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1.
Concrete
a.
Water+Cement+Aggregate+(Admixture)
b.
Quality depends upon the quality of paste
c.
Cement is most important in concrete
d.
Composition
i.
Aggregate (CA + FA) = 70%
1.
Gravel
2.
Sand
a.
2.75 - standard fineness modulus
Higher FM for coarser sand
ii.
Cement Paste (Cement + Water) = 30%
e.
Characteristics of Concrete
i.
Workable
ii.
Durable
iii.
Finishable
iv.
Strong
v.
Water tight
vi.
Wear resistant
2.
Cement
a.
Composition
i.
Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)
1.
Responsible for initial set & early strength
ii.
Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
iii.
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)
iv.
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C3AF)
b.
Types of Cement
i.
Pozzolan (volcanic)
1.
Natural Pozzolan Cemnet volcanic ash
2.
Artificial Pozzolan Cemnet fly ash
ii.
Portland from the isle of Portland, England by Joseph Aspdin
Clinker - burnt product which is used with gypsum and pulverized to form Portland cement
3.
Type I
a.
General use
b.
Allowed to be substituted by Portland Pozzolan Type IP
2.
Type II
a.
Acid higher than normal
3.
Type III
a.
Gains strength faster & develop more heat of hydration
b.
For cold weather
c.
High strength concrete
d.
Develops approximately 190% of the strength of Type 1 at 3 days
and 90-130% at 28 days
4.
Type IV
a.
Low heat of hydration
5.
Type V
a.
High sulfate and acid content
b.
High sulfate resistance
c.
Prevents damage from severe action of soils % high alkali content of
water
iii.
Hydraulic cement this reactor combined with water will harden underwater
c.
Properties of Portland Cement
i.
Fineness
1.
The finer, the higher rate of setting and strength development
2.
Tested by Blaine Air Permeability Test/ 45 microns sieve
ii.
Soundness
1.
Ability of hardened paste to retain volume after setting
iii.
Consistency
1.
Mobility of a freshly mixed paste
2.
6.
650 g of cement needed for normal consistency, time setting, and autoclave
Setting Time
Tested by Gillmore needle/ vicat apparatus
Initial setting for Portland Cement is not < 45min
Final setting for Portland Cement is 10 hrs
30 sec will it take before making a reading after releasing a vicat rod
False Set
Loss of plasticity w/o evolution of much heat shortly after mixing
Compressive Strength (ASTM C150)
Tested by 2" mortar cube (ASTM C 109)
Ottawa sand is used for testing mortar strength
19.3MN/sq.m compressive strength of cement mortar for 7 days
32 tamps/round
Heat of Hydration
Heat generated when cement and water react
Hydration process in which cement reacts with water
Loss of Ignition
Heating the sample of known weight to 900C~ 1000C until constant weight
is obtained
Determines the freshness of cement and amount of moisture present in the
cement
Specific Gravity 3.15
Used in the design and control of concrete moisture
Portland Pozzolan Cement / Portland Blast Furnace Slag sp.gr. 2.90
Le chatelier flask type of flask in determining the density of cement
Weight of cement
Air Content
Airmeter used to measure the air content of fresh concrete.
7.
Insoluble residue
Determines inert materials (acid insoluble material) present in the cement
iv.
1.
2.
3.
4.
v.
1.
vi.
1.
2.
3.
4.
vii.
1.
2.
viii.
1.
2.
ix.
3.
4.
5.
x.
x.
xii.
3.
Air Voids
a.
Entrapped air
i.
Not desirable, visible to the eye
b.
Entrained air
i.
Barely visible to the eye, tiny bubbles w/c absorb the pressure built up within the
concrete as the water expands when it freezes
4.
Admixtures
a.
Any material other than cement, water, aggregate added in the concrete to modify its
properties
b.
Types
i.
Air Entraining Admixture
ii.
Chemical Admixture-liquid, by volume
1.
Type A - Water Reducing - reduces the amount of water required to produce
a concrete of a given slump or consistency
2.
Type B Retarding retarders can delay the setting of concrete for up to 4
hours
3.
Type C - Accelerating
4.
Type D - Water Reducing & Retarding
5.
Type E - Water Reducing & Accelerating
6.
Type F - Water Reducing, High Range Admix (Superplasticizer/Fluidizer)
iii.
Mineral Admixture-solid, by weight
1.
Fly ash - most used mineral admix (30-150 kg/cu.m. of concrete)
2.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBF Slag) (15-70%)
3.
Micro silica (20-70 kg./cu.m. of concrete)
5.
ITEM/TEST GRADING
FA
CA
ABRASION
SOUNDNESS
10% max
12% max
6.
7.
i.
ii.
h.
8.
Consistency
Slump Test (12" truncated cone)
CLASS
20.7
3000
50~100
9 bags
heavily
0.53
reinforced struc.
37.5 4.75
(1 - #4)
16.5
2400
50~100
8 bags
small amt. of
reinf.
0.58
50.0 4.75
(2 - #4)
20.7
3000
50~100
9.5 bags
12.5 4.75
(1/2 - #4)
37.7
5000
100 max
11 bags
pre-stressed
0.49
19.0 4.75
(3/4 - #4)
SEAL
20.7
3000
100~200
9.5 bags
deposited in
water
0.58
25 4.75
(1 - #4)
9.
W/C RATIO
MAX SIZE OF
AGG. (mm)
Pre-stress Concrete
a.
A concrete where compression is induced before application of working loads so that tension
under these loads is reduced.
b.
Pre-tensioning is a system of pre-stressing wherein the steel tendons are tensioned before
placing of concrete.
c.
Pre-tensioning is a system of pre-stressing wherein the steel tendons are tensioned before
after concrete has been placed and has attained a specific strength.
d.
Concrete cast in place shall not be post tensioned until at least 10 days or achieved 80%
compressive strength.
e.
Ducts are manufactured in the form of spiral wound galvanized sheet metal strip which are
mortar tight.
f.
Positional tolerance of duct tubes during casting operations is +4 - -4mm.
g.
Tendons assist in rigidly holding the duct tubes during casting operations.
h.
Anchorage installed base on the post tension system
i.
j.
Grouting important operation having the dual purpose of protecting the post tensioned
steel tendon and relieving the anchorage of stress fluctuation. Steel tendons should be grouted
with an approved grout mixture after the completion of the stressing operation within 24 hours.
The minimum grouting pressure is 700 KPa/15 secs (100psi), 0.6894 MPa
The maximum jacking force of the specified minimum ultimate strength of the steel tendon
must not exceed 85%.
10.
Concrete Piles
a. 6m minimum length
b. Piles shall not be driven within 7m of concrete less than 7 days old.
c. Pile Load Test determines pile bearing capacity by loading 1 or more pile and measuring
settlement every load
11.
12.
Bored Piles
a. Concrete pile cast in place formed by first removing the soil by drilling and filling the void by
concrete.
2.
3.
15 ~ 19 hrs
a.
aggregates are soaked in water before tested for specific gravity and absorption
4.
13.
Problem Solving
a.
Fineness Modulus of Sand
SIEVE SIZE
b.
% PASSING
% RETAINED
12.5mm
9.5
4.75
#4
2.36
#8
35
1.18
#16
40
0.6
#30
70
0.3
#50
80
0.15
#100
95
0.075
#200
98
Type of Structure
Removal of Forms
Min. no of Days
14 days
Min. % of Design
Strength
80%
14 days
1 day
2 days
1 day
70%
70%
70%
70%
Grade 40
24 dia.
20 dia.
Grade 60
36 dia.
24 dia.
Spiral Reinforcement shall be spliced by lapping 1-1/2 turns or by butt welding unless otherwise
shown on the plans.
ITEM 405 : STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
Tolerance for Batching
within 1 mass percent
not more than 1 percent
2 mass percent
accurate to 0.50 percent
3 percent
0.50 percent
Portland Cement
Water
Aggregates
Bins and Scales
Admixtures
Water Measuring Device
19 li/sack of cement
at least 100 psi grouting pressure
full scale reading of not more than 300 psi.
pumping pressure of 250 psi
Grout shall be pumped through the duct and continuously wasted at the outlet until no visible
slugs or water or air is ejected and the eflux time of ejected grout is 11 secs. All vents and openings
shall then be closed and the grouting pressure at the injection end shall be raised to a minimum of
10 secs.
Batches of grout shall be placed within 45 min. after mixing.
Handling
Prestressed concrete shall not be shipped:
1.
Until test on cylinders.
2.
Manufactured on the same concrete and cured under the same conditions as the girders.
3.
Indicate that the concrete of the particular girder has attained a compressive strength of the
concrete in the girder.
4.
Has attained a minimum age of 14 days.
Removing Falsework
Falsework supporting any span of a supported bridge shall not be released before 14 days after
the last concrete, excluding concrete above bridge deck.
Falsework supporting deck overhangs and deck slabs between girders shall not be released until
7 days after the deck concrete has been placed.
Falsework for bridges