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Step 2: clicking file menu in the menu bar displays the option for creating new project.
Step 3: Assign the project name & select the option Analog or mixed A/D and give the location (by
clicking browse option) to save the project in the software directory.
Step 4: Draw the circuit for simulation in the window shown below by using the options in the right side
command bar. Assign the values of parameters by double clicking them as cleared from the following
figures.
Choose the analysis type (here we want Time domain analysis, set frequency and suitable range time
period)
SIMULATION
Step 5: click RUN option and the simulation results are:
Step 6: Here an interesting option Trace is present by clicking it we can trace other quantities
required, e.g. here we add power trace.
Simulation Results:
Vac
Vdc
Vrms Vdc
Vdc
Vac
Ripple Factor
Vdc
Vmax
14.127
4.5V
3.1416
2
Ripple factor
7.06 4.5
4.5
1.21
LAB#3
a)-Design and simulation of Full wave rectifier by Center Tapped Transformer
b)-Calculation of ripple factor:
Theory:
A popular full-wave rectifier appears in Fig. with only two diodes but requiring a center-tapped (CT)
transformer to establish the input signal across each section of the secondary of the transformer. During
the positive portion of Vi applied to the primary of the transformer, the network will appear as shown in
Fig. D1 assumes the short-circuit equivalent and D2 the open-circuit equivalent, as determined by the
secondary voltages and the resulting current directions. The output voltage appears as shown in Fig.
Procedure:
Open the orcad software and draw neat and clean diagram in the window, Assign the
parameter values and after making the simulation file run the simulation and note down the
maximum value of the voltage is 5V.At the end find out the ripple factor by the following
procedure.
Vac
. (Q)
Vdc
Ripple Factor
also, Vdc Vmax
since Vrms
Vac
Vmax
2
Vrms
0.6366
5
2
Vdc
Vmax
5V
3.535V
1.537
Vac 1.537
0.483
Vdc 3.183
Simulation Results:
Conclusion:
Therefore the ripple factor of the center tapped Rectifier is 0.483.
THEORY:
This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed loop
"bridge" configuration to produce the desired output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it
does not require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single
secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to the other side
as shown below.
As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage developed across the load is also
unidirectional the same as for the previous two diode full-wave rectifier, therefore the average DC
voltage across the load is 0.637Vmax and the ripple frequency is now twice the supply frequency (e.g.
100Hz for a 50Hz supply).
COMPONENTS:
1) - Connecting Wires
2) - 4 diodes (D1N4001)
3) - AC Voltage Source (V sin)
4) - Load (A resistor of value 1k)
Procedure:
Draw the circuit diagram clearly and apply the differential voltage markers over the load (i-e R) make the
simulation file and run the file to obtain the simulation results as shown. Then with the help of toggle
cursor find Vmax=15V and thus find the Ripple factor.
Vac
Vdc
Ripplefactor
Vrms
Vmax
2
15
2
Vac
Vac
10.605
Vrms
10.605
Ripplefactor
. (A)
Vdc
2
9.549 V
4.61
9.549
15V
9.549 V
(B)
4.61 V
0.482
SIMULATION RESULTS:
Conclusions: There fore the required ripple factor is 0.482 of full wave bridge rectifier.
Disadvantage
In practice, the half-wave rectifier is used most often in low-power applications because of their
major disadvantages being. The output amplitude is less than the input amplitude, there is no
output during the negative half cycle so half the power is wasted and the output is pulsed DC
resulting in excessive ripple.
Apparatus
12345-
Procedure:
Open the Orcad software and draw neat and clean diagram in the window, Assign the parameter
values and after making the simulation file run the simulation and note down the maximum value
of the voltage is 5V.At the end find out the ripple factor by the following procedure.
Mathematical Calculations:
Vcmin (1)
Vrpp Vcmax
As, Vmax
Vcmax
Vrpp
Vmax
fRC
Vdc
1
2frc
Ripplefactor
Vmax
Vrpp
Vdc
Simulation Results:
Vmax
Vr(p-p)
Vdc
RF
Vmin
01.
1k
50uF
14.391V
4.091
12.345
0.18
10.300
02.
1k
100uF
14.301
2.24
13.181
0.16
12.061
03.
1k
200uF
14.352
1.191
13.756
0.09
13.161
04.
1k
300uF
14.349
0.775
13.961
0.07
13.574
05.
1k
500uF
14.341
0.615
14.034
0.05
13.726
Result:
As the value of the capacitor increases the Ripple Factor Decreases.
Components:
1) - 4 diodes with code number D1N4001
2) Load Resistance (100 ohm)
3) - Filter capacitor
4) - Ac voltage source (Vsin)
5)-Connecting wires
Procedure:
Draw neat and clean diagram of the circuit under test and put the voltage marker
across the load resistance. Now connect a capacitor parallel to the load resistor,
make the simulation file and after saving it, simulate the circuit and find the ripple
factor.Simiarly repeat the experiment for centre tapped transformer.
Simulation Results:
CAPACITANCE( F )
OBSERVATIONS
100
200
300
400
500
Vmax
3.5239
Vmax
Vrpp
2fRC
0.361
0.0705
0.9648
0.0731
Vdc
Ripplefactor
1
fRC
4
Vrpp
Vdc
Vmax
Simulation Results:
OBSERVATIONS
100
Vmax
Vrpp
Vmax
2fRC
Vdc
Ripplefactor
1
fRC
4
Vrpp
Vdc
Vmax
200
300
400
500
1.7868
0.0357
0.9821
0.0364
We can delay the triggering of the SCR, however, by inserting some resistance into the gate
circuit, thus increasing the amount of voltage drop required before enough gate current triggers
the SCR. In other words, if we make it harder for electrons to flow through the gate by adding a
resistance, the AC voltage will have to reach a higher point in its cycle before there will be
enough gate current to turn the SCR on. The result is in (Figure below)
Resistance inserted in gate circuit; less than half-wave current through load.
With the half-sine wave chopped up to a greater degree by delayed triggering of the SCR, the
load receives less average power (power is delivered for less time throughout a cycle). By
making the series gate resistor variable, we can make adjustments to the time-proportioned
power: (Figure below)
Increasing the resistance raises the threshold level, causing less power to be delivered to the
load. Decreasing the resistance lowers the threshold level, causing more power to be delivered
to the load.
Unfortunately, this control scheme has a significant limitation. In using the AC source waveform
for our SCR triggering signal, we limit control to the first half of the waveform's half-cycle. In
other words, it is not possible for us to wait until after the wave's peak to trigger the SCR. This
means we can turn down the power only to the point where the SCR turns on at the very peak of
the wave: (Figure below)
Components:
1)-Ac voltage source (Vsin)
2)-Two resistors R-load and Rvar
3)-A Thyristor (2N1595)
4)-A diode (D1N4001)
5)-Connecting Wires and ground
Procedure:
Open the software and draw neat and clean figure for the required circuit (whose
simulation is required) as explained in the theory. Now put differential voltage
markers across the load resistor and change the values of the variable resistor and
note down the values of the firing angle time then by using the formula
t
find out the firing angle .Repeat the simulation 5 times. At the end we will find
out that as the value of Rvar goes higher the firing angle of the thyristor increases.
Simulation Results
Firing angle
t
2 f,
10
6k
3.26ms
58.68
10
5k
2.61ms
46.98
10
4k
2.0ms
36.0
10
3k
1.56ms
28.08
10
1k
774.2us
13.93
50Hz
Result:
It has been observed that as the value of the variable resistor R var goes down the
firing angle decreases significantly or in other words the thyristor on earlier.
LAB #08 Design & Simulation of Full wave Bridge Rectifier with
Thyristors
Theory:
When multiple SCRs are used to control power, their cathodes are often not electrically
common, making it difficult to connect a single triggering circuit to all SCRs equally. An example
of this is the controlled bridge rectifier shown here:
In any bridge rectifier circuit, the rectifying diodes (or in this case, the rectifying SCRs) must
conduct in opposite pairs. SCR1 and SCR3 must be fired simultaneously, and likewise SCR2 and
SCR4 must be fired together as a pair. As you will notice, though, these pairs of SCRs do not
share the same cathode connections, meaning that it would not work to simply parallel their
respective gate connections and connect a single voltage source to trigger both.
Apparatus:
1) - Voltage source (Vsin)
2) - 4 thyristors with code no. 2N1595 for BR and 2 for CT rectifier
3) - Load resistor (R)
4) - Center tapped transformer (XFRM_LIN/CT-SEC)
5) - Pulse signal (V pulse)
Procedure
Open the software and draw a neat and clean diagram of half wave rectifier, using
the components described above. Before any thing else define the width of the
pulse and assign specific values to the pulse signal. Now apply the voltage
markers from the tool bar across the resistor, now the circuit becomes ready for
simulation. Make new simulation profile and save it. Now simulate the circuit and
take readings.
a) - Perform first with center tapped transformer
b) - Perform with full wave bridge rectifier
Simulation Results:
Simulation Results:
Result:
There fore we can control the dc output in each half cycle by using the thyristors.
LAB#09 Design and Simulation of the Three Phase Rectifier with Filter
Capacitor
Apparatus:
1- 3 voltage sources (Vsin) with phase difference of 120 respectively
2- 6 diodes with code number D1N4001
3- Connecting Wires
4- 3 limiting Resistors (R)
5- 3 inductors (one for each phase)
6- A filter capacitor (C)
Procedure:
1)-Open the software and after creating a blank project draw neat and clean
figure for the circuit under simulation.
2)-Then save the project and create a new simulation profile.
3)-Run the simulation profile and observe the output waveform.
4)-Change the capacitor values and find how it removes the ripples.
Circuit Diagram:
Circuit in Orcad:
Simulation Results