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Mode of occurrence:
1. Surface occurrence
Seepages, outcrops, wells, woks
2. Sub-surface occurrence
Minor showing
Live
Dead
Commercial deposits
Pool
Field
Province
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Seepage
Gas
Dead or Solid
- Oil and gas are not coming onto
the surface
Cracks
Oil
Water
Active or Live
Seepage / Spring
- Faults or some passage is created
from the reservoir to the surface
- Shale also has some permeability
(though low)
- If reservoir is near surface, the oil
and gas comes onto the surface
- Reservoirs are discovered near to
the seepage
Water spring source by which water comes
onto the surface from the subsurface (natural
occurring) e.g. geysers, springs etc.
- Oil is sometimes associated with
this water and comes onto the
surface
- Occurs because of eroding of
layers
Mud volcanoes
- Due to eruption of plastic plate
- Clays erupt
- Higher pressure breaks upper
layers and erupts onto the surface
- Temperature is low compared to
that of magma
- Not
necessary
that
any
hydrocarbons come with a mud
volcano
- Hydrocarbons comes when it
flows
through
hydrocarbon
seepage
- = few feet to hundreds of kms
h = few feet to hundreds of metres
- Occurs in remote areas of
Balochistan
- Gas occurs mostly
Erosion
Aquifer
Spring Types:
i.
ii.
iii.
Seepage spring also called filteration spring; small movement of water through the
pore spaces
Fracture spring upward movement through faults, fracture or joint
Tubular spring due to movement of water, caving takes place. When this water
reaches the surface it is called tubular spring.
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Dead or Solid
Disigiminated (separated) occurrence
- Heavy hydrocarbons (asphalts) are
present in the pore spaces
i. Inspissated occurrence
- Dry hydrocarbons from previous
pools
Due to erosion, the upper layer erodes
and the pool exposes to the surface
- Gases are released and the volatile
matter
moves.
The
heavy
hydrocarbons remain behind.
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