni.ae/.
B. CommonpollutantsfoundintheUAE
C. Constructionairqualitymanagementstudyandkeyelements
Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan for
theconstructionandpreoccupancyphasesofthebuilding.
Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan for
the preoccupancy phase. Before switching the HVAC system to the normal
operationalmodeflushoutatotalof14000cuftofoutsideair.
Track the VOC content of all interior paints and coatings, adhesives and
sealantsduringconstruction.
D. InterviewQuestions:
1.
Anexplanationofthegeneralschemedesigned.
2. Theimportanceofsustainabilitytothisproject
3. Wassustainabilityconsideredatthedesignstage?Ifyeshow?
4. AdiscussiontocollectAnswerstothechecklistprepared
5. Explanationafewdesignelementsincorporated
6. TheuseofregulationsandDifficultieswithauthorities.
7. Drawbacksoftheschemewithrelevancetoenvironmentalconcern.
8. Issuesassociatedwithdesigninggreen
9. Theprimarybarrierstotheincreaseduseofsustainablebuildingpracticesin
theirprofessions
E. Listofinterviewees:
WSPengineerworkinginDMregulations.
SeniorlandscapeArchitectatHOK
DMarchitecturalengineer:
Mr.AmmarMahmoodAlFakhry;
SeniorArchitect,Buildingdepartment,MajorProjects.
ProjectArchitectforBeachResort
ProjectManagerforShoppingMall,MrMartinAdams.
LEEDFacilitator,EMSystems,NicoleHillis.
CladdingEngineerforShoppingMall.
F. LEEDdata
1.1.1
BrownfieldSites
Brownfieldsitesmeansproperty,whichmaybecomplicatedbythepotentialpresence
ofhazardoussubstance,pollutantorcontaminant.
RemediationeffortsremovehazardousmaterialfromBrownfieldsitessoiland
groundwater.Brownfieldscanofferattractivelocationsandareratherinexpensive
properties.Theyoftenhaveexistinginfrastructureimprovementsinplaceincluding
utilitiesandroadsreducingtheneedforfurtherenvironmentalimpactsdueto
constructionofnewinfrastructure.
i.
DesignGuidelines:
Accordinglytimeandcostshouldbeallocatedfortheappropriatetechnology,
e.g.Traditionalremediation,insituorExSituremediation.
G. Materialinformation:
CoolRoofs:
SRIofaproductcanbedeterminedatTheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory
andcanbeaccessedonlineat:
http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/assets/docs/SRI%20Calculator/SRIcalc10.xls
RoofingproductinformationcanalsobefoundintheCoolRoofRatingCouncil
website,atwww.coolroofs.org
H. Microclimatecreationofshoppingmall:
Belowarespacesidentifiedalongwiththemodificationsincorporatedforenhancing
themicroclimate.
Sabkhaterrace:
Featuresused:
1.
ShadedwithTefloncoatedcanopy
2. Misting
3. Windshield
4. Planting
This area is shaded by a Teflon coated canopy, which prevents high surface
temperaturesdeveloping.Thestructureprotectsoccupantsfromdirectsun.Inorder
to prevent reflected radiation entering the space, surrounding surfaces are highly
plantedandnonreflective.
Thewindpatternsinthisareaarelargelydependentonthehoteldevelopmenttothe
north. There is an increased volume of warm southerly winds during the worst
microclimate conditions. In order to protect the space from uncomfortable wind
conditions,plantedtrellisesareusedaswindbreaks.
Mistinginthetrelliseshumidifiesandcoolthedry,hotwinds.Mistingisonlyusedin
the daytime when humidity is low. The trellis dimensions are taken to be 20 x 2m,
which represents a requirement of 0.16 l/s of water. This equates to 7 nozzles per
metreoftrellisthatismisted.Mistingthewholetrellisrequires140nozzles,whichon
continuoususageishighwaterexpenditure.
NorthQuaysidePlaza:
Thisareaisanopenexternalspace,sotheairtemperaturecannotbesignificantly
modified.Someareasareshadedfromdirectsunlightbybuildingsaboveortrees,
whichwillreducetheresultanttemperature.Thishelpstodiffuseradiationinshaded
areas.Lightpavingmaterialsusedinunshadedregionshelpslowertheheatcontent
oftheregion,preventinglocalizedheatislands.
WaterFrontpromenade:
This area is very exposed to the afternoon sun. This area is well planted, however
temporary shading has been provided in the while that the trees grow. Canopies
cannot be used along the promenade, as it is an emergency vehicle route, so large
umbrellastructuresareplacedforseatedareasinthislocation.Iftheseatedareasare
tobecomfortableintheafternoon,itwillbenecessarytoshieldthemfromthewest
sun.
Cool walls are used adjacent to the seating areas. The open nature of the space
reducestheeffectivenessatadistance,buttheyimprovelocalconditions.
Highlevelsofplantingusedreducessurfacetemperaturesandoffershading.Non
reflectiveandplantedsurfacespreventheatreflectingintoshadedareas.
CentralQuayside:
Featuresused:
-
Shadedinsomeareas
Sprays
Planting
Topiarymisters/cooltowers
These open areas are not intended for seating as they are exposed to the sun and
wind. This is a busy junction as it opens up views into the creek and experiences
heavy foot fall and transient traffic. The sprays used offer cooling. Topiary misting
devices(movable)areusedasminicooltowerstoprovidelocalevaporativecoolingin
seatingareas.Eachtopiarymisterwillrequireamaximumof0.007l/sofcondensate,
and1015devicesareassumed.
Some areas are shaded from above by building overhangs. The north side of the
quaysideoverheadshadingiseffectiveinthemornings,andreducesthroughoutthe
afternoon. The south side overhead building shading is fully effective from midday
onwards. This is realized from the shading analysis, illustrated below. The seating
areas are provided with some additional local shading, e.g. umbrellas, to be
comfortablethroughouttheday.Ceilingfansimproveairmovementonstillorhumid
evenings.
ChildrensWaterPlayArea:
-
Shading(greenroof)
Watersprays
Planting
Water provides an additional comfort cooling effect to the air in the form of water
sprays.Anirrigatedgreenroofisincorporatedwhichhasresultedinafloorsurface
temperaturebeingclosetowetbulbtemperature,reducingtheresultanttemperature.
Theutilistaionofgreencanopycoveralongwithwaterbodiescallsforregularcareful
maintenanceofthespace.
ExtremesouthCanalsidearea:
Shading(Tefloncoatedcanopy/trees)
Windshields
Misting
Planting
To encourage use of this area, a temporary shade structure, which will later be
coveredbytreecanopyisusedtoprotectthespacefromdirectsunlight.Theareais
exposed to warm southerly winds. A planted trellis with spray misters has been
incorporated to cool and humidify this air while providing a degree of wind
protection.Atrellisareaof15x2m,requiring0.13l/sofcondensate,7No.nozzlesper
metre of trellis, equating to 105 No. nozzles for the whole trellis to be misted is
utilised.Inordertopreventheatbeingreflectedintothespace,surroundingexposed
surfaces are planted. Along with humidifying the place, solar radiation is effectively
diffused.
ClimbingWallarea:
Featuresused:
-
Shading(Tefloncoatedcanopy)
Airmovementencouragedbyceilingfans
Windprotection
The climbing wall area promotes fun activities including rock climbing sessions
promotingphysicalactivity.Nowaterisusedinthemicroclimatestrategyforsafety
reasons. The climbing walls itself and additional planting are used for wind
protection.Topreventheatbuildup,Tefloncoatedglassreinforcedplasticisusedfor
the shade structure as this keeps the surface temperatures significantly lower than
othermaterials.
Comfort in this area is improved by increasing air movement. Lightweight fans are
suspendedfromthe canopy frame. Toencourage air exchange,thefans are situated
belowholesinthecanopy.Increasingairmovementbythefansimprovescomfortby
reducingtheeffectivetemperature.Theceilingfansproduceairspeedsof2m/s.This
airspeedsignificantlyreducestheheatsensation.
Awindbreakisdesignedtopreventchannelingintheareashownintheplanbelow.
Thisisachievedbydenseplantingtoasufficientheighttodeflectthewindfromthis
location.
Childrensamphitheatre:
Featuresused:
-
Shadedbystructuresabove
Coolairsupply
Planting
Shadingisprovidedoverheadbyahighlevelbridge.Theshadinganalysisshowsthat,
thisiseffectivewhenthesunisoverhead,butdoesnotprotectfromloweranglesun.
Additional shading was required, which has been suspended from the underside of
thebridge.
Thebridgehasbeenremovedfromtheillustrationtoshowtheshadingontheamphitheatremore
clearly.
Highlevelsofplantingpreventsolarradiationreflectingintospaceandimprove
comfortconditions.Thevoidbeneaththeseatingwasusedtoductairundertheseats
withadedicatedAirhandlingunittoprovidecoolairtothisregion.Theairwillbe
dischargedat0.61mintervalsalongthelengthoftheseattoprovidelocalcooling.6
m/sofairrequired.
Amphitheatresection
Air Handling Units at Amphitheatres: Air handling units are installed at the
amphitheatre spaces designed for children interaction and activities. This uses
collectedcondensatewaterfromthemallforoperations.
EachAHUwillhavethefollowingcharacteristics:
-
3m/ssupplyflowrate,approx.50PaExternalPressure
Filter
SupplyFan
Platetoplateheatexchanger,60%efficiency
Coolingcoil,165kW,7.8l/scoolwater(12C/17Con/off,opensystemwith
dischargetocanal)
Seethediagramforsystemoperation.
2allairairhandlingunitsareproposed,eachat3m/s,tosupplytheamphitheatre
with cooledair. Externalairwillbe drawnintothe airhandlingunitslocatedinthe
voidbeneaththeseatingarea.2intakelouvresareprovidedat1.2mfreeareaeach.
Asthespacesareexternal,finefiltrationisnotrequired.Acoarsefilter(mainlydust
andsand)forprotectionofthefansareprovided.
Thefollowingschematicshowsthemaincomponents,whichareessentiallyafilter,a
centrifugal fan, a platetoplate heat exchanger, and a cooling coil (supplied with
condensatewaterfrommainbuildingairconditioningplant)
Theheatexchangerhasbeenincludedtoensuretheairisreheatedonitswayoutby
theincomingexternalair:astheairiscooledbythecoil(meantemperatureassumed
tobe14C),itsrelativehumiditywillbeclosetosaturation,andwillthereforerequire
anamountofreheattoensureamorecomfortablesupplycondition.
Each cooling coil requires a maximum of 7.8 l/s of chilled water, assuming a 5
temperaturedrop.Drainageisprovidedforcondensateoffthecoil.
SouthCanalLeasableDiningArea:
-
Waterfall
Someshading
Planting
The area is enclosed by walls and trees. The waterfall offers a cooling effect as it is
effectivelyprotectedfromthewind.Waterfallprovides3Cofcooling.Plantinginthis
areaalsocontributestoacoolerenvironment.Theshadinginthisareaisprovidedby
tentlikestructureswhichcoversallseatedareas.Insomepartsitissupplementedby
largeumbrellas.
CentralDiningArea:
-
Shadedbybuildingabove
Additionalawning
Portablecoolingwalls
Ceilingfans
This area is exposed to the southwest afternoon sun. Sun protection is provided, in
the form of drop down shades or temporary screens which are used only when
required. Alternatively, provisions are made for an awning at high level, combined
with portable cooling walls to provide adequate shading. Planting on adjacent
external surfaces prevent heat from being reflected into the space and improves
comfort.
NorthCanalterrace:
-
Shadingfromstructuresaboveandtrees
Additionalshadingdropdownscreeningandplanting
Portablecoolingwalls
A)Dischargeairormisting
B)Ceilingfans
Planting
Area A has high levels of planting and is well shaded when the sun is overhead.
Additionalshadingwillberequiredtoprotectfromlowwestsun.Thisisintheform
of large tiltable umbrellas. The air temperature cannot be changed significantly in
such an exposed location. Portable cooling walls offer localized radiant cooling
dense planting and screens maximise the effect of cooling walls by offering wind
protection.
AreaB isshadedfromabove,butrequiresadditionalprotectionfromthesouthwest
sun.Thisistheformofdenseplantinganddropdownscreenswhichareonlyusedin
thelateafternoons.Dischargeairfromtheadjacentbuildingandmistersareusedto
reduce the air temperature. Misting this area would require 0.019 l/s of condensate,
mistedby17No.nozzles.Theareaispartlyenclosedbyplanting.Ceilingfansimprove
comfortintheevenings
I. Listofabbreviationsusedinthereport.
ADWRS:
AbuDhabiWaterResourcesStatistics
AEC:
ArchitecturalEnergyCorporation
AFFL:
AfterFloorFinishLevel
AHU:
AirHandlingUnit
AIA:
AmericanInstituteofArchitects
AP:
AccreditedProfessional
ASHRAE:
AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAirconditioning
Engineers
BREAM:
BREEnvironmentalAssessmentMethod
BMS:
BuildingManagementSystems.
CCA:
CopperChromeArsenate
CED:
CivilEngineeringDepartment
CEMP:
ConstructionEnvironmentalManagementplan
CFC:
ChloroFlouroCarbon
CIBSE:
ChartedInstituteofBuildingServiceEngineers.
CWCT:
CentreforWindowsandCladdingTechnology
CWA:
CentralWasteArea
DCM:
DaylightingComputationModule
DEWA:
DubaiElectricityandWaterAuthority
DP:
DubaiPortsAuthority
DS:
DocumentSubmittal
(DM)
DubaiMunicipality
EA.C1:
LEEDEnergyandAtmosphereCredit(Number)
ECM:
ElectriclightingComputationModule
EHS:
Environmentalhealthandsafety
EIA:
EnvironmentalImpactAssessment
ESC:
Erosion,SedimentationandDustControl
ETS:
EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke
ETG:
EnvironmentalTechnicalGuideline
EPS:
Environmentprotection&safety
EQ.C1:
LEEDEnvironmentalQualityCredit(Number)
FAR:
FloorAreaRatio
FSC:
ForestStewardshipCouncils
GGBC:
GodrejGreenBusinessCentre
HCFC:
HydroChloroFluoroCarbons.
HVAC&R:
HeatingVentilation,Airconditioning&refrigeration.
IAQ:
IndoorAirQuality
ICED:
InterprofessionalCouncilonEnvironmentalDesign
IDP:
IntegratedDesignprocess
IESNA:
IlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmerica
IRENA:
InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency
ISO:
InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
ITP:
AMiddleEastLeadingMagazinePublishingcompany
JAFZA:
JebelAlifreezone
LEED
Leadershipinenergyandenvironmentaldesign
MEED:
MiddleEastEconomicDigest
MEP:
Mechanical,Electrical,Plumbing
MNC:
MultiNationalCompanies
MR.C1:
LEEDMaterialsandResourcesCredit(Number)
M&V:
Measurement&Verification
NGO:
NonGovernmentalOrganisations
NO:
NitrousOxides
NFPA:
NationalFireProtectionAssociation
ONS:
OfficeforNationalStatistics
PDC:
PalmDistrictCooling
PTFE:
Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVCFabric: Polyvinylchloride
PVC:
PhotoVoltaicCells
RTA:
RoadTransportAuthority
SO:
SulphurOxides
SRI:
SolarReflectiveIndex
SHGC:
SolarHeatGainCoefficient
SUDS:
SustainableDrainageSystems
S.S.C1:
LEEDSustainableSitesCredit(Number)
TSE:
TreatedSewageEffluent
TR:
Tonesofrefrigeration
UAE:
UnitedArabEmirates
UIA:
UnionofArchitects
UN:
UnitedNations
USGBC:
UnitedStatesGreenBuildingCouncil
UV:
UltraVioletsunrays
VOC:
VolatileOrganicComponent
WE.C1:
LEEDWaterEfficiencyCredit(Number)
WMS:
WasteManagementStrategy
WWF:
WorldWildlifeFund
WSD:
Worldbusinesscouncilforsustainabledevelopment
WSP:
Adesign,engineeringandmanagementconsultancy