SEMINAR REPORT ON HYDRAULIC JUMP

AND ITS APPLICATIONS

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
KOLKATA

PROJECT PREPARED BY:

AGNIMITRA DASGUPTA
CLASS - BCE III
SECTION - B2
ROLL 001110401085
PROJECT PREPARED UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF:

DR. GUPINATH BHANDARI

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that AGNIMITRA DASGUPTA of BCE III bearing Roll No.
001110401085 has prepared the seminar paper entitled HYDRAULIC JUMP
AND ITS APPLICATIONS under my supervision as a part of his pre-final
curriculum of Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University.

__________________________

__________________________

PROF. SAROJ MANDAL

DR. GUPINATH BHANDARI

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

Jadavpur University

Jadavpur University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report has been prepared completely under the guidance of our
respected teacher Dr. G. Bhandari, without whose invaluable guidance,
knowledge and suggestions this report would have consumed way more time
and would have lacked substantial accuracy.
So I sincerely extend my thankfulness to Dr. G. Bhandari for not only
helping me to complete this report on time but also for expanding my
knowledge further in the field of Hydraulics.
I have strived to make this report as presentable and accurate as possible.
However any discrepancies that might have crept in due to extraneous factors
and is deeply regretted.
Yours sincerely,

AGNIMITRA DASGUPTA
BCE III (B2)
Roll - 001110401085

CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION

2. RELATED TERMINOLOGIES AND DEFINITION

3. TYPES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

3.1 CLASSICAL JUMP

3.2 SLOPING HYDRAULIC JUMP

10

3.3 SUBMERGED HYDRAULIC JUMP

10

4. CLASSICAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

4.1 SPECIFIC ENERGY

11
11

4.2 FLOW CONDITIONS BEFORE AND AFTER

HYDRAULIC JUMP
4.3 PRINCIPLE OF CONJUGATE DEPTHS

13
15

4.4 ENERGY LOSS ASSOIATED WITH HYDRAULIC

JUMP

15

4.5 DEPTHS BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRAULIC JUMP

16

4.6 LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

16

4.7 ASSUMPTIONS

17

5. SLOPING HYDRAULIC JUMP

18

6. SUBMEGRD HYDRAULIC JUMP

20

6.1 FLOW IN SUBMERGED HYDRAULIC JUMP

7. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP
7.1 ENERGY DISSIPATORS

21
23
23

7.2 SUITABILITY OF A PARTICULAR TYPE OF

DISSIPATOR

27

8. CONCLUSION

28

9. REFERENCES

29

1. INTRODUCTION
The rise in water level, which occurs during the transformation of the unstable
rapid or supercritical flow to the stable tranquil or subcritical flow, is called
hydraulic jump, manifesting itself as a standing wave. At the place, where the
hydraulic jump occurs, a lot of energy of the flowing liquid is dissipated
(mainly into heat energy). This hydraulic jump is said to be a dissipator of the
surplus energy of the water. Beyond the hydraulic jump, the water flows with a
greater depth, and therefore with a less velocity.
Hydraulic jumps appear in the surface of rivers as standing waves or surges. In
their most fully developed state they appear as a line of breaking waves normal
to the river bank which remains stationary with respect to an observer on the
bank. Hydraulic jumps may occur as a single event in a reach of channel or they
may occur in trains as flow alternates back and forth across the two flow states.
They may be steady-state features or they may be intermittent or even periodic,
forming and collapsing, and re-establishing again, in response to the highly
unsteady non-uniform flow. As we might expect, hydraulic jumps are more
likely to be found disrupting flows in steep mountainous streams rather than
those in large low-slope rivers although even the latter may exhibit this flow
phenomenon at high flood discharges.
Some of the features of hydraulic jump are: Highly turbulent flow with significantly dynamic velocity and pressure
components.
Pulsations of both pressure and velocity, and wave development downstream
of the jump
Two-phase flow due to air entrainment
Erosive pattern due to increased macro-scale vortex development
Sound generation and energy dissipation as a result of turbulence production

2. RELATED TERMINOLOGIES & DEFINITIONS

The effect of gravity upon the state of flow is represented by a ratio of inertial
forces to gravity forces. This ratio is given by the Froude number, defined as:
Fr =

V
gL

; where V is the mean velocity of flow in m/s, g is the acceleration

of gravity in m/s2, and L is a characteristic length (usually depth) in m.

The critical state-of-flow has been defined in Section (3.2.2.) as the condition
for which the Froude number is equal to unity, i.e. Fr = 1, with L = h, or:
Vc = gh
A more common definition is, that it is the state of flow at which the specific
energy is a minimum for a given discharge. When the depth of flow is greater
than the critical depth, the flow velocity is smaller than the critical velocity for
the given discharge, and at this case, the Froude number is smaller than 1,
hence, the flow is subcritical. When the depth of flow is smaller than the
critical depth, or the Froude number is larger than 1, the flow is supercritical.
The depth of water in a channel, corresponding to the minimum specific energy
is known as critical depth and the corresponding velocity as critical velocity.
The critical depth hc is given by:
hc =

q2
; where q = discharge per unit width
g

Also, the critical velocity corresponding to the depth of the channel is:
Vc = q/ hc
It may be noted that the depth before the jump is always less than the depth after
the jump. The depth before the jump is called the initial depth h1 and that after
the jump is called the sequent depth h2.

Depending on the critical depth as well as the real, occurring depth of water in a
channel, three types of flow can be distinguished:
Tranquil flow: If the depth of water, in the channel is greater than the critical
depth, the flow is called tranquil or subcritical.
Critical flow: If the depth of water in the channel is critical, the flow is
called critical.
Rapid flow: If the depth of water in the channel is smaller than the critical
depth, the flow is called supercritical.
The ratio of the specific energy after the jump to that before the jump is defined
as the efficiency of the jump.
The difference between the depths after and before the jump is the height of the
jump, or hj = h2 - h1.
The length of the hydraulic jump may be defined as the distance measured from
the front face of the jump to a point on the surface immediately downstream of
the turbulent section.

3. TYPES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

Predominantly there are three types of Hydraulic Jumps that occur and they are
as follows:3.1 Classical jump : A classical hydraulic jump (CHJ) occurs in a smooth,
horizontal, prismatic rectangular channel . The flow pattern of a CHJ is almost
two-dimensional, apart from the boundary layers along the side walls.

CLASSICAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

Hydraulic jumps on a horizontal bottom can occur in several distinct forms.

3.1.1 Based on the Froude number of the supercritical flow directly upstream of
the hydraulic jump, several types can be distinguished into the following:-

FROUDE

JUMP

ILLUSTRASTIO

DESCRIPTION

NO.

TYPE

1-3

Undular

The water surface shows

undulations.

3-6

Weak

6 - 20

Oscillating

20 80

Steady

A series of small rollers develop

on the surface of the jump, but
the downstream water surface
remains smooth. The velocity
throughout is fairly uniform, and
the energy loss is low.
There is an oscillating jet entering
the jump from bottom to surface
and back again with no
periodicity. Each oscillation
produces a large wave of irregular
period which can travel for
meters doing unlimited damage to
earthen banks and
rip-raps.
The downstream extremity of the
surface roller and the point at
which the high velocity jet tends
to leave the flow occur at
practically the same vertical
section. The action and position
of this jump are least sensitive to
variation in tail water depth. The
jump is well-balanced and the
performance is at its best. The
energy dissipation ranges from 45
to 70%.

>80

Strong

The high-velocity jet grabs

intermittent slugs of water rolling
down the front face of the jump,
generating waves downstream,
and a rough surface can prevail.
The jump action is rough but
effective since the energy
dissipation may reach 85%

It should be noted that the ranges of the Froude number given in Table 3.1.1 for
the various types of jump are not clear-cut but overlap to a certain extent
depending on local conditions.
3.1.2 Further, hydraulic jump may occur in four different distinct forms, if the
undular jump as previously discussed is excluded. The classification of classical
jumps may be given only in terms of the approaching Froude number as
follows: Pre-jump: (Fig. 3.5.a) if 1.7 < Fr < 2.5. A series of small rollers develop on
the surface at Fr = 1.7, which is slightly intensified for increasing Fr-number. A
pre-jump presents no particular problems for a stilling basin as the water surface
is quite smooth, and the velocity distribution in the tail water is fairly uniform.
However, the efficiency of the jump is low from an energetic point of view.

Transition jump: (Fig. 3.5.b) if 2.5 < Fr < 4.5. This type of jump has a
pulsating action. The entering jet oscillates heavily from the bottom to the
surface without regular period. Each oscillation produces a large wave of
irregular period, which may cause very undesirable bank erosion. Transition
jumps occur often in low head structures.

10

Stabilised jump: (Fig. 3.5.c) if 4.5 < Fr < 9. These jumps have the best
performance since they have a limited tailwater wave action, relatively high
energy dissipation, and a compact and stable appearance. The point where the
high velocity current leaves the bottom coincides nearly with the roller end
section. Efficiencies between 45% and 70% may be obtained.

Choppy jump: (Fig. 3.5.d) if Fr > 9. At such high Fr-number, the high velocity
jet is no more able to remain on the bottom. Slugs of water rolling down the
front face of the jump intermittently fall into the high velocity jet, and generate
additional tail water waves. The surface of the jump is usually very rough, and
contains a considerable amount of spray.

3.2 Sloping Hydraulic Jump: Sloping hydraulic jumps are significant

especially when spillways are sloped. The added effect of the slope causes a
component of self-weight of the water to act as an impelling force.

11
SLOPED HYDRAULIC JUMP

3.3 Submerged Hydraulic Jump: A submerged hydraulic jump, or shortly

called submerged jump, is defined as the jump where the toe is covered by water
and the atmosphere has no direct access to the body of the jump. As a result, a
submerged jump entrains much less air than the non-submerged jump.

SUBMERGED HYDRAULIC JUMP

4. CLASSICAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

4.1 SPECIFIC ENERGY
The specific-energy head, E, of a flowing liquid is defined as the energy head
with respect to a datum plane, for instance passing through the bottom of the
channel as shown in figure.

12
SPECIFIC ENERGY HEAD OF A FLOWING FLUID

Mathematically, the specific-energy head reads as:

E = h + v2/2g ;

(Eqn 4.1.1)

where h = depth of liquid flow,

and V = mean velocity of the liquid.
The specific-energy head can be written as:
E = h + v2/2g = Es + Ek
where Es = h = static-energy head (also known as potential energy head)
and Ek = v2/2g = kinetic-energy head (depth averaged),
with q = discharge per unit width.
Plotting the specific-energy diagram for a channel (water depth h along the
vertical axis), may conveniently be done by first drawing the two (independent)
curves for static energy and kinetic energy and then adding the respective
ordinates. The result is the required specific-energy head curve.

SPECIFIC ENERGY HEAD CURVE

We can see in the specific-energy diagram that for a given specific energy E,
there are two possible depths h1 and h2. The depth h1 is smaller than the critical
depth, and h2 is greater than the critical depth.

13

We also know that, when the water depth is smaller than the critical depth, the
flow is called a tranquil or subcritical flow. But when the depth is greater than
the critical depth, the flow is called a rapid or supercritical flow. It has been
experimentally found, that the rapid flow is an unstable type of flow, and does
not continue on the downstream side. The transformation from rapid flow into
tranquil flow occurs by means of a so-called hydraulic jump. A counter
clockwise roller rides continuously up the surface of the jump, entraining air
and contributing to the general complexity of the internal flow patterns.
Turbulence is produced at the boundary between the incoming jet and the roller.
The kinetic energy of the turbulence is rapidly dissipated along with the mean
flow energy in the downstream direction, so that the turbulence kinetic energy is
small at the end of the jump.

4.2 FLOW CONDITIONS BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRAULIC JUMP

14

Consider two sections, on the upstream and downstream side of a jump, as

shown in the figure:

NOTATIONS FOR CLASSICAL HYDRAULIC JUMP

Let: 1-1 = section on the upstream side of the hydraulic jump,

2-2 = section on the downstream side of the hydraulic jump,
h1 = depth of flow at section 1 - 1,
V1 = flow velocity at section 1 - 1,
h2, V2 = corresponding values at section 2 - 2,
q = discharge per unit width, q = Q/b
Where Q = total discharge and b = width of channel and hydraulic jump
q = h1V1 = h2V2

(Eqn 4.2.1)

Now consider the control volume of water between the sections 1-1 and 2-2,
and apply the law of conservation of momentum. Force F1 on section 1-1:
F 1 = (h 1 1)

h 1 h 12
=
2
2

(Eqn 4.2.2)

15

Similarly, force F2 on section 2-2:

F 2 = (h 2 1)

h 2 h 2 2
=
2
2

(Eqn 4.2.3)

The horizontal net force F on the control volume, neglecting friction effects, is :

F=

F1

F2

h 12
2

h 2 2
2

(Eqn 4.2.4)
This force is responsible for change of velocity from V1 to V2.
We know that this force is also equal to the change of momentum of the control
volume: Force = mass of water flowing per second change of velocity

F=

q
(V 2V 1)
g

So,

h 12 h 2 2 q

= ( V 2V 1 )
2
2
g

Rearranging the equation yields, v12 =

Therefore,

g
h2
( h 2+h 1)
2
h1

V12 1
h2 h2
= (1+ )
g h1 2
h1 h1

V12 1
h2 h2
As we had already stated, (Fr1)2 = g h 1 = 2 (1+ h 1 ) h 1
h2

Now h 1

h2
h1

so, (1 +

so,

h2

> 1 , so , 1 + h 1

>2

)/2 > 1

(1+ hh 21 ) . h 2 >1
2

h1

hence, (Fr1)2>1 so flow before the jump is always Rapid.

(Eqn 4.2.5)

16

Now from continuity equation, q = h1V1 = h2V2

g
h2
( h 2+h 1)
2
h1

=> v12 =

V22h22

=> h 12

(Eqn 4.2.6)

g
h 2 h2
= (1+ )
2
h1 h1

V22 1
h2
h1
h1
=> g h 2 = 2 1+ h 1 h 2 h 2

)( )( )

V22
1
h1
h1
=> (Fr2)2 = g h 2 = 2 { h 2 2+ h 2 }

( ) ( )

(Eqn

4.2.7)
h1
h2

Now

so,

< 1 , so ,

( hh 12 )2+(hh 12 )

( hh 12 )2

< 2 also,

<1
1
h1
h1
{
2+
}
2
h2
h2

( ) ( )

<1

hence, (Fr2)2<1 so flow before the jump is always Tranquil.

4.3 PRICIPLE OF CONJUGATE DEPTHS
Now, again from equation 4.2.6, v12 =

So,

g
h2
( h 2+h 1)
2
h1

q2
g
h2 h2
= (1+ )
h 12 2
h1 h1
2q 2

=> g

=h 1 2 h 2+ h 1 h 22

(Eqn 4.3.1)

So if q is constant, g also being constant the left side of the equation is a

constant. Hence the depths maybe mutually exchanged and thus known as
conjugate depths for a given discharge.
4.4 ENERGY LOSS ASSOCIATD WITH HYDRAULIC JUMP
Now, applying the energy equations between sections 1-1 and 2-2:-

17

E = change of energy head

V 12
V22
= ( h 1 + 2g ( h 2 + 2g )
1

= ( h 1 - h 2 ) + 2g

V12 - V22

But, q = h1V1 = h2V2

q2

So, E = ( h 1 - h 2 ) + 2g

(
2q 2

But from earlier equation, g

Which may also be written as,

=h 1 2 h 2+ h 1 h 22
h 1 h 2 (h 1+ h 2
q2
=
2g
4

So on substituting the value of

simplifying we obtain E =

1
1

h 12 h 22

q2
2g

(h 2h 1

3
4h 1h2

in the previous equation and further

(Eqn 4.4.1)
which is the expression for the energy loss taking place over the hydraulic jump.
Now simply on inspection of the equation it can be seen that, since h 2 is always
greater than h1 the term E is always greater than zero and that the energy loss
depends only on the heights before and after the jump.
4.5 DEPTHS BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRAULIC JUMP
2q 2

Again, from equation 4.3.1 g

=h 1 2 h 2+ h 1 h 22 which may be written as

18

h 12 h 2+ h 1 h 2 2 -

2q 2
=0
g

(Eqn

4.5.1)
The equation 4.5.1 is a quadratic in both h 1 and h2 and thus knowing any one of
them the equation may be solved and we obtain;
h2 = -

h1
2

h 1 2 2q 2
+
4
h1g

now q = h1V1, so substituting q in the above equation and simplifying we get;

h1

h2 = - 2

also, Fr1 =

h 1 2 g + 8V 1 2 h 1
4g

V1
gh 1

equation we get;

as described in section 2 so substituting in the above

h1

h2 = - 2

h1
1+8(F r1 ) 2
2

The above equation may also be written as,

h2
h1 =

1
2

(Eqn

4.5.2)
h1

and from the principle of conjugate depths, h 2

(Eqn

1
1+8(F r1 ) 2
2

=-

1
2

1
1+8(F r2 ) 2
2

4.5.3)

19

4.6 LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

The length of the jump cannot be determined easily by theory, but it has been
investigated experimentally by many scientists. The experimental data on the
length of the jump can be plotted conveniently with the Froude number Fr1
against the dimensionless ratio Lj/(h2 h1) , Lj/h1 or Lj/h2 .
The plot of Fr1 vs. Lj/h1 is probably the best, for the resulting curve can be best
defined by the data. For practical purposes, however, the plot of Fr1 vs L j/h2 is
desirable, because the resulting curve then shows regularity or a fairly flat
portion for the range of well-established jumps.
We may also use some of the other empirically established formulae as given
below:i)

Pavolovskis formula (1940), for a rectangular channel, if Fr1> 10:

ii)

Lj = 2.5 (1.9h2 - h1)

Picalovs formula (1954) for a rectangular channel, if Fr1> 10:

iii)

Lj = 4h1 1+2(F r1 )
If 3 < Fr < 400 in a rectangular channel, we may use Ivadians formula
(1955): Lj =

8(10 + F r1 ) (h 2- h 1 ) 3
.
F r1
4h 1 h 2

and in case of a trapezoidal

( )

B-b
channel, we use Ivadians formula (1955): L j = 5h2 1 + 4 B

20

where B and b are the free water-surface widths of the wetted crosssections before and after the jump, respectively.
4.7 ASSUMPTIONS
In derivation of the various expressions the following assumptions were made:i) The bed is horizontal (or so nearly so that the component of weight in the
direction of flow may be neglected) and that the rectangular cross-section of the
channel uniform (i.e. the channel is not tapered).
ii) The velocity over each of the cross-sections considered is so nearly uniform
that mean velocities maybe used without significant error.
iii) The depth is uniform across the width.
iv) Friction at the boundaries is negligible. This assumption is justifiable
because the jump occupies only a short length of the channel.
v) Surface tension effects are neglected.
5. SLOPING HYDRAULIC JUMP
The sloping hydraulic jump, which is a jump in a channel with a positive
sloping upstream portion, and an essentially horizontal downstream portion, has
received some attention in the past. The added effect of the slope causes a
component of self-weight of the water to act as an impelling force.
The sloping hydraulic jump maybe classified into the following types according
to their toe position relative to their bottom kinks:i) A-jump for which the toe is at the kink.
ii) B-jump is intermediate to A- and C-jumps
iii) C-jump for which the end of roller is above the kink
iv) D-jump where the entire roller is on the sloping channel portion.

21

TYPES OF SLOPING HYDRAULIC JUMP

There were studies made on the sloping jumps with various bed slopes of 0.191,
0.323 and 0.693 and it was found that the dimensions of the A- jump were quite
similar to the classical hydraulic jump.
The most complete informations are available on C and D-jumps, for which the
end of the surface roller is located above the bottom kink. Various experiments
were performed and an expression for the ratio of depths before and after the
hydraulic jump was formulated as

h2
1
( 1+8(F 1 s ) 21)
h1 = + 2

(Eqn 5.1)
Where h1 = N1 cos , is the approaching depth and is the bed slope of the
approaching channel and F1s is the modified Froude Number of the sloping
channel given by F1s =

cos 1.5
F1
(1-2x tan )0.5

5.2)
where F1 is the Froude number for an equivalent horizontal channel.

NOTATIONS FOR SLOPING HYDRAULIC JUMP

(Eqn

22

Similarly the length of the jump was approximated as:

Lj/Lj* = exp(-1.33)

(Eqn 5.3)

where Lj* is the length of the equivalent classical jump. The above equation is
however valid only for <17.
There has been very less research on the B- jumps and as a result sufficiently
reliable expressions are not available for this type of jump. However studies
indicate that the ratio of depths, that is, h 2/h1 increased proportionally to the
horizontal shift Ls of the toe relative to the bottom kink.

23

6. SUBMERGED HYDRAULIC JUMP

A submerged hydraulic jump, or shortly called submerged jump, is defined as
the jump where the toe is covered by water and the atmosphere has no direct
access to the body of the jump. A submerged jump may typically develop
behind gates as sketched below.

For low tail water, a free-surface flow is generated behind the gate lip and the
approaching flow to the jump is supercritical. However, when increasing the tail
water level, the toe of the jump moves towards the gate lip and attaches to it at
transitional flow. Further increase of the tail water level makes the jump
extremely rough. The jump entrains air over limited periods of time only, and
the body of the jump moves against the gate to separate after a short while. The
transition from non-submerged to submerged gate flow is highly dynamic and
pulsating, and should be avoided in view of the development of large dynamic
pressures.
If the tail water is raised further, the jump changes gradually to a submerged jet.
This is characterised by low-noise development, low-pulsating flow and
continuous flow appearance. The energy dissipation reduces with the degree of
submergence; however, a highly submerged jump may not be used as an
efficient energy dissipator.

24

6.1 FLOW IN SUBMERGED JUMP

Consider the longitudinal section of flow shown in figure. It defines the average
flow field of a submerged hydraulic jump in a rectangular prismatic channel.
The depth hII is produced by the gate, and the depth h III is produced by some
downstream control. If hIII is greater than the depth conjugated to h II i.e. the
depth needed to form a hydraulic jump with h II, then the gate outlet must
become submerged as shown in the figure. The effect is that the jet of water
issuing from beneath the gate is overlaid by a mass of water which, although
strongly turbulent, has no net motion in any direction.

SUBMERGED JUMP FROM A SLUICE GATE

An approximate analysis can therefore be made by treating the case as one of

divided flow in which part of the flow section is occupied by moving water, and
part by stagnant water. Though there will be some energy loss between section I
and section II, a much greater proportion of the loss will occur in the expanding
flow between section II and section III. We therefore assume, as an
approximation, that all loss occurs between section II and section III that is
EI = EII.

25

q2
q2
Hence, h I + 2gh I =h + 2gh I I

, note that the piezometric head term at section

II is equal to the total depth h, not to the jet depth hII.

Between section II and section III, we can use the momentum equation:

q2
h2
q2
h III 2
+ g
=
+ g
h II
2
h III
2

(Eqn 6.1)
Note that at section II, the hydrostatic thrust term is based on h, not hII.
In the normal situation occurring in practice, h I, hII and hIII are known and it is
required to calculate q; the second unknown h will also emerge from the
calculation. The solution is elementary, for elimination of q2/g leads to a
quadratic equation in h which may be solved to obtain h.
Submerged Jumps are most common behind sluice gates.

26

7. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

Some of the very basic applications of the hydraulic jump are as follows:i) Dissipation of energy of water flowing over dams and weirs to prevent
possible erosion and scouring due to high velocities.
ii) Raising water levels in canals to enhance irrigation practices and reduce
pumping heads.
iii) Reducing uplift pressure under the foundations of hydraulic structures.
iv) Creating special flow conditions to meet certain special needs at control
sections gaging stations, flow measurement, flow regulation .etc.
v) To mix chemicals used for water purification.
vi) To aerate water for city water supplies and to remove air pockets from water
supply lines and prevent air locking.

7.1 ENERGY DISSIPATORS

The energy dissipators for dam outlet works may be classified into four groups
namely rock basins, simple hydraulic jump basins, baffle basins, and free
trajectory jets.
7.1.1 ROCK BASINS

ROCK BASINS

In rock basins the dissipation takes place over unprotected rock and includes
cases where the flow is directly deflected into the tailwater. Free trajectory jets
are excluded from this category. Most rock basins involve net drops of less than
30m, as problems occurred for larger drop heights, failures were associated with
weak rock formations. However if boulders or hard rock are available locally

27

then implementation of this method is quite economical and convenient and

does not require much detail designing, thus making it one of the most widely
used energy dissipator.
7.1.2 SIMPLE HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS

SIMPLE HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS

A hydraulic jump is used in simple jump basins, which are not provided by
appurtenances to obstruct the flow or to increase turbulence. The hydraulic
jump type stilling basin is the most effective mechanism for dissipating excess
energy and the least prone to erosion and cavitation. This type of dissipator has
been widely used and there exist numerous successful designs. Simple hydraulic
jump basins are used either for small heads 10m) or for heads larger than 30m.
Problems such as surface damage, cavitation, lifting of the apron slabs occur at
heads higher than 50 m. This dissipator should be used for heads smaller than
10m, and between 30 and 50 m

HYDRAULIC JUMP AVER A STEPPED SPILLWAY

7.1.3 BAFFLE BASINS

28

BAFFLE BASINS

Baffle basins are basically hydraulic jump basins assisted by appurtenances to

increase turbulence. The location of the jump is thus stabilised for variable tail
water and the structure is shortened to reduce costs. For heads between 10 and
30m the baffle basins are efficient, given that effects of cavitation and
turbulence are relatively small, and the efficiency of appurtenances on the basin
performance is significant. For head drops of 30 to 50 m, there is a mixture of
basins with, and without baffles although most of the baffle basins have
recorded damages at such heads. The advantages of a stilling baffle basin are
safety in performance because of the considerable amount of knowledge and
experience. Disadvantages such as problems with unsymmetrical approaching
flow, poor dissipation at low inflow Froude numbers, cavitation damage, and
relatively long reaches to be protected against scour, confine this type of
dissipator to the limit of approaching velocity smaller than 30 m/s.

BAFFLE BASINS

7.1.4 FREE TRAJECTORY JETS

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FREE TRAJECTORY JETS

Free trajectory jets include all cases where the flow is guided into the air before
striking the tailwater. Typical structures are overfalls, drops, ski jumps and flip
or trajectory buckets. Trajectory basins may be used for heads larger than 10m
provided the discharge is not too small for a good spray action. Trajectory
basins have been used only if Q(discharge) > 250{H(head)-8} . For large
discharges Q, the head should thus be large since it is otherwise impossible to
spread the flow sufficiently. The advantages of the trajectory bucket are its
simplicity in design, construction and maintenance, its independence on tail
water fluctuations and its suitability to large unit discharge per width.

FREE TRAJECTORY JETS

7.2 SUITABILITY OF A PARTICULAR TYPE OF DISSIPATOR

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The selection of a particular type of basin for a site depends on many factors,
such

as:-

i) hydraulic approach conditions, including specific discharge, energy head of

the approach flow, head loss and type of outlet.
ii) Tailwater rating curve, geology and topography of tailwater domain
iii) Economic comparisons with other dissipators.
iv) Nature of bed rock.
v) Personal preferences of a type.
vi) The type of dam.
vii) The design discharge and approaching total head
The various factors to be kept in mind before the suitability of any dissipator
pertaining to the dissipator may be presented in a nut shell as below:TYPE

OF APPROACHIN

DISSIPATOR G HEAD, H
Simple Jump
H<10m,
30m<H<50m

Baffle Basin

10m<H<30m

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Simplicity,

Long structure, scour,

maintenance,

asymmetry,

safety,

domain

knowledge,

approaching

experience
Number
No
spray, Cavitation
compact,

Trajectory

30m<H<50m

Basin

of
Froude
damage,

limited discharge per

stability of jump unit width

No problems at Impact erosion, spray,
foot

of

dam, need of space

independence of
tail water
8. CONCLUSION

limited

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Hydraulic jumps have been and continue to be a matter of research interest for
many scientists, not just its classical manner but also in all of its forms. Sloped
hydraulic jumps and submerged jumps have been empirically formulated but no
universal formula has been established and is one of the main areas of research
when it comes to jumps, bearing in mind that these are the jumps most often
encountered. There are ongoing works on studying hydraulic jumps not only in
water but in other fluids as well.
It may be said that hydraulic jumps are of much importance to irrigation
engineers in particular since they are widely used to dissipate energy from
discharged water which would have otherwise caused widespread erosion of
banks in the downstream end.

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9. REFERENCES
Massey, Bernard. Mechanics of Fluids. Eighth edition. 2006. Taylor & Francis.
2, Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN.
Hager, Willi H. Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump. Water Science and
Technology Library. Volume 8. 1992. Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.
http://udel.edu/~inamdar/EGTE215/Jump_weirs.pdf - Hydraulic Jump and Weir
Flow