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wish you success in using it during your daily work.
Sincerely,
Table of Content
Table of Content
Assessment & Top Level View................................................1
1.1 Why is an Architecture Evolution necessary?...........................2
1.1.1 Integration of E-UTRAN with its new Concepts...........................3
1.1.2 Integration of Non-3GPP RAT's is sub-optimum in Rel. 7
because ..............................................................................................4
1.1.3 Therefore, legacy operators of Non-3GPP-RAT's cannot adopt
the existing 3GPP-CN-Architecture......................................................4
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-i-
Operations Overview..............................................................57
2.1 Network Access to the EPC in case of 3GPP-RAT's..............58
2.1.1 E-UTRAN..................................................................................58
2.1.1.1 Related Network Architecture........................................................58
2.1.1.2 Related Network Elements............................................................58
2.1.1.3 Signaling and Important State Changes (EMM, ECM, ESM)........60
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Table of Content
2.2.3.3 Signaling Procedures if IKEv2 and DSMIPv6 are used.................84
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- iii -
Protocol Suite........................................................................139
4.1 The Mainstream Protocol Stacks.......................................140
4.1.1 Control Plane / E-UTRAN - EPC.............................................140
4.1.2 User Plane E-UTRAN EPC (S5/S8 GTP-based)..................142
4.1.3 User Plane E-UTRAN EPC (S5/S8 PMIPv6/GRE-based)....144
4.2.2.1 DiffServ........................................................................................156
4.2.2.1.1 Details of the AF(X,Y) PHB (Assured Forwarding).............158
4.2.2.1.2 Details of the EF PHB (Expedite Forwarding)....................160
4.2.3 SCTP......................................................................................162
4.2.3.1 Important SCTP-Functions..........................................................162
4.2.3.2 Example of an SCTP-Packet.......................................................164
4.2.4 DIAMETER..............................................................................166
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Table of Content
4.3.4 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)...........................180
4.3.4.1 Overview......................................................................................180
4.3.4.1.1 RoHC..................................................................................180
4.3.4.1.2 Numbering of PDCP PDUs................................................180
4.3.4.1.3 In-sequence delivery of PDUs...........................................180
4.3.4.1.4 Duplicate deletion...............................................................180
4.3.4.1.5 Encryption...........................................................................181
4.3.4.1.6 Integrity Protection..............................................................181
4.3.4.2 Structure of PDCP PDU..............................................................182
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-v-
Chapter 1:
Objectives
Some of your questions that will be answered during this session
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[3GTS 22.278]
1.1.1 Integration of E-UTRAN with its new Concepts
IP-centric setup
At the end of the day, E-UTRAN is only there to provide powerful IP-bearers to
the users.
CN
Core Network
RAT
SAE
e2e
End-to-End
UE
User Equipment
GAN
UMAN
GERAN
UTRAN
IP
VoIP
Voice over IP
LTE
WiMAX
QoS
Quality of Service
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In that respect, for the control plane state change latencies of app. 50 ms are
the target.
User data shall be delayed by no more than 5 ms in the ideal case when
traversing through E-UTRAN. Note that this value does not take into
account latencies within the EPC or beyond!"Packet-switched only"
requires a serious QoS-integration with respect to e2e-integration and
service differentiation
The full-scale integration of QoS is a precondition for the operation of any carriergrade services over E-UTRAN. If different services of the same or different users
cannot be distinguished and differently treated, based e.g. on their latency
requirements, then E-UTRAN will probably fail.
Amendment of network controlled bearer management -> instead of UEmanaged only as in Rel. 6
This important change relieves the UE from the responsibility to request the
establishment of real-time bearers and allows the network, esp the PCRF to take
care of this function.
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Which is very critical for those operators who want to adopt LTE / E-UTRAN
in addition to their already existing Non-3GPP-RAT's (e.g. cdma2000 /
WiMAX)
Consider an operator who has no 3GPP-access networks in operation at this time
but who intends to use LTE (E-UTRAN) in the future. Without an evolved system
architecture those operators would have to operate two core networks in parallel;
one for E-UTRAN and the other one for their legacy access networks. This in turn
is not feasible because of the high OPEX.
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AAA
PCRF
QoS
Quality of Service
e2e
End-to-End
RAT
EPC
RRC
IEEE
SAE
IPsec
UE
User Equipment
LTE
UTRAN
OPEX
Operational Expenditure
WiFi
WiMAX
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1.2.1 Coexistence
DL
Downlink
QoS
Quality of Service
RAT
GSM
SAE
I-WLAN
UE
User Equipment
IPv4
UTRAN
IPv6
WLAN
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-7-
Lower latency
Better security
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3GTR
RAT
3GTS
VCC
QoS
Quality of Service
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3GPP
NSP
ANDSF
RAT
BS
SAE
UTRAN
EPS
WiMAX
GERAN
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This way, the UE can remain reachable for incoming voice calls and will be paged
by the EPC.
Likewise, the UE can establish mobile originating sessions. More details will be
provided later
[3GTS 23.272].
ANDSF
More details about the ANDSF will be provided later.
However, for the LTE/SAE-case, only the MOCN option makes sense and
can be deployed.
[3GTS 23.882 (7.17.1)]
Auto configuration
The term cells includes femto cells which in turn may be also used as home base
stations.
[3GTS 22.278 (Annex A)]
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3G
GWCN
3GPP
LTE
3GTS
MOCN
ANDSF
SAE
UE
User Equipment
EPC
UTRAN
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Image Description
The image depicts two overlapping rectangles, one red and the other one yellow.
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The red rectangle represents intra-RAT mobility in idle mode (without radio link)
as well as in connected mode (radio link exists).
Similarly, the yellow rectangle shall illustrate inter-RAT mobility in idle mode
(without radio link) as well as in connected mode (radio link exists).
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The area in the middle of both rectangles (joined area) indicates the special case
of optimized inter-RAT mobility procedures.
For instance, the GSM recommendations describe precisely the tasks of the
mobile station and the network to enable the seamless mobility of the mobile
station in idle and dedicated mode.
PMIPv6
RAT
GERAN
SAE
GSM
UE
User Equipment
HBM
UTRAN
NBM
WiMAX
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If the user shall experience interruption-free services during a change of the RAT
w/o optimizations, then the UE must support the operation of two simultaneous
radio links: One with the former RAT and one with the new RAT. Only after the
latter one has been successfully established, the old radio link may be released.
This information exchange typically only occurs while a radio link exists and
relates to the transfer of measurement data and handover information.
SAE does not yet cover any mobility between GAN and E-UTRAN.
Question No 3: Which enhancements (if any) does SAE yield over Rel. 7
considering the aforementioned statements?
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CMIP
Client Mobile IP
NBM
PMIP
Proxy Mobile IP
EPC
RAT
GAN
SAE
GERAN
UE
User Equipment
HBM
UTRAN
IP
WiFi
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The objective of this section is to depict the EPC as new network cloud in
context to the legacy and new network clouds.
Image Description
The image is split into two parts: in the upper part, the image illustrates the legacy
network parts and clouds which already exist with 3GPP Rel. 6 and 7.
In the lower part, the new network clouds with Rel. 8 are depicted. They have
been colorized to provide for a better distinction from the legacy network clouds.
The EPS contains the EPC and the E-UTRAN (LTE) access network. However, it
does not contain the other access networks.
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New with Rel. 8 and SAE are the so called trusted non-3GPP access networks.
Those trusted non-3GPP access networks comply to an EPC-operator's security
requirements [3GTS 33.402 (4.2)] and are therefore granted direct access to the
EPC. More details are provided in chapter 2.
Whether a non-3GPP access network is trusted or untrusted is ...
1. either pre-configured in the UE or ...
AKA
IKEv2
IPsec
EAP
LTE
EAP-AKA
PLMN
EPC
SAE
EPS
UE
User Equipment
I-WLAN
UTRAN
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Image Description
The image depicts another time the two network clouds EPC and E-UTRAN and
illustrates the physical interconnections (black lines) of the various network
elements to the two IP-backbone networks.
[3GTS 23.401 (5.3.2)]
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The S-GW or Serving Gateway is the peer of the MME within the user plane and
its functions evolve around packet data routing and forwarding.
The PDN-Gateway has similar functions as the Serving Gateway but it remains
the anchor during a packet data connection even if MME and S-GW. It is feasible
to assume that GGSN's will typically be upgraded into PDN-GW's.
S-GW and PDN-GW may easily be integrated into a single box in order to save
hardware and latency. A combination of MME and S-GW is probably less appealing
because the MME is a very slim hardware box.
MME
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN
EPC
PDN-GW
ePDG
PLMN
EPS
S-GW
GGSN
UE
User Equipment
IP
UTRAN
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Image Description
The MME is a network element that takes care of control plane tasks.
MME's are typically organized in pool areas (S1Flex) to provide for load balancing
among the MME's which belong to the same pool. All eNodeB's which belong the
related E-UTRAN pool areas shall have access to the MME's belonging to this
MME-pool area(s).
[3GTS 23.002 (4.1.4.1), 3GTS 23.401 (4.4.2)]
1.4.3.1.2 Identification
Each MME is identified by using an MME Group ID (MMEGI), and an MME Code
(MMEC). Both parameters together form the MMEI [3GTS 23003 (19.4.2.4)].
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3GTS
MMEC
MME Code
MMEGI
EPC
MMEI
MME Identity
GW
Gateway
SGSN
ID
Identity
UTRAN
MME
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The objectives of this section are to illustrate the MME, its interfaces towards
other network elements and the protocol stacks used on these interfaces.
Image Description
The green color used for the interfaces indicates the control plane relationship of
a protocol or an interface.
[3GTS 23.401 (5.1)]
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DIAMETER
MME
E-UTRAN
MSC
EIR
MSC-S
MSC-Server
EMM
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
eNB
Enhanced Node B
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
EPC
SCTP
ESM
SGSN
GTP
TCP
GTP-C
UDP
GW
Gateway
UTRAN
HSS
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The objective of this section is to illustrate the MME as peer of the eNodeB
and the UE for different signaling tasks.
The MME and the UE use the physical resources of the LTE-Uu-interface and the
S1-interface to exchange NAS-signaling [3GTS 24.301] which relates to EMM and
ESM.
1.4.3.1.4.2 S1-Signaling towards the eNodeB
MME and eNodeB use the S1-AP-protocol for various tasks as stated in the
image.
[3GTS 36.413]
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3GTS
MME
EMM
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
ESM
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
LTE
UE
User Equipment
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The selection of the P-GW is either predefined through a decision of the HSS of
the registering UE or the MME may apply route optimizing decisions, e.g. by
selecting a local P-GW in the V-PLMN in case of roaming.
The aforementioned route optimization is frequently called local breakout
[3GTS 23.882 (7.2)]
- 30 -
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Besides, the MME will select the SGSN in case of inter-RAT handovers to GSM
or UMTS, if the packet-switched core network in the 2G/3G-domain supports the
IuFlex-feature.
3GTS
RAT
GSM
SGSN
HSS
UE
User Equipment
MME
UMTS
O&M
V-PLMN
Visited PLMN
PLMN
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In that case, it may be desirable to allow the user data traffic to "breakout" locally
in the V-PLMN whereas the SIP-signaling must in any case be routed to the IMS
in the H-PLMN (according to the IMS-rules).
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3GTR
IMS
IP
EPC
PLMN
H-PLMN
Home PLMN
SIP
HSS
UTRAN
V-PLMN
Visited PLMN
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Although the S-GW is logically a separate network element from the PDN-GW ,
the two network elements may physically be integrated into a single network
element (e.g. to save on latency).
S-GW's are typically organized into S-GW pools to provide for load balancing
among the S-GW's which belong to the same service area.
All eNodeB's which belong the related E-UTRAN pool areas shall have access to
the S-GW's belonging to this S-GW service area.
1.4.3.2.2 Identification
An S-GW has no EPS-specific identifiers and is identified by means of IPaddresses and URL's.
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S-GW
EPS
SGSN
MME
URL
PDN
UTRAN
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The objectives of this section are to illustrate the S-GW, its interfaces
towards other network elements and the protocol stacks used on these
interfaces.
Image Description
The green color of an interface indicates the control plane relationship of a
protocol or an interface. Likewise, orange color indicates user plane relationship.
Note that on S5 and S8 interface it is an operator choice to implement either GTP
or PMIPv6 together with GRE. Irrespective of this choice, the S-GW must support
GTP on various other interfaces like for example towards MME, eNodeB or RNC.
[3GTS 23.401 (5.1), 23.402 (5.1)]
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DIAMETER
MME
E-UTRAN
PCRF
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN
EPC
PLMN
GRE
PMIPv6
GTP
RNC
GTP-C
S-GW
GTP-U
SCTP
H-PLMN
Home PLMN
SGSN
HSGW
IP
UDP
UTRAN
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The objective of this section is to illustrate the tasks and functions of the SGW.
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3GTS
IP
GRE
QCI
GTP
S-GW
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Image Description
The home agent function is only applicable if the UE accesses the P-GW through
one of the interfaces S2a, S2b or S2c.
1.4.3.3.2 Identification
A P-GW is identified by means of IP-addresses and URL's.
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APN
P-GW
DNS
PDN-GW
IP
UE
User Equipment
URL
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- 41 -
The objectives of this section are to illustrate the P-GW, its interfaces
towards other network elements and the protocol stacks used on these
interfaces.
Image Description
The image reuses the color codes from chapter 2. The green color indicates the
control plane relationship of a protocol or an interface. Likewise, orange color
indicates user plane relationship.
The ESP-tunnel over S2c has been established using EAP-AKA over IKEv2.
The protocol layer Application comprises among others http, SIP, RTP (with
voice or video).
[3GTS 23.401 (5.1), 23.402 (5.1)]
DSMIPv6
- 42 -
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AAA
MIPv4
Mobile IP Version 4
NAT
DSMIPv6
P-GW
EAP-AKA
PCRF
EPC
ESP
GRE
GTP
SCTP
GTP-C
SGi
GTP-U
SIP
IKEv2
TCP
IMS
UDP
IPv4
V-PLMN
Visited PLMN
PMIPv6
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- 43 -
The objective of this section is to present the tasks and functions of the PGW.
Based on the installed DL-TFT, the QCI is determined and traffic handling rules
are determined.
- 44 -
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Question No 4: Why does the P-GW perform legal interception and the S-GW and,
as you will see, the ePDG, too?
3GTS
PMIPv6
DL
Downlink
QCI
QoS
Quality of Service
GW
Gateway
S-GW
IP
TFT
LMA
UE
User Equipment
P-GW
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- 45 -
Image Description
The ePDG is an enhanced PDG as defined in Release 6. Please recall that a
PDG usually was physically broken down into two parts: one inside the GGSN
and one inside the TTG [3GTS 23.234].
1.4.3.4.2 Identification
An ePDG has no EPS-specific identifiers and is identified by means of IPaddresses and URL's.
[3GTS 23.402 (4.3.4)]
- 46 -
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3GTS
PDG
EPS
TTG
GGSN
UE
User Equipment
IP
URL
MAG
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 47 -
The objectives of this section are to illustrate the ePDG, its interfaces
towards other network elements and the protocol stacks used on these
interfaces.
Image Description
The image reuses the color codes from chapter 2. The green color indicates the
control plane relationship of a protocol or an interface. Likewise, orange color
indicates user plane relationship. The black lines represent physical links which
are used to piggyback the SWu-interface.
The ESP-tunnel over S2c has been established using EAP-AKA over IKEv2.
- 48 -
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AAA
GRE
AKA
IKEv2
DIAMETER
IP
EAP
PCRF
EAP-AKA
PMIPv6
EPC
SCTP
ePDG
TCP
ESP
UDP
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 49 -
The objective of this section is to present the tasks and functions of the
ePDG.
- 50 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
3GTS
P-GW
ePDG
PMIPv6
ESP
QoS
Quality of Service
GW
Gateway
UE
User Equipment
IP
UL
Uplink
MAG
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CC
Call Control
PHY
Physical Layer
RAT
RLC
EMM
RR
ESM
RRC
GERAN
RTP
HTTP
SAE
IKEv2
SDP
IPsec
SIP
IPv4
SMTP
IPv6
SRTP
MAC
TCP
MIPv4
Mobile IP Version 4
UDP
MM
Mobility Management
UE
User Equipment
MSRP
UTRAN
PDCP
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The objective of this section is to illustrate how E-UTRAN and EPC interoperate during Internet access and during inter-eNodeB handover.
The connection is established towards eNodeB No1 which selects MME No2 for
that session.
The MME No2 selects the Serving Gateway No 2 for the user plane.
PDN-Gateway No 2 uses the firewall at the edge of the PLMN to relay user data
packets to the example http-server on the external IP-network.
Question No 5: Please use orange and green pens to add the EPS-specific
interfaces and their names (e.g. S5) to the image. Draw the green and orange
lines along the black lines to relate physical links to logical interfaces.
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Question No 6: Let us assume that the UE changes the serving eNodeB at time
T2 from eNodeB No1 to eNodeB No2. In our example, the related handover
procedure shall be an X2-based handover w/o Serving-Gateway relocation
[3GTS 23.401 (5.5.1.1.2)]. Please add the related X2-interface to the image using
again the orange and green pens.
IP
eNB
Enhanced Node B
MME
EPC
PDN
ePDG
PLMN
EPS
UE
User Equipment
UTRAN
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Operations Overview
Chapter 2:
Operations Overview
2
Objectives
Some of your questions that will be answered during this session
How does the network access and attachment work for the different RAT's?
How does the UE prioritize different available access networks and access
network types?
How does inter-RAT mobility work while the UE is attached to the EPC?
What are the most important differences between host and network based
mobility in that respect?
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Question No 8: Please draw a line around all network parts which together form
the EPS.
- 58 -
The HSS is an enhanced HLR which does not only store all subscriber data
records but which can also talk IP and DIAMETER.
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Operations Overview
3GPP
HSS
AAA
IMS
CRF
MME
DIAMETER
PCRF
E-UTRAN
EPC
PDN
EPS
PLMN
HLR
QoS
Quality of Service
RAT
UE
User Equipment
SGi
UTRAN
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Image Description
The image depicts the communication between UE and MME which is happening
during the initial attachment and default EPS-bearer establishment.
In that respect, the image uses the orange background color to indicate that the
RRC- and S1-bearers are required for the related EMM-message exchange.
On the right and left hand side, the image also depicts in half-transparent way the
related state changes of ECM, EMM and ESM.
Typically, during attachment the UE also obtains an IP-address from the EPC or
rather, to be more precise, from the PDN-GW which is behind the MME. Therefore,
the ESM-state change is piggybacked on top of the EMM-procedure attachment.
The ESM-messages are embedded into the related EMM-messages.
[3GTS 23.401 (5.3.2), 3GTS 24.301 (5.5.1)]
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Operations Overview
3GTS
HSS
IP
ECM
MME
EMM
PDN
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN-GW
EPC
RRC
EPS
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
ESM
UE
User Equipment
GTP
UTRAN
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Operations Overview
The optional S12-interface (user plane only) is used only if the direct tunnel
functionality [3GTS 23.060 (15.6)] is supported by the SGSN. in this case, there is
a direct data link established between RNC and Serving Gateway. Note that this
feature already existed with Rel. 7.
Question No 9: Based on which criteria does the SGSN select the way to the EPC
rather than to the GGSN?
APN
MNC
EPC
PCRF
GERAN
PDN
GGSN
PDN-GW
HSS
RNC
IMS
MCC
UE
User Equipment
MME
UTRAN
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Operations Overview
3GTS
MME
APN
PDN
DNS
PDP
EPC
PMIP
Proxy Mobile IP
GERAN
PMIPv6
GGSN
PMM
GMM
RNC
GTP
SGSN
GW
Gateway
SM
HSS
UE
User Equipment
MAP
UTRAN
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The objective of this section is to compare and relate the just described EUTRAN procedures to the GERAN/UTRAN procedures.
Question No 10: Please fill in the missing procedures and correspondence arrows
into the image.
- 66 -
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Operations Overview
RAN
GERAN
RRC
GMM
SM
PDP
UTRAN
PMM
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- 67 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate that the UE may encounter long
delays or sub-optimum service during network selection because of the
variety of access networks available
- 68 -
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Operations Overview
AP
RAT
BS
UE
User Equipment
BTS
UTRA
UTRAN
eNB
Enhanced Node B
WiFi
GSM
WiMAX
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- 69 -
The location of the UE can be conveyed most simply as CI or through GPS / A-GPS.
The trust relationship between an access network and the H-PLMN network operator
is not conveyed to the UE by the ANDSF.
[3GTS 22.278 (7.16), 3GTS 23.402 (4.8), 3GTS 24.302 (6.8)]
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Operations Overview
3GPP
Home PLMN
3GTS
OMA
ANDSF
PLMN
CI
Cell Identity
UE
User Equipment
GPS
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The UE shall fall back to non-trusted operation if the trust relationship between the
access network and the H-PLMN network operator cannot be determined [3GTS
24.302 (6.2.4)].
Question No 11: Please add to the image the distinguishing criteria between
trusted and non-trusted non-3GPP access networks.
- 72 -
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Operations Overview
The trust relationship of an access network is ultimately decided upon by the HPLMN network operator.
The UE either possesses pre-configured trust relationship information or the trust
relationship between access network and H-PLMN is conveyed to the UE during the
EAP-AKA-based access authentication.
3GTS
H-PLMN
Home PLMN
AAA
IMS
EAP
PDN
EAP-AKA
PLMN
EPC
RAT
ePDG
UE
User Equipment
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
3GPP
IMS
3GTS
MME
AAA
PDN
EPC
RAT
HSS
UE
User Equipment
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- 75 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the network access and EPCattachment procedure, if the UE selected a trusted non-3GPP access
network and the trusted access network uses IPv6 internally and PMIPv6 for
the communication towards EPC.
Key point of this section is that the presented procedure requires the trusted
non-3GPP access network to be IPv6 and PMIPv6-aware. It will not work, if
the access network only supports IPv4.
- 76 -
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Operations Overview
AAA
LMA
DIA
MAG
EAP
P-GW
EPC
PDN
HSS
PDN-GW
ICMPv6
IPv4
User Equipment
IPv6
UE
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- 77 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the network access and EPCattachment procedure, if the UE selected a trusted non-3GPP access
network and the trusted access network uses IPv4 internally and supports
client MIPv4.
Question No 12: How does a UE determine whether the selected access network
supports IPv4 or IPv6 and how does it determine whether the access network
supports MIPv4?
- 78 -
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Operations Overview
Question No 13: Which problem with respect to mobility may occur in the
presented case?
AAA
HSS
CoA
ICMP
DIA
IPv4
EAP
IPv6
EPC
MIPv4
Mobile IP Version 4
FA
HBM
User Equipment
HoA
Home Address
UE
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
AAA
IP
EPC
IPsec
ePDG
MME
HSS
QoS
Quality of Service
IKEv2
RAT
IMS
User Equipment
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- 81 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the network access and EPCattachment procedure, if the UE selected a non-trusted non-3GPP access
network and the IP-mobility shall be based on NBM with PMIPv6.
The procedure used to obtain the outer IP-address depends on the respective
access network and IP-version. If it is WiFi and IPv4, then typically UE-initiated
DHCP is used.
[3GTS 23.402 (7.2)]
The depicted non-trusted access is a good fallback option for a UE that encounters a
trusted Non-3GPP access network which is IPv4 but does not support MIPv4 and the
UE does not support DSMIPv6. In such case, there would be no possibility for the UE
to attach to this Non-3GPP RAT.
- 82 -
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Operations Overview
AAA
IPv4
DHCP
MIPv4
Mobile IP Version 4
DIA
NBM
PDN-GW
EPC
PMIPv6
ePDG
RAT
ESP
UE
User Equipment
HSS
WiFi
IKEv2
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- 83 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the network access and EPCattachment procedure, if the UE selected a non-trusted non-3GPP access
network and the IP-mobility shall be based on HBM with DSMIPv6.
Key point of this section is that in the presented case, the UE and the PDNGateway apply the S2c-interface.
Did you recognize that there are two ESP-tunnels established in this case? One is
illustrated light blue and the other one which resides in this first ESP-tunnel
between the UE and the ePDG is illustrated also in blue. This tunneling of IP in IP in
IP causes quite some overhead and makes DSMIPv6 less appealing.
[3GTS 23.402 (7.3)]
- 84 -
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Operations Overview
AAA
HBM
DIA
HoA
Home Address
HSS
EPC
IKEv2
ePDG
IP
ESP
UE
User Equipment
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Operations Overview
BGCF
P-CSCF
PCRF
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN
EPC
PSTN
EPS
S-CSCF
IMS
MGCF
UTRAN
MGW
Media Gateway
VoIP
Voice over IP
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
ACM
ISUP
ANM
PCM
DIA
PCRF
DIAMETER
PSTN
E-UTRAN
QoS
Quality of Service
EPC
SDP
EPS
SIP
ESM
TFT
IAM
UE
User Equipment
IMS
UTRAN
IP
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- 89 -
- 90 -
In that respect, the SGs-interface has a very important meaning: It allows the
EPC (MME) and the VLR (as part of the MSC-S) to coordinate the circuitswitched call establishment.
In case of mobile terminating calls, the MSC-S will relay the paging towards the
MME using the SGs-interface.
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Operations Overview
The color codes indicate that also the packet-switched traffic has to go through
GERAN / UTRAN while circuit-switched fallback applies. This is achieved through
a packet-switched handover or cell change prior to the call establishment.
[3GTS 23.272]
EPC
MSC-S
MSC-Server
GERAN
RAT
LTE
UE
User Equipment
MME
UTRAN
MSC
VLR
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- 91 -
Scenario has been illustrated for GERAN (RR and DTAP) and UTRAN (RRC and
RANAP).
- 92 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
CS
Circuit Switched
NACC
DTAP
PS
Packet Switched
RANAP
ESM
RAT
GERAN
RR
GTP
RRC
HO
Handover
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
MME
SGSN
MOC
UE
User Equipment
MSC
UTRAN
MSC-S
MSC-Server
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- 93 -
Question No 14: Please mark whether the aforementioned statements are true or
false.
- 94 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
DIAMETER
SIP
E-UTRAN
UE
User Equipment
GERAN
UTRAN
IMS
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 95 -
Even if the optimization according to [3GTS 23.402 (9)] is used, the procedure is still
UE-controlled because the UE pre-registers [3GTS 23.402 (9.3.1)] with the
cdma200 access network while it is still connected to E-UTRAN.
- 96 -
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Operations Overview
AAA
IMS
RAT
EPC
UE
User Equipment
HSS
UTRAN
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- 97 -
Upon reception of uplink data on the new path, the P-GW may switch to the new
radio connection and start the release of the non longer used radio resources
towards and within the E-UTRAN.
Please note that up to this point, the UE needs to operate E-UTRAN and non-trusted
non-3GPP radio resources simultaneously.
[3GTS 23.402 (8)]
- 98 -
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Operations Overview
AAA
IPv6
DIA
NBM
P-GW
EAP
PDCP
EPC
PDN-GW
GTP
PMIPv6
GTP-C
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
GTP-U
UE
User Equipment
HSS
UTRAN
ICMPv6
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- 99 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
AAA
IMS
PDN
EPC
RAT
ePDG
UE
User Equipment
GW
Gateway
UTRAN
HSS
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- 101 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
AAA
IKEv2
DIA
IP
NBM
EPC
PDCP
ePDG
PDN-GW
ESP
PMIPv6
GTP
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
GTP-C
UE
User Equipment
GTP-U
UTRAN
HSS
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- 103 -
Question No 15: Please mark whether the aforementioned statements are true or
false.
- 104 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Operations Overview
3GPP
RAT
IP
UE
User Equipment
NBM
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Chapter 3:
Architectural Details of the EPS
Objectives
Some of your questions that will be answered during this session
What are tracking areas and what is their relationship to location areas and
routing areas?
Which new identifiers are used within the evolved core network
environment to identify users?
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- 107 -
The objective of this section is to recapture the various interface names and
the protocols used on these interfaces with the focus of this section being
put on 3PP-specific interfaces.
Question No 16: Please add the interface names (e.g S5 between S-GW and
PDN-GW) and the most important protocol used on these interfaces.
- 108 -
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CS
Circuit Switched
MME
MSC-S
MSC-Server
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PCRF
EPC
PDN-GW
GERAN
PS
Packet Switched
HSS
S-GW
IMS
IP
UTRAN
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- 109 -
The objective of this section is to recapture the various interface names and
the protocols used on these interfaces with the focus of this section being
put on non-3PP-specific access networks.
Question No 17: Please add the interface names (e.g SGi between PDN-GW and
IMS) and the most important protocol used on these interfaces.
- 110 -
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AAA
OCS
EPC
OFCS
ePDG
PCRF
IMS
IP
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- 111 -
The objective of this section is to recapture the various interface names and
the protocols used on these interfaces with the focus of this section being
put on on roaming issues.
Question No 18: Please add the interface names (e.g SGi between PDN-GW and
IMS) and the most important protocol used on these interfaces.
- 112 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
MME
EPC
PCRF
H-PLMN
Home PLMN
PDN-GW
IMS
IP
Visited PLMN
V-PLMN
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- 113 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the relationship between EUTRAN and EPC and to introduce some important identifiers.
The organization of the E-UTRAN into pool areas and the corresponding
assignment of the MME's into MME-pools reproduces the IuFlex-feature
from Rel. 5 and enables load sharing and redundant operation within the
EPS.
eNodeB's may be sectorized and may contain multiple cells
- 114 -
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Question No 19: Please add the TAI-format into the graphics (top left part).
MME
eNB
Enhanced Node B
MMEI
EPC
TAI
EPS
UTRAN
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- 115 -
- 116 -
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3GTR
MMEI
TAI
MME
UE
User Equipment
UTRAN
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- 117 -
The objectives of this section are to introduce the second part of the S1Flexfeature which are the S-GW service areas and their relationship to the MMEpools and E-UTRAN pool areas.
Question No 22: Please use your color pens to indicate how S-GW's can be
related to E-UTRAN-pool areas and MME-pools. You are welcome to depict more
than one option (use the empty page on the right side if necessary).
[3GTS 23.401 (3.1)]
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S-GW
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The objective of this section is to introduce the new M-TMSI and S-TMSI and
to illustrate their relationship to the legacy TMSI-types.
Key point of this section is that no TMSI is a permanent identifier of a UE.
Permanent UE-identifiers are the IMSI and the IMEI.
Note the NRI which is used to indicate in Rel. 5, 6 and 7 which SGSN or VLR
allocated this TMSI / P-TMSI. The NRI therefore uniquely identifies an SGSN or VLR
within a pool of SGSN's or VLR's.
Question No 23: Considering the previous sentence: Why is there no NRI within
an M-TMSI?
[3GTS 23.003 (2.4, 2.8)]
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The M-TMSI is allocated and administered by the MME. In that respect, the MME
must be able to relate an allocated M-TMSI to the IMSI of a subscriber.
The S-TMSI is used for paging purposes and is constructed by the paging MME
from the M-TMSI of the UE plus the MME-code of that MME.
Question No 24: May an MME use different MME-codes?
The M-TMSI (or any other TMSI) cannot act as permanent UE-identifier. This
function prevails with the IMSI (smart card Id) and the IMEI (device Id).
IMEI
P-TMSI
Packet TMSI
IMSI
S-TMSI
LSB
SGSN
M-TMSI
TMSI
MME
UE
User Equipment
MSB
VLR
NRI
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3.1.3.2 GUTI
The objective of this section is to introduce the new UE-identifier GUTI and
to illustrate its relationship to already known identifiers like the M-TMSI.
The GUTI has a meaning only while the UE operates towards the EPC through EUTRAN or through GERAN/UTRAN.
The GUTI is not used if the UE is connected to the EPC through other access
networks.
[3GTS 23.003 (2.8), 3GTS 24.301 (9.9.3.10)]
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EPC
MCC
GERAN
MME
GUMMEI
MMEI
GUTI
MNC
IMSI
TMSI
M-TMSI
UE
User Equipment
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- 123 -
The objectives of this section are to illustrate the position of the downlink and
uplink classification functions within the new system architecture and the
rules which apply during the classification
[3GTR 23.882 (7.12.5)]
The PDN-GW takes care of classification functions in downlink direction and
therefore plays the role of the PCEF [3GTS 23.203 (6.2.2)] within the 3GPP QoSarchitecture.
- 124 -
Accordingly, the PDN-GW will perform policy enforcement and classification upon
the downlink IP-packets. Note that policy enforcement may also result in traffic
shaping (delaying traffic) or traffic policing (discard traffic).
The applicability of the depicted processing rules within access networks beyond
E-UTRAN or 3GPP-networks is questionable, because those access networks
may either not support QoS in the first place or the SAE QoS-parameters cannot
be translated into QoS-rules of that access network.
Accordingly, the TR 23.882 talks about SAE-bearers but usually focuses on EUTRAN as access network.
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DL
Downlink
QoS
Quality of Service
RTP
EPC
SAE
IP
SIP
PCEF
TFT
PDN
UL
Uplink
PDN-GW
UTRAN
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AMBR
HSS
ARP
IP
DL
Downlink
MBR
DSCP
QCI
EPS
QoS
Quality of Service
FFS
SAE
GBR
UL
Uplink
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Detailed Description
The most important new parameter within the SAE QoS-profile acts as a label to
determine a specific traffic handling behavior.
[3GTS 23.203 (table 6.1.7)]
3.2.2.6 Mapping between Rel. 8 QoS and earlier Releases
Question No 25: According to [3GTR 23.203 (table A.3)] there is also a mapping
between the nine QCI-values and the traffic classes of the 2G/3G QoS-profile.
Please add this mapping to your document.
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3GTR
QoS
Quality of Service
GBR
SAE
IMS
QCI
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3GTS
PCRF
AF
PLMN
BBERF
QoS
Quality of Service
OCS
Rx
Receive(r)
OFCS
SPR
PCEF
V-PLMN
Visited PLMN
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Question No 26: Please insert the actual network elements into the empty boxes
of BBERF, PCEF, AF and SPR.
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3GTS
OFCS
AF
PCEF
BBERF
SPR
OCS
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BSM
PS
Packet Switched
DIA
QoS
Quality of Service
IP
RAN
IP-CAN
SM
PCRF
UE
User Equipment
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The objectives of this section are to clarify some bearer related terminology
and to illustrate through which means QoS is achieved on the different
interfaces.
Key point of this section is that the different bearers like the EPS-bearer are
bi-directional but the traffic flows that use them are unidirectional.
Question No 27: Please fill in the missing information of interface name, bearer
type etc.
- 136 -
is
by
definition
non-GBR-bearer
w/o
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TFT.
If required, e.g. through different QoS-requirements compared to the default EPSbearer, there will be additional dedicated EPS-bearers for user data traffic.
DL
Downlink
PDN
eNB
Enhanced Node B
QoS
Quality of Service
EPS
TFT
GBR
TI
Transaction Identifier
NSAPI
UE
User Equipment
P-GW
UL
Uplink
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Protocol Suite
Chapter 4:
Protocol Suite
Objectives
Some of your questions that will be answered during this session
Can I obtain a short overview of the most important characteristics of all the
protocols which are used within the EPC-environment?
Which tasks do EMM and ESM take care of and how do EMM and ESM
compare and relate to GMM and SM?
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The objectives of this section are to depict the protocols which are related to
the control plane between UE, MME and HSS and to highlight whether these
protocols are E-UTRAN-specific, EPC-specific of generic.
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Protocol Suite
PDCP
E-UTRAN
PHY
Physical Layer
EMM
RLC
EPC
ESM
S1 Application Part
HSS
IP
TCP
MAC
UE
User Equipment
MME
UTRAN
S1-AP
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The objectives of this section are to depict the protocols which are related to
the user plane between UE and PDN-GW in case that GTP is applied on S5/
S8 and to highlight whether these protocols are E-UTRAN-specific, EPCspecific of generic.
- 142 -
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Protocol Suite
DIAMETER
PDCP
E-UTRAN
PDN-GW
EPC
PHY
Physical Layer
GTP
RLC
GTP-C
S-GW
GTP-U
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
HSS
SCTP
IP
TCP
MAC
UDP
MME
User Equipment
NAT
UTRAN
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The objectives of this section are to depict the protocols which are related to
the user plane between UE and PDN-GW in case that GRE is applied on S5/
S8 and to highlight whether these protocols are E-UTRAN-specific, EPCspecific of generic.
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Protocol Suite
PDN
EPC
PDN-GW
GRE
PHY
Physical Layer
GTP
PMIPv6
GTP-U
RLC
HSS
S-GW
IP
SCTP
MAC
TCP
MME
UDP
NAT
UE
User Equipment
PDCP
UTRAN
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- 145 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the different header format and
length of IPv4 and IPv6.
The most important differences between the headers of IPv4 and IPv6 can be
deducted from the image:
Address Range
The address range of IPv4 is restricted by the 32 bit length and allows, in theory,
for 232 different IP-addresses. In practice, the number of addresses is essentially
smaller because of sub-optimum address organization.
Opposed to that, IPv6 allows for 2128 different IP-addresses and therefore can
cope better with the ever increasing demand for IP-addresses.
Header Simplicity
The IPv4-header contains many more different fields than the IPv6-header. These
fields need to be evaluated and partly altered by intermediate routers. The best
example is the header checksum which changes with every hop, because the
TTL-field changes with every hop.
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Protocol Suite
DSCP
IPsec
ECN
IPv4
EPC
IPv6
ICMPv6
IHL
IP
TTL
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Protocol Suite
ACK
Acknowledgement
IP
ARP
IPv6
DHCP
RFC
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Protocol Suite
EUI-64
IPv6
ICMPv6
IEEE
RFC
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Protocol Suite
ICMPv6
IPv6
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The objective of this section is to depict the differences between IPv4 and
IPv6 when it comes to fragmentation.
Key point of this section is that IPv6 requires the execution of path MTUdiscovery before the actual data transmission starts between any two peers.
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Protocol Suite
IP
IPv6
IPv4
MTU
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The objective of this section is to introduce the students into the operation of
DiffServ and to illustrate the definition of the two DiffServ terms PHB [RFC
2475 (2+3)] and PDB [RFC 3086].
Image Description
The image illustrates a DiffServ aware network with a number of routers inside.
Each router will process IP-frames according to the PHB which is stored within
that router and which relates to a certain DSCP-setting.
Such PHB relates to the treatment of that IP-frame compared to other incoming or
already queued IP-frames.
Opposed to that there is the PDB which provides the measurable and cumulative
aggregation of all the PHBs that an IP-frame experienced inside the network.
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Protocol Suite
DSCP
PHB
IP
QoS
Quality of Service
PDB
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Image Description
The image illustrates a router with three ingress paths and two egress paths.
Incoming packets are differently marked (green, yellow and red) to indicate their
drop probability.
In addition and not indicated in the image, the different packets belong to different
priority classes (X = 1 through X = 4).
The various X- and Y-values are technically realized through predefined settings
of the DSCP of a packet as illustrated in the table.
Note how we applied the different colors in the table to differentiate the meaning
of the 6 bits into drop probability and class.
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Protocol Suite
PHB
DSCP
RFC
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Image Description
The image illustrates another rout er and its internal queues (similar to the AFrouter presented earlier).
New is the EF-queue at the bottom which takes on all EF-tagged traffic.
Note that EF-traffic does not provide for different drop probabilities as AF does.
[RFC 3246]
- 160 -
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Protocol Suite
Question No 28: Which problems do you see with respect to the EF PHB?
PHB
DSCP
RFC
EF
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4.2.3 SCTP
4.2.3.1 Important SCTP-Functions
The objective of this section is to list the most important assets and functions
of the SCTP.
Key point of this section is that this section shall only serve as a fast
overview. More details will be provided later during this course.
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Protocol Suite
SCTP
RFC
TCP
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Protocol Suite
MTP
ECN
SCTP
IP
TSN
M2UA
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- 165 -
4.2.4 DIAMETER
The objective of this section is to introduce the students into the most
important aspects of the DIAMETER protocol.
[Core Spec: RFC 3588, S6a/S6d and S13-interfaces: 3GTS 29.272]
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Protocol Suite
ACK
Acknowledgement
IP
AVP
MME
DIA
DIAMETER
TCP
HSS
TCP/IP
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Protocol Suite
E-UTRA
GUTI
EMM
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
EPS
UE
User Equipment
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- 169 -
The objective of this section is to illustrate the different EMM-states and their
relationship.
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Protocol Suite
3GTS
ESM
ECM
RRC
EMM
UE
User Equipment
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Protocol Suite
4.3.2.1.1 MME-initiated
4.3.2.1.2 UE-initiated
[3GTS 24.301 (6.4), (6.5)]
3GTS
MME
EPS
PDP
ESM
UE
User Equipment
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- 173 -
The objectives of this section are to illustrate the state machine of ESM and
the different ways to migrate between the two states.
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Protocol Suite
EPS
PDN
ESM
UE
User Equipment
MME
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- 175 -
The objective of this section is to introduce the key features of the radio
resource control layer.
Key point of this section is that the tasks of the RRC stay mostly the same as
UMTS and HSPA, but since the air interface is different there are significant
changes in the implementation.
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Protocol Suite
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
3GTS
OFDMA
BCH
Broadcast Channel
QoS
Quality of Service
DL
Downlink
RRC
DL-SCH
EPC
SIB
FDMA
SU
Scheduling Unit
HSPA
User Equipment
MIB
UMTS
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- 177 -
The objective of this section is to introduce the key features of the radio
resource control states.
Key point of this section is that there are only 2 (3) RRC states in LTE.
Image description
The picture is shows the RRC states in LTE and their main characteristics. It
focuses on the processes of the E-UTRAN.
4.3.3.2.1 RRC_IDLE
During RRC_IDLE the UE can be paged and will listen to the PCH and the BCH, but
it is not known by the eNB it will perform cell reselections. Keep also in mind that this
state will also assumed once the UE is switched on and will perform initial cell
search.
4.3.3.2.2 RRC_CONNECTED
Here the UE is fully connected to the eNB. That means it has a C-RNTI and it is
known on cell level. It will do neighbor cell measurements and handover. This state is
also assumed to be used for MBMS services.
[3GTR 25.813 (5.4.2), 3GTS 36.300 (7.2)]
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Protocol Suite
RACH
3GTS
RNTI
BCCH
RRC
BCH
Broadcast Channel
C-RNTI
RRC_IDL
E
RRC state
LTE
RRC_MB
MS_CON
NECTED
MBMS
UE
User Equipment
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
UTRAN
PCH
Paging Channel
eNB
Enhanced Node B
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- 179 -
The objective of this section is to introduce the key features of the packet
data convergence protocol.
Key point of this section is that encryption and PDCP for the control plane
are the functions which have been added to the PDCP compared to UMTS.
4.3.4.1.1 RoHC
It is still for further study whether to take RoHC or another scheme.
4.3.4.1.2 Numbering of PDCP PDUs
The numbering of the PDCP PDUs is very important because during the handover it
is the PDCP which will forward the data in the buffer to the target eNB.
4.3.4.1.3 In-sequence delivery of PDUs
Once the data is forwarded during handover it can happen that data is coming in
already in the target eNB and there might still come some data in form the source
eNB. The data is then not in sequence and there might be some duplicates in the
buffer of the PDCP.
4.3.4.1.4 Duplicate deletion
See above.
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Protocol Suite
4.3.4.1.5 Encryption
The encryption algorithms have been located in the MAC and in the RLC for UMTS
and HSPA operation. In LTE they are transferred to the PDCP. This is due to the fact
that every eNB is equipped with its own keys and that the PDCP has to combine the
packets coming in from the other eNBs during handover.
4.3.4.1.6 Integrity Protection
This is a feature only valid for the control plane in UTRA this was in the RRC layer.
This involves to calculate the MAC according the same principle but possibly with a
different algorithm.
[3GTR 25.813 (5.3.3), 3GTS 36.300 (6.3), 3GTS 36.323 (4.4)]
RLC
3GTS
RRC
HSPA
LTE
UMTS
MAC
UTRA
PDCP
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDU
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- 181 -
The objective of this section is to provide the structure of the PDCP PDU.
Key point of this section is that the LTE PDCP PDU can also carry control
plane information.
Image description
This picture is visualizing the structure of the header and the sequence of SDUs
in the PDCP PDU.
In contrast to UMTS the PDCP is also existing in the control plane. Consequently
also for control plane the PDCP PDU has to be defined.
For both control plane and user plane the PDCP PDU is exhibiting a SN (Sequence
Number) and an SDU field.
For the user plane there can be optionally a RoHC (Robust Header Compression)
which is compressing the e.g. 40 byte header to a 2-3 byte compressed header.
In order to control RoHC in the user plane, user plane PDCP PDU contain a D/C field
indicating control or data.
For the control plane for integrity protection purposes the MAC field might be added
at the end. The MAC field is calculated according to similar guidelines as the MAC in
UMTS.
[3GTS 36.323 (6)]
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Protocol Suite
RoHC
LTE
SDU
MAC
SN
Sequence Number
PDCP
UMTS
PDU
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- 183 -
The objective of this section is to introduce the students into the most
important aspects of the S1-AP protocol which is used between the MME
and the eNodeB.
[3GTS 36.413]
- 184 -
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Protocol Suite
ASN.1
RNSAP
MME
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
NBAP
UE
User Equipment
PER
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- 186 -
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
Chapter 5:
Call Flows & Scenarios
Objectives
Some of your questions that will be answered during this session
How does a UE attach to the EPC through E-UTRAN and how does it
establish the default EPS-bearer?
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The objective of this section is to illustrate the first part of an attach scenario
[3GTS 23.401 (5.3.2), 24.301 (5.5.1)] through E-UTRAN end-to-end and with
all related messages.
Key point of this section is that the indicated procedure illustrates one
possible straight forward case but does not depict all possible options.
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DIA
IMSI
MME
EMM
MMEI
eNB
Enhanced Node B
RRC
GTP
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
HSS
UE
User Equipment
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3GTS
PDN-GW
APN
RRC
MME
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
UE
User Equipment
PDN
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The objective of this section is to continue and conclude the attach scenario
from the previous section.
Key point of this section is to appreciate the embedding of ESM- into EMMmessages which in turn are embedded into RRC-messages. This is new with
SAE.
- 192 -
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APN
MAC
DRB
MME
P-GW
EMM
PCRF
EPS
PDN
ESM
PDN-GW
EUI-64
PLMN
F-TEID
RRC
GTP
S-GW
GTP-U
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
GUTI
SAE
H-PLMN
Home PLMN
SRB
IE
Information Element
TAI
IPv4
TEID
IPv6
UE
User Equipment
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- 193 -
The objective of this section is to show the information flow for a TA update
of a UE.
Key point of this section is that for a TA update quite similar procedures are
used as for the RA updates in UMTS and GPRS networks.
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RA
Routing Area
EMM
SAE
GPRS
S-TMSI
GW
Gateway
TA
Tracking Area
HSS
UE
User Equipment
ID
Identity
UMTS
MME
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN
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- 195 -
The objective of this section is to show the information flow during a PDP
context establishment of an UE.
Key points of this section are that the PDP context establishment is
embedded in the initial context setup procedure and that for LTE the Serving
GW starts already to forward data to the eNB even though the PDP context
establishment procedure has not finished.
Precondition for the PDP context establishment procedure is that the UE is in EMMREGISTERED & ECM-IDLE and default IP-connectivity has already been
established.
In this example the PDP context is establishment is initiated by the network the
difference to the UE initiated PDP context establishment procedure is that paging is
used in order to reach the UE and that the UE might be requested to perform a noncontention based random access procedure. In case of a UE initiated initial context
procedure the random access is always contention based.
The first step of the network initiated PDP context establishment procedure is that the
PDN GW has data for the UE. By means the default IP connectivity already
established it knows which Serving GW is responsible for that UE and it will send the
data to the Serving GW. The Serving GW will discover that it has no S1-U resources
for that UE and it will request the MME to get these resources established. The MME
will then issue a paging message to the eNBs responsible for the UEs TA.
Optionally the eNB can assign RA resources being non-contention based to the UE
and will indicate this by the RA preamble to be used.
The next step is the RA procedure initiated by the UE. With the CCCH it will transmit
the RRC connection request containing the service request. This service request will
be forwarded with the INITIAL UE MESSAGE to the MME. The MME knowing that
it relates to the paging it has initiated before - will trigger the Serving GW to start to
transmit data to the eNB.
[3GTR 23.882 (7.14), 3GTS 36.300 (19.2.2.3)]
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PDP
3GTS
RA
Routing Area
CCCH
RACH
RRC
GW
Gateway
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
ID
Identity
SAE
IP
TA
Timing Advance
LTE
TX
Transmit
MME
UE
User Equipment
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
UL
Uplink
PCCH
UL-SCH
PCH
Paging Channel
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN
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- 197 -
Key point of this section is that while the PDP context establishment
procedure continues with the Serving GW is already transmitting data to the
eNB.
The steps taken on this picture are that in order to save time many NAS messages
are issued at the same time such as the SAE bearer setup, the security context
setup, the service accept and the PDP context activation message. The eNB will
process these messages and translate/forward them to the UE with the RRC radio
bearer setup message.
The UE will accept the PDP context and will signal to the eNB that it also completes
the security mode command (ciphering) and the RAB assignment. The eNB will then
inform the MME that the PDP context has been accepted and confirm the SAE
bearer setup whilst it will start already to transmit ciphered data to the UE.
[3GTR 23.882 (7.14), 3GTS 36.300 (19.2.2.3)]
- 198 -
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MME
3GTS
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
ACK
Acknowledgement
PDP
AS
RAB
DCCH
RB
Radio Bearer
DL
Downlink
RRC
DL-SCH
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
DTCH
SAE
FSS
UE
User Equipment
GW
Gateway
eNB
Enhanced Node B
ID
Identity
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- 199 -
5
The objective of this section is to show the information flow for an inter MME
handover.
Key point of this section is that for the inter MME handover there is no data
forwarding in-between the eNBs but inside the core.
Here the procedure is exactly the same as the intra MME handover until the source
eNB decided to ask for a handover. Since this is an inter MME handover the source
eNB will not address the target eNB directly but it will address its MME and will
inform it that it should prepare a handover together with the target MME.
The source MME will then contact the target MME with the hand over request. Then
the target MME will first clarify with the target eNB whether a handover is possible.
Once this is successful the target MME will inform the target Serving GW about the
handover.
Once all that is successful the target MME will inform the source MME that the
handover can commence now. The source MME will then trigger the data forwarding
in-between the source Serving GW and the target Serving GW. Instead of a data
forward also bicasting is possible for the core.
Since there is no interface in-between the Serving GWs it is unclear to the author
how exactly the data forward will be done. Whether there will be an interface inbetween the Serving GWs or whether the forwarding will take place using the S11
and S10 interfaces.
[3GTR 23.882 (7.15.2.2), 3GTS 36.300 (19.2.2)]
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PUSCH
3GTS
RRC
ACK
Acknowledgement
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
DCCH
SAE
GW
Gateway
SM
ID
Identity
UE
User Equipment
MM
Mobility Management
UL
Uplink
MME
eNB
Enhanced Node B
PDN
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- 201 -
Key point of this section is for the second part of the handover in the inter
MME handover the route update is also involving the PDN GW.
Once the source MME is informed that the rest of the network is prepared for the
inter MME handover it will issue the handover command to the source eNB which will
then issue the handover command to the UE. For then on the procedure will be the
same as for the intra MME handover until the handover complete will be issued to the
target MME. There is one exemption: the source eNB will not forward any data to the
target eNB. This is already done in the core.
The target MME will then trigger a route update with the target Serving GW and the
PDN GW. Once this is done the target MME will trigger the source MME to stop the
data forwarding to release the resources.
The discussion for the inter MME handover is not finished. Other possibilities in
the discussion are to do mobility management like in the idle mode (TA updates
and cell updates) for low delay constraint data services or having overlapping
coverage areas for the MMEs.
[3GTR 23.882 (7.15.2.2), 3GTS 36.300 (19.2.2)]
- 202 -
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RACH
3GTS
RRC
C-RNTI
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
DCCH
SAE
DL
Downlink
TA
Timing Advance
DL-SCH
UE
User Equipment
GW
Gateway
UL
Uplink
MME
UL-SCH
PDN
eNB
Enhanced Node B
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- 203 -
Solutions
Q&A-Sessions:
- 204 -
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Solutions
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Solutions
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Solutions
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Solutions
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Solutions
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- 214 -
Answer for Question No 28: Which problems do you see with respect to the
EF PHB?
Jitter cannot be avoided entirely and it may aggregate over multiple hops.
Load sensitivity: with increasing load, the risk of jitter and therefore poorer
performance will be higher.
Protection of best effort traffic is required. Accordingly, only a certain amount of
the resources (time) may be reserved for the EF-traffic (e.g. 20%).
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Solutions
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- 215 -
List of Acronyms
- 216 -
Term
Explanation
(V)ASSI
16-APK
16-PPM
16-QAM
16VSB
1xCS IWS
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DV
2-GFSK
2B1Q
Two Binary One Quaternary (Line Coding used on the ISDN UInterface)
3G
3GPP
3GPP2
3GTR
3GTS
4-GFSK
4-PAM
4-PPM
4G
64-QAM
8-PSK
8VSB
A-Bit
A/V
Audio / Video
A&S
AA
Anonymous Access
AAA
AAA
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List of Acronyms
AACH
AACH-Q
AAD
AAL
ATM-Adaption Layer
AAL-2
AAL-5
AAR
AAS
ABM
ABNF
AC
Alternate Current
AC
Access Class
ACC
ACCH
ACELP
ACK
Acknowledgement
ACM
ACS
ADCH
ADDBA
ADDTS
ADM
ADPCM
ADSL2
AES
AESA
AF
AFC
AFH
AG
AGA
AGC
AGCH
AGS
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- 218 -
AGV
AH
AI
Air Interface
AI
Acquisition Indicator
AICH
AID
Association Identifier
AIFS
AIFSN
AIPN
All IP Network
AJAX
AK
AK
AKA
AKD
AL
Ambience Listening
AL
Advanced Link
ALC
ALCAP
ALG
AM
Amplitude Modulation
AM
AMBR
AMC
AMD
AMF
AMI
AMPS
AMR
AMR_HR
AMR-WB
AMR-WB+
ANDSF
ANSI
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List of Acronyms
AoD
Audio on Demand
AP
Access Preamble
AP
AP-AICH
APCO
API
API
APK
APN
APP
AR
ARFCN
ARIB
ARP
ARP
ARPU
ARQ
AS
AS
Application Server
AS
AS-ILCM
AS-OLCM
ASC
ASCA
ASCI
ASCII
ASIC
ASN
ASN-GW
ASN.1
ASP
ASSI
AT_MAC
AT-Command
Attention-Command
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- 220 -
ATCA
ATID
ATIM
ATIS
ATM
ATSC
ATSI
AuC
Authentication Center
AUTN
AV
AVC
AVL
AWGN
B2BUA
B2DA
B8ZS
BA
Block Ack
BAR
BAS
Basic rate access ISDN-user interface for single lines (2 Bchannels plus one D-Channel with 16 kbit/s)
BAT
BB
BBERF
BBK
Broadcast BlocK
BC
Broadcast
BCAST
Broadcast
BCC
BCC
BCC
BCCH
BCCH-Q
BCD
BCH
Broadcast Channel
BCMCS
BCTP
BE
Best Effort
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List of Acronyms
BEC
BEG
BER
BFCP
BFI
BG
Border Gateway
BGCF
BGP
BIB
BIC
BICC
BK
Background
BKN1
Block Number 1
BKN2
Block Number 2
BL
Basic Link
BLCH
BLER
BM-IWF
BM-SC
BMC
BN
Bit Number
BNCH
BNCH-Q
BNF
BPSC
BPSK
BQA
BQB
BQRB
BQTF
BR
BRA
BRAN
BS
BS_CV_MAX
BS_EIRP
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- 222 -
BSC
BSCH
BSD
BSIC
BSN
BSS
BSS
BSSAP
BSSAP-LE
BSSGP
BSSID
BSSMAP
BTAB
BTC
BTS
BTTI
BU
Bad Urban
BVCI
BW
Bandwidth
C-RNTI
C-SAP
C/I
C/N
C/R-Bit
C/T-Field
CAI
CAMEL
CAN
CAP
CAP
CAPEX
Capital Expenditure
CAT
CATV
Cable TV
CAZAC
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List of Acronyms
CB
CBC
CBC
CBC
CBCH
CBMS
CBPS
CC
Convolutional Coding
CC
Call Control
CCC
CCCH
CCF
CCH
Control Channel
CCH-Q
CCIR601
CCITT
CCK
CCK
CCM
CCM
CCM-Mode
CCMP
CCN
CCoA
Collocated Care-of-Address
CCPCH
CCS7
CCTrCH
CCU
CD
Compact Disc
CD/CA-ICH
CDCH
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- 223 -
- 224 -
CDD
CDI
CDMA
CDMA2000
CDR
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
CEO
CEPT
CESoP
CF
Contention Free
CFI
CFN
CFP
CG
Charging Gateway
CGF
CGI
CHAP
CI
Cell Identity
CIC
CIC
CID
CID
CIDR
CIF
CINR
CIO
CIP
CIR
CIR
CIR
Carrier-to-Interference Ratio
CK
CKSN
CL
Controlled Load
CLCH
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List of Acronyms
CLCH-Q
CMC
CMC
CMCE
CmCH-PI
CMD
CMI
CMIP
Client Mobile IP
CMIS/P
CMR
CMTS
CN
Core Network
CNM
CNMI
CNR
CoA
COA
CODEC
Coder-decoder
COFDM
COMSEC
Communications Security
CON
CONS
COO
COPS
CORBA
CoU
Class of Usage
CP
Cyclic Prefix
CP
CP
Contention Period
CPC
CPCH
CPCS
CPE
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel (UMTS Physical Channel / see also PCPICH and S-CPICH)
CPICH_Ec/No
CPIM
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- 225 -
- 226 -
CPS
CPS
CPTI
CPU
CQI
CQICH
CRC
CRC_HS
CRF
CRNC
Controlling RNC
CRSC
Contributing Source
CS
Convergence Sublayer
CS
Coding Scheme
CS
CS
Circuit Switched
CS-X
Coding Scheme (1 - 4)
CSCF
CSD
CSG
CSI
CSICH
CSMA-CA
CSN
CSN.1
CSPDN
CSRC
CSS
CT
CTC
CTCH
CTFC
CTIA
CTR
Counter Mode
CTS
Clear To Send
CUB
CV
Countdown Value
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List of Acronyms
CV
Constellation Version
CVO
CW
Contention Window
CW
Code Word
cwnd
Congestion window
D-CT
Downlink-Continuous Transmission
D-CTT
D-MCCTT
D-TxAA
DA
Destination Address
DAB
DARP
DAS-X
DASS
DBC
dBm
DBP
DBPS
DBPSCH
DBPSK
DBS-X
DC
Direct Current
DCA
DCCH
DCD
DCF
DCF
DCH
DCI
DCK
DCLA
DC Level Adjustment
DCM
DCOMP
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- 227 -
- 228 -
DCS
DDDS
DDI
DEC
DELBA
DELTS
DEMUX
De-Multiplexer
DES
DF
DF
DFS
DFT
DGNA
DHCP
DHCPv4
DHCPv6
DIA
DIAMETER
DIFS
Digit
4 bit
DIUC
DL
Downlink
DL-MAP
DL-SCH
DLCI
DLFP
DLL
DLR
DLS
Downloadable Sounds
DLS
DMA
DMB
DMO
DMR
DNS
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List of Acronyms
DOCSIS
DoS
DPC
DPCCH
DPCH
DPDCH
DPDCH_P
DPNSS
DPSK
DQPSK
DQPSK
DR
Data Rate
DRA
DRM
DRNC
DRX
Discontinuous Reception
DS
Distribution System
DS-CDMA
DSCA
DSCH
DSCP
DSL
DSLAM
DSM-CC
DSMIP
DSMIPv6
DSN
DSP
DSR
DSS
DSS
DSS1
DSSS
DT1
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- 229 -
- 230 -
DTAP
DTCH
DTIM
DTM
DTMB
DTMF
DTS
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
DUA
DVB
DVB-C
DVB-H
DVB-S
DVB-T
E_UTRA
E-AGCH
E-DCH
E-DCH-FP
E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
E-GSM
E-HICH
E-OTD
E-RGCH
E-RNTI
E-TFC
E-TFCI
E-UTRA
E-UTRAN
e2e
End-to-End
EAP
EAP-AKA
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List of Acronyms
EAP-FAST
EAP-SIM
EAP-TLS
EAP-TTLS
EAPOL
eBM-SC
Ec/No
ECC
ECCH
ECM
ECN
ECSD
EDCA
EDCAF
EDGE
EDR
Enhanced Data Rate (more speed with Bluetooth 2.0 (2.0 - 3.0
Mbit/s)
EE
Excellent Effort
EF
EFR
EGAN
EGPRS
EGPRS2
EGPRS2-A
EGPRS2-B
eHSPA
Evolved HSPA
EIA
EIFS
EIR
EIRENE
EIRP
EIT
eMLPP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 231 -
- 232 -
EMM
EMSK
EN
European Norm
eNB
Enhanced Node B
END
ENUM
EOSP
EPC
ePDG
EPS
EPT
EQ200
ERO
ERP
ert-PS
ertPS
ES
Elementary Stream
ES-Id
Encoding Symbol-Id
Es/No
ESCR
ESG
ESM
ESN
ESP
ESS
Ethernet
ETS
ETSI
EUL
Enhanced Uplink
EV-DO
EV-DV
EVM
F-DPCH
F-TEID
FA
FACCH
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
FACH
FANR
FBI
FBI
FBSS
FCB
FCC
FCCH
FCH
FCS
FDD
FDDI
FDM
FDMA
FDPS
FDT
FEC
FER
FFH
FFRS
FFS
FFT
FH
Frequency Hopping
FH-CDMA
FHSS
FIB
FIPS
FiSA
Filler Set A
FiSB
Filler Set B
FISU
FLO
FLUTE
FM
Frequency Modulation
FMC
FN
Frame Number
FP
Frame Protocol
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 233 -
- 234 -
FPB
FQDN
FR
FrCS
FRMR
Frame Reject
FRS
FSK
FSN
FTP
FUPS
FUSC
FWA
G-MSC
Gateway MSC
G-PDU
T-PDU + GTP-Header
G-RNTI
GA
GA-CSR
GA-PSR
GA-RC
GAA
GAN
GANC
GBA
GBR
GCC
GCF
GCK
GEA
GERAN
GFSK
GGSN
GHz
GI
Guard Interval
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
GIAT
GIF
GITI
GK
Gatekeeper
GMK
GMLC
GMM
GMSC
Gateway MSC
GMSC-S
GMSK
GNU
GOP
Group of Pictures
GoS
Grade of Service
GPCS
GPRS
GPRS-CSI
GPRS-SSF
GPS
GRA
GRE
GRX
GSM
GSM-R
GSMS
GSN
GSSI
GTK
GTKSA
GTP
GTP-C
GTP-U
GTSI
GTT
GTTP
GUMMEI
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 235 -
- 236 -
GUP
GUTI
GW
Gateway
GWCN
GZIP
H-PLMN
Home PLMN
H-RNTI
HA
HARQ
Hybrid ARQ
HB
Heartbeat
HBDC
HBM
HC
Hybrid Coordinator
HC-SDMA
HCCA
HCF
HCS
HDB3
High Density Bipolar Three (Line Coding used for E1 (PCM 30)
HDLC
HDTV
HE
HFC
HFC-Network
HI
HARQ Indicator
HIPERLAN/2
HiperMAN
HLR
HMAC
HMIP
HO
Handover
HoA
Home Address
HOM
HOMTC
HOT
HP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
HPLMN
HR
High Rate
HR
Halfrate
HRPD
HS
High Speed
HS-DPCCH
HS-DSCH
HS-HARQ
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HSCSD
HSDPA
HSGW
HSPA
HSPA+
HSR
HSS
HSUPA
HT
High Throughput
HT200
HTML
HTTP
HTTPS
HUGE
HUMAN
HUPS
HW
Hardware
I-CSCF
I-WLAN
I+S
Information + Supervisory
IAM
IANA
IBS
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- 238 -
IBSS
iBurst
IC
Interference Cancellation
ICANN
ICH
ICIC
ICM
ICMP
ICMPv6
ICS
ICS
ICV
ID
Identity
IDEA
IDFT
IDNNS
IE
Information Element
IEC
IEEE
IETF
IF
Intermediate Frequency
IFFT
IFS
InterFrame Space
IGMP
IHOSS
IIR-Filter
IK
IKE
IKEv2
IKMP
iLBC
ILCM
IM
Instant Messaging
IMEI
IMEISV
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
Software Version number
IMM
IMPI
IMPU
IMS
IMS-AG
IMS-Access Gateway
IMS-SSF
IMSI
IMT
IMT-2000
IN
Intelligent Networking
INAP
INT
IOP
IoT
IOV
IOV-I / IOV-UI
IP
IP-CAN
Internet Protocol - Connectivity Access Network (e.g. DSL, TVCable, WiMAX, UMTS)
IP-CS
IP-Convergence Sublayer
IPBCP
IPCP
IPDC
IP Datacast
IPDV
IPER
IPLR
IPR
IPsec
IPTD
IPTV
IPv4
IPv6
IQ
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- 240 -
IR
Infra Red
IR
IS
IS-95
ISAKMP
ISBN
ISC
ISCP
ISCTI
ISDB
ISDN
ISI
Inter-System Interface
ISI
Inter-Symbol Interference
ISIM
ISM
ISO
ISP
ISPC
ISSI
ISUA
ISUP
IT
Information Technology
ITSI
ITU
ITU-R
ITU-T
Iu-FP
IUA
Iub_HS
Iub-FP
Iur-FP
IUT
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
IV
Initialization Vector
JD
Joint Detection
JPEG
kbps
KCK
KEK
KEK
kHz
KMC
KSG
L1
L2
L2TP
L3
LA
Location Area
LA
Link Adaptation
LAC
LACC
LAI
LAN
LANC
LAPB
LAPD
LAPDm
Link Access Protocol for the D-Channel / modified for the GSM
air interface (3GTS 44.006)
LAPV5
LATRED
LB
Load Balancing
LB
Linearization Burst
LBS
LCH
LCH-Q
LCID
Logical Channel ID
LCMC-SAP
LCP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 241 -
- 242 -
LCR
LCS
LoCation Service
LCT
LDAP
LDB
LDPC
LE
LEAP
LED
LER
LEX
LI
Length Indicator
LIP
LIP-SAP
LLC
LLME
LMA
LMDS
LMM-SAP
LMMSE
LMU
LNET
LNM
LOG10
Logarithm of basis 10
LOS
Line Of Sight
LP
LPC
LPD
LR
Location Register
LS
Line Station
LSB
LSF
LSI
LSP
LSR
LSSU
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
LTE
LTE_ACTIVE
LTE_DETACHED
LTE_IDLE
LTF
LTPD-SAP
LUPR
LZS
M-bit
More bit
M-TMSI
M2PA
M2UA
M3UA
MAC
MAC
MAC-d
MAC-e
MAC-ehs
MAC-es
MAC-hs
MAG
MAN
MAP
MAP-B
MAP-X
MAR
MASF
Max [X, Y]
MBit
Mega Bit
MBMS
MBS
- 243 -
- 244 -
MBSAT
MBSFN
MBWA
MBZ
Must Be Zero
MCC
MCCH
MCCH
MCH
Multicast Channel
MCM
Mcps
MCS
MCS-X
MCU
MD
MD-X
MDHO
Macro-Diversity Handover
MDSR
ME
MEGACO
MELPe
MER
MEX
MExE
MGC
MGCF
MGCK
MGCP
MGT
MGW
Media Gateway
MHP
MHz
MIB
MIB
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
MIC
MICH
MIDI
MIH
MII
MIKEY
MIME
MIMO
MIN
Min [X, Y]
MINA
MIP
MIPv4
Mobile IP Version 4
MISO
MitM
MLD
MLE
MLME
MLP
MLPP
MM
Mobility Management
MMCC
MMD
MMDS
MME
MMEC
MME Code
MMEGI
MMEI
MME Identity
MMI
Man-Machine-Interface
MMS
MN
Multiframe Number
MNC
MNI
MNP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 245 -
- 246 -
MNRG
MO
MOBIKE
MOC
MOCN
mod
MOPS
MORE
MOS
MP3
MPCC
MPDU
MPE
MPEG
MPEG2-TS
MPLS
MPN
MPRACH
MRC
MRF
MRFC
MRFP
MRU
MRW
MS
MS
Mobile Station
MS-ISDN
MS-PD
MSB
MSC
MSC-S
MSC-Server
MSCH
MSDU
MSK
MSRD
MSRN
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
MSRP
MSS
MST
MSU
MT
MT0
MT2
MTBF
MTC
MTCH
MTK
MTP
MTP-3b
MTTR
MTU
MUD
Multi-User-Detection unit
MUX
Multiplex
MVNO
N-PDU
N-SAW
N(R)
N(S)
NACC
NACK
Negative Acknowledgement
NAF
NAI
NAP
NAPT
NAPTR
NAS
Non-Access-Stratum
NASS
NAT
NATO
NAV
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 247 -
- 248 -
NBAP
NBM
NBNS
NC
Network Control
NC
Network Connection
NC
Neighbor Cell
NCC
NCM
NCP
NDB
NDI
NEMO
NGMN
NGN
NI
Network Indicator
NIC
NIT
NLOS
NMS
NMT
NNI
Network-to-Network Interface
NOM
NPB
NPM
Non-Persistent Mode
NRA
NRI
NS
Network Service
NS-VC
NS-VCG
NS-VL
NSAP
NSAPI
NSE
NSF
NSIS
NSLP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
NSP
NSPC
NSR
NSS
NT
Network Termination
NTSC
NUB
NWG
O-bit
Optional bit
O&M
OCNS
Octet
8 bit
OFDM
OFDMA
OFUSC
OLCM
OMA
OMAC
OMAP
OMC
OoBTC
OOK
On OFF Keying
OP
Optional
OPC
OPEX
Operational Expenditure
OPUSC
OPWA
ORF
Oesterreichischer Rundfunk
OSA
OSA-SCS
OSCP
OSI
OSP
OSPF
OTAR
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 249 -
- 250 -
OTDOA
OVSF
P-CCPCH
P-CPICH
P-CSCF
P-GW
P-SCH
P-TMSI
Packet TMSI
p/4-DQPSK
p/8-D8PSK
P/F-Bit
Polling/Final - Bit
P/S
Parallel to Serial
PA
PA
Power Amplifier
PA
PABX
PAC
PACCH
PACQ
PACS
PAD
PAGCH
PAL
PAMR
PAN
Piggybacked Ack/Nack
PAP
PAPR
PAR
PAT
PB
PBCC
PBCCH
PBCH
PBS
PC
Protocol Control
PC
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
PC
Power Control
PC
Point Coordinator
PC
Personal Computer
PC
Paging Controller
PCC
PCCC
PCCCH
PCCH
PCEF
PCF
PCFICH
PCH
Paging Channel
PCI
PCI
PCM
PCN
PCOMP
PCPCH
PCR
PCRF
PCS
PCU
PD
Protocol Discriminator
PD
Packet Data
PDA
PDB
PDB
PDBF
PDC
PDCCH
PDCH
PDCP
PDG
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 251 -
- 252 -
PDH
PDN
PDN-GW
PDO
PDP
PDS
PDS
PDSCH
PDSN
PDTCH
PDU
PEAP
PEI
PEP
PER
PES
PES
PFC
PFI
PG
PHB
PhCH
Physical Channel
PHICH
PHS
PHS
PHY
Physical Layer
PHz
PI
Priority Indicator
PI
Paging Indicator
PICH
PICMG
PICS
PID
PIDF
PIFS
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
PIN
PIR
PIXIT
PKCS
PKI
PKMv2
PL
PL
Physical Layer
PL-SAP
PLC
PLCP
PLmax
PLME
PLMN
PLnon-max
PLR
PLW
PMCH
PMD
PMI
PMIP
Proxy Mobile IP
PMIPv6
PMK
PMKID
PMKSA
PMM
PMR
PMR
PMT
PMTU
Path MTU
PN
Pseudo Noise
PN
Packet Number
PNCH
PNG
PO
Power Offset
PoC
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 253 -
- 254 -
PoE
POP
POP3
POTS
PPCH
PPDU
PPM
PPP
PRA
PRACH
PRACH
PRACK
PRD
PRF
PRI
PRNG
PS
Puncturing Scheme
PS
Program Stream
PS
Power Save
PS
PS
Packet Switched
PSC
PSD
PSDU
PSF
PSI
PSIP
PSK
Preshared Key
PSK
PSPDN
PSS 1
PSTN
PT
PTCCH
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
PTCCH/D
PTCCH/U
PTK
PTKSA
PTM
Point to Multipoint
PTP
Point to Point
PTS
PTT
PUA
PUCCH
PUEM
PUSC
PUSCH
PVC
QAM
QAP
QBSS
QCI
QCIF
QE
Quality Estimate
QoS
Quality of Service
QPSK
QSIG
QSTA
R-GSM
Railways-GSM
RA
Routing Area
RA
Registered Area
RA
Receive Address
RA-RNTI
RAA
RAB
RAB
RAC
- 255 -
- 256 -
RAC
RACC
RACH
RACS
RADIUS
RAI
RAM
RAN
RANAP
RAND
Random Number
RAR
RAT
RATSCCH
RB
Resource Block
RB
RB
Radio Bearer
RBB
RBC
RBPSCH
RC4
Rivest Cipher 4
RCPC
RDC
RDC-NC
RDC-Q
RED
RED
REJ
Reject
REQ
RES
Response
RF
Radio Frequency
RFC
RFID
RG
RIP
RL
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
RL-TBF
RLC
RLM
Radio Link Management (Protocol Part on the GSM AbisInterface / 3GTS 48.058)
RLP
RLS
RM
Reed-Muller
RM
Rate Matching
RMS
RNC
RNL
RNR
RNS
RNSAP
RNSN
RNTI
RoHC
ROHC
ROI
Return On Invest
Roope53vISO
RoT
RPE/LTP
RPID
RPLMN
Registered PLMN
RPR
RR
RR
RRA
RRBP
RRC
RRC state
RRC_MBMS_CONN RRC state in E-UTRA for UEs with MBMS service only
ECTED
RRC-Filter
RRLP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 257 -
- 258 -
RRM
RS
Reference Signal
RSA
RSADP
RSAEP
RSAES-OAEP
RSC
RSCP
RSN
RSNA
RSRP
RSRQ
RSSI
RST
RSTD
RSVP
RT
Real Time
RTCM
RTCP
RTG
RTO
RTP
RTP/AVP
RTP/AVPF
RTP/SAVP
RTS
Request To Send
RTSP
RTT
RTTI
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
RTTVAR
RTWP
RUIM
RV
Rx
Receive(r)
RX
Receive
S-CCPCH
S-CPICH
S-CSCF
S-GW
S-SCH
S-TMSI
S(R)
S(S)
S/P
Serial to Parallel
S1-AP
S1 Application Part
SA
System Architecture
SA
Source Address
SA
Service Area
SA
Security Association
SAAL-NNI
SAB
SABM(E)
SABP
SACCH
SACCH/MD
SACK
Selective Acknowledgement
SAE
SAI
SAIC
SANC
SAP
SAPI
SAR
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 259 -
- 260 -
SAR
SAT
Satellite
SAW
SB
SB
Scheduling Block
SBC
SBLP
SBN
SBPSCH
SC
Subcarrier
SC
Serving Cell
SC-FDMA
SCCH
SCCP
SCF
SCH
Synchronization Channel
SCH
Signalling CHannel
SCH-P8/F
SCH-P8/HD
SCH-P8/HU
SCH-Q
SCH-Q/D
SCH-Q/HU
SCH-Q/RA
SCH-Q/U
SCH/F
SCH/HD
SCH/HU
SCK
SCLNS
SCN
SCP
SCR
SCTP
SD
Sample Duration
SDCCH
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
SDH
SDK
SDMA
SDP
SDS
SDT
SDTI
SDTV
Standard Definition TV
SDU
SEG
Security Gateway
SEP
SF
Spreading Factor
SF
Slot Flag
SFBC
SFD
SFH
SFID
SFN
SFN
SFPG
SG
SG
SGCP
SGi
SGLUPR
SGSN
SGW
Signaling Gateway
SHA
SHCCH
SHO
Soft Handover (UE is having more than one radio link at the
same time and combines them)
SI
Service Information
SI
Service Indicator
SI
Segment Indicator
SI
Scheduling Info
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 261 -
- 262 -
SIB
SIB
SIC
SICH-Q
SICH-Q/D
SICH-Q/U
SID
SID
SIE
SIF
SIFS
SIG
SIGQ
Signaling Queue
SIGTRAN
SIM
SIMO
SIN
SIO
SIO
SIOS
SIP
SIP-AS
SIP-Application Server
SIP-B
SIP-I
SIP-T
SIPO
SIQ
SIR
SISO
SLA
SLC
SLF
SLR
SLS
SLTA
SLTM
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
SM
SM-SC
SME
SME
SMG
SMI
SMIL
SMKSA
SMLC
SMS
SMS-G-MSC
SMS-IW-MSC
SMSCB
SMTP
SN
SN
Sequence Number
SN-PDU
SN-Q
SN-SAP
SNA
SND
SNDCP
SNEI
SNIR
SNM
SNN
SNR
SNTM
SNTP
SNU
SO
Segment Offset
SOAP
SOHO
SP
Signaling Point
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 263 -
- 264 -
SPC
SPI
SPR
SQCIF
SQN
SRB
SRES
Signed Response
SRF
SRNC
SRNS
SRS
SRTP
SRTT
SRV
SRVCC
SS
Supplementary Service
SS
SS
Spatial Stream
SS7
Signaling System No 7
SSC
SSCF
SSCF/NNI
SSCF/UNI
SSCOP
SSCOPMCE
SSCS
SSDT
SSF
SSI
SSID
SSN
SubSlot Number
SSN
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
SSN
SSP
SSRC
SSRTG
SSS
SSSAR
ssthresh
SSTTG
SSVE
ST
STA
Station
STAkey
Station Key
STAkeySA
STANAG
STBC
STC
STC
STCH
STealing CHannel
STF
STP
STS
STTD
STUN
SU
Scheduling Unit
SUA
SUERM
SUFI
SUN
SVC
SVG
SW
Software
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
- 265 -
- 266 -
SWAP
SwMI
SYNC
T-PDU
T.38
Fax Specification
TA
Transmitter Address
TA
Tracking Area
TA
Timing Advance
TA
TAC
TACS
TAF
TAI
TB
Transport Block
TBCP
TBF
TBS
TC
TC
Technical Committee
TCAP
TCB
TCH
Traffic Channel
TCH-AFS
TCH-AHS
TCH-P8/10,8
TCH/2,4
TCH/4,8
TCH/7,2
TCH/FD
TCH/S
TCP
TCP/BFCP
TCP/IP
TCP/RTP/AVP
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
TCP/TLS/BFCP
TCTF
TCTV
TDD
TDM
TDMA
TDOA
TDT
TE
Terminal Equipment
TE2
TEA1/2/3/4
TEBS
TEDS
TEI
TEID
TEK
Term
Explanation
TETRA
TETRA V+D
TF
Transport Format
TFC
TFCI
TFCS
TFI
TFI
TFO
TFRC
TFRI
TFS
TFT
TFTP
TGD
TGL
TGPRC
TGSN
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and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
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TH-CDMA
THIG
THP
THz
TI
Transaction Identifier
TIA
TID
Tunnel Identifier
TID
Traffic Identifier
TIM
TIP
TIPHON
TISPAN
TK
Temporal Key
TKIP
TL
TETRA LLC
TLA-SAP
TLB-SAP
TLC-SAP
TLE-SAP
TLLI
TLS
TLV
TM
Trunked Mode
TM
TM
Transmission Modules
TM
TETRA MAC
TMA-SAP
TMB-SAP
TMC-SAP
TMD
TMD-SAP
TMGI
TMN
TMSI
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
TMV-SAP
TN
Timeslot Number
TNCC-SAP
TNL
TNMM
TNP
TNSDS-SAP
TNSS-SAP
TOI
ToIP
Text over IP
TOM
TOM2
TOM8
TOS
Type of Service
TOT
TP
TP-UD
TPC
TPC
TPS
TPTI
TQI
TRAU
TrCH
TrFO
TrGw
TRX
Transmitter / Receiver
TS
Transport Stream
TS
Traffic Stream
TS
Timeslot
TS
Time Sharing
TSC
TSC
TSI
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
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TSN
TSTD
TTA
TTG
TTG
TTI
TTL
TTR
TU50
TUA
TUP
TUSC
TV
Television
Tx
Transmit(ter)
TX
Transmit
TxAA
TXOP
Transmission Opportunity
U-MST
U-SAP
UA
UA
UAC
UARFCN
UART
UAS
UAS-X
UBS-X
UCD
UCI
UCS
UCS-2
UDCH
UDH
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
UDP
UDPTL
UE
User Equipment
UEA
UGS
UHF
UI
UIA
UICC
UIUC
UL
Uplink
UL_DTX
UL-MAP
UL-SCH
UM
UMA
UMAN
UMB
UMD
UMS
UMTS
UNC
UNC-SGW
UNI
User-to-Network Interface
UP
User Priority
UP
URA
URA_PCH
URB
URI
URL
US
United States
USA
USAT
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
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USB
USCH
USD
USF
USIM
USS
USSI
UTF-16BE
UTF-8
UTRA
UTRAN
UUI
UUS
UV
Ultra Violet
UWB
UWC
V-PLMN
Visited PLMN
V+D
V5UA
VA
VAD
VBS
VC
Virtual Circuit
VCC
VCI
VCO
VCT
VDSL
VE
Virtual Engine
VGCS
VHE
VHF
VI
Video
VLAN
Virtual LAN
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
VLR
VO
Voice
VoD
Video on Demand
VoIMS
VoIP
Voice over IP
VPI
VPLMN
VPN
VSI
VSRB
VW
W-AMR
W-AMR+
W-APN
WAG
WAN
WAP
WCDMA
WDS
WEP
WG
Working Group
WI
Work Item
WiBro
WiFi
WiMAX
WINS
WLAN
WM
Wireless Medium
WMAN
WMAX
WMM
WiFi MultiMedia
WPA
WPA2
WRED
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
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WS
Window Size
WSN
WWW
X-CSCF
X2-AP
X2 Application Part
XHTML
XID
XMAC
XMF
XOR
XRES
XUA
XXX_PCH
ZF
Zero Forcing
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
List of Acronyms
INACON GmbH 1999 - 2009. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number 2.000
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