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Matching Networks
Prof. Ali M. Niknejad
U.C. Berkeley
c 2016 by Ali M. Niknejad
Copyright
February 9, 2016
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Impedance Matching
RS
io
ii
Zin
+
vi
Matching
Network
+
vo
Zout
RL
Matching Gain
Since RL = vo /io and RS = vi /ii , we can see that this
transformation can be achieved by a voltage gain, vi = kvo .
Assuming the black box is realized with passive elements
without memory, power conservation implies
ii vi = io vo
thus the current must drop by the same factor, ii = k 1 io ,
resulting in
vo
kvo
vi
= 1 = k 2 = k 2 RL
ii
k io
io
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Vs
RL Rs
RL
/4
i(/4)
v(0)
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
v(/4)
- 0.25
0.7
- 0.20
- 0.15
- 0.10
i(0)
- 0.05
For example, if the source and load are both real impedances,
then we can move from high/low impedance to low/high
impedance by adding a quarter wave line.
The voltage is maximimum at one end and minimum at the
other end, and the opposite is true for the current. So in
effect the transmission line is a voltage/current multiplier
(resonator).
5 / 33
Zin
L1
C1
L
C
C2
L2
RL
RL
vi
j(X1 + X2 )
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X2
1
= vi
= kvi
X1 + X2
1 + CC2
1
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An L-Match
RS > R L
RS > R L
L
RL
RS > R L
jX2
C
RL
(a)
(b)
(c)
RS < R L
RS < R L
RS < R L
L
jX1
(d)
RL
jX1
RL
(e)
RL
jX2
RL
(f)
L-Match as an RLC
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Equiv. RLC
)R
RL
(1
Q
2
)L
(1
RS > R L
Rp
The circuit is now nothing but a parallel RLC circuit and its
clear that at resonance the source will see only Rp , or a
boosted value of RL .
The boosting factor is indeed equal to Q 2 + 1, very close to
the value we guessed from the outset.
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Norton Equiv.
L
RL
RL
Xp
1 + Q 2
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Rhi
Rlo .
2
Compute
the required circuit Q by (1 + Q ) = m, or
Q = m 1.
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PL
PL
1
=
=
Pin
PL + Pdiss
1 + PPdiss
L
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2
1 vs
4 4R
S
0 L
v2
= 12 s Q = 12 PL Q
RS
8RS
vL2
vs2
v2
=
= s
2RS
4 2 RS
8RS
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(1)
1
1 + QQc
(3)
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Reactance Absorption
RS < R L
C
Lres
CL
RL
A -Match
RS > R L
RS > R L
L
C1
RS > R L
jX2
C
C2
RL
L1
L2
RL
jX1
jX3
RL
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Match
RS > R i
C1
Ri < R L
L1
L2
C2
RL
RL
1 + Q12
RL
1
Ri
(4)
(5)
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Match Step II
RS
jX2
jX1
jX1
Ri
Ri
jX2
RL
Series LCR
Ri
jX1
jX2
jX1
Ri
Ri
jX2
Ri
Q of Network
Q1 + Q2
X1 + X2
=
2Ri
2
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A T-Match
RS > R L
RS < R L
jX1
jX2
Ri > R L
jX3
RL
RL
Ri
L2
C2
RL
Lower Q Networks
To lower the Q of an L matching network, we can employ
more than one stage to
change the impedance in smaller
steps. Recall that Q = m 1, and a large m factor requires
a high Q match.
If we simply change the impedance by a factor k < m, the Q
of the first L section is reduced. Likewise, a second L section
will further change the resistance to the desired RS with a
step size l < m, where l k = m.
Reflecting all impedances to the center of the network, the
real part of the impedance looking left or right is Ri at
resonance. Thus the power dissipation is equal for both
networks. The overall Q is thus given by
Q=
(Ws1 + Ws2 )
Ws1 Ws2
Q1 + Q2
=
+
=
Pd1 + Pd2
2Pd
2Pd
2
s
s
!
Ri
RS
Q = 12
1+
1
RL
Ri
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Optimally Low Q
Note the difference between the above and Eq. 26. The Ri
term appears once in the denominator and once in the
numerator since its an intermediate value. Whats the lowest
Q achievable? To find out, take the derivative with respect to
Ri and solve for the minimum
p
Ri,opt = RL RS
Its clear that the above equations apply to the opposite case
when RL > RS by simply interchanging the role of the source
and the load.
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Multi-Section L
Rhi
Cn
Ln
Rii
Ci
Li
Ri2
C2
L2
Ri1
C1
L1
Rlo
Baby Steps
Multiplying each term in the above equation
Ri1 Ri2 Ri3
Rhi
Rhi
=
= (1 + Q 2 )N
Rlo Ri1 Ri2
Rin
Rlo
which results in the optimally Q factor for the overall network
s
Rhi 1/N
1
Q=
Rlo
The loss in the optimal multi-section line can be calculated as
follows. Using the same approach as before, note that the
total power dissipated in the matching network is given by
Pdiss =
NQPL
Qu
IL of a Multi-Section Match
This leads to the following expression
IL =
1
1 + N QQu
or
IL =
1+
N
Qu
r
1
Rhi
Rlo
1/N
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PA Example
Suppose a power amplifier delivering 100 W of power has an
optimal load resistance of .5, but needs to drive a 50
antenna. Design a matching network assuming that the
component Qs of 30 are available.
First note that a matching factor of m = 50/.5 = 100 is
needed. The table below shows the network Q and insertion
loss as a function of the number of sections N. Clearly three
sections yields the optimal solution. But since a three section
filter is more expensive, and has only marginally better
performance, a two section matching network may be
preferable.
N
1
2
3
Q
9.95
3
1.91
IL (dB)
1.24
0.79
0.76
N
4
5
6
Q
1.47
1.23
1.07
IL (dB)
0.78
0.81
0.85
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