Advance Medium Combat Aircraft-HAL

Samarpreet Singh
8th Semester,
Department of ECE
GNDEC, Bidar

Prof. Harish Joshi

Asst Professor
Department of ECE
GNDEC, Bidar

spsppreet@gmail.com

Abstract In Aero India 2013, India has publicized an

updated design for its 5th generation fighter concept AMCA
(Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft). Formerly this aircraft was
known as the MCA (Medium Combat Aircraft). It is a single seat
twin engine 5th generation stealth multirole fighter that is being
developed by India. This fighter is supposed to complement the
eminent fighters like the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA, HAL Tejas, the
Dassault Rafael and the Sukhoi Su-30. Unofficial blueprint
related work on this aircraft has been started. In fact a marine
version is also confirmed as the Indian Navy contributed to its
funding too. In Aero India 2013 the ADA revealed a 1:8 scale
model. This aircraft is being designed as a reasonable fighter
together with swing role facility in order to meet the necessities of
the IAF post 2020. It will have technologies like super cruise,
super maneuverability, advanced sensor suit with fusion and
stealth as its features.
Keywords(Hindustan Aeronautics Limited)HAL,
Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA),super cruise,
maneuverability

I. INTRODUCTION
The HAL Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is
an Indian program of a fifth-generation fighter aircraft. It is
being developed by an aerospace industry team which consists
of Aeronautical Development Agency as a design firm and to
be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
the primary contractor and main assembly firm. Its a singleseat, twin-engine, stealth super
maneuverable allweather multirole fighter aircraft. Unofficial design work on
the AMCA started in 2008 with official work started in 2011
and completed in 2014. In 2008 Indian Navy joined the
program for the naval variant optimized for the aircraft
carriers operation. The first flight is scheduled to occur in
20232024.
It is a multirole combat aircraft designed for the air
superiority, ground attack, bombing, intercepting, Strike and
other types of roles. It combines super cruise, stealth, AESA
radar, maneuverability, and advanced avionics to overcome
and suppress previous generation fighter aircraft along with
many ground and maritime defenses. It will complement HAL
Tejas, Sukhoi/HAL FGFA, the Su-30MKI, and Rafale in the
air force service and HAL Naval Tejas and Mikoyan MiG29K in the naval service. The AMCA is intended to be the
successor to the Sepecat Jaguar(Shamsher),Dassault Mirage

harishjoshi@outlook.in

2000 H (Vajra), MiG-23 andMiG-27 Bahadur in the Indian air

force. The aircraft along with its naval variants are intended to
provide the bulk of the manned tactical airpower of the Air
Force, Navy over the coming decades. AMCA would be the
third supersonic jet of Indian origin after HAL
Marut and HAL Tejas. This fighter is supposed to complement
the eminent fighters like the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA, HAL Tejas,
the Dassault Rafael and the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. Unofficial
blueprint related work on this aircraft has been started. In fact
a marine version is also confirmed as the Indian Navy
contributed to its funding too. This aircraft is being designed
as a reasonable fighter together with swing role facility in
order to meet the necessities of the IAF post 2020. It will have
technologies like super cruise, super maneuverability,
advanced sensor suit with fusion and stealth as its features .
Project definition phase was fully completed by February
2014. New and various types of simulation models, software
and programming languages were created and developed by
ADA, HCL Technologies, Wipro, The AMCA is designed to
be difficult to detect by radar and other electronic measures
due to various features to reduce radar cross-section include
airframe shaping such as platform alignment of edges, fixedgeometry serpentine inlets that prevent line-of-sight of the
engine faces from any exterior view, use of radar-absorbent
material (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and
pilot helmets that could provide a radar return. Efforts have
been made to minimize radio emissions and both the infrared
signature and acoustic as well as reduced visibility to the
naked eye. Alignment of wings, tail, flaps and other edges
increases radar and visually stealth.

II.

DEVELOPMENT

Development was done by NAL of the finalized design which

occurred from October 2012 to September 2014. The R&D
efforts led to the current configuration of the aircraft and a
structurally efficient wings layout with four bending
attachment brackets and two shear attachment brackets. For
the AMCA's, structural design, analysis and size optimization
was carried out to cater for all critical symmetric and unsymmetric load cases. Finite element models were built
separately for each of the fuselage segments and then
integrated to build a full fuselage finite element model which

also incorporates a new design for the air intakes, which is one
of the key elements to maintain the aircraft's low
observation lineament
(Stealth
characteristics). Project
definition phase was fully completed by February 2014. New
and various types of simulation models, software and
programming languages were created and developed by
ADA, HCL Technologies, Wipro, CMC subsidiary of Tata
Consultancy Services (TCS) and various other firms for
Aircraft modeling, simulation, simulation testing, simulation
running and aircraft program languages. Various model
simulations and testing was carried by Advanced (ANURAG)
from February 2013 to September 2014.Newly appointed
Dhruva computing unit was used by Anurag in simulation,
programming and other fields.
2.1 AMCA PROGRAM
The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) fifthgeneration stealth fighter program evolved out of Medium
Combat Aircraft (MCA) program was initiated to fulfill
several requirements for a common fighter to replace different
types of existing fighters aircraft which included Dassault
Mirage 2000, Sepecat Jaguars, Mikoyan MiG-23 and
Mikoyan MiG-27. The development contract for the aircraft
program was signed on 8 March 2008. The MCA program was
created to replace various aircraft while keeping development,
production, and operating costs down. In October 2008, the
Indian Air Force asked the ADA to prepare a detailed project
report on the development of a Medium Combat Aircraft
(MCA) incorporating stealth features In the same month the
aircraft's
name
was
changed
to Next
GenerationFighterAircraft (NGFA) by the Indian Air Force
and Indian Navy, but ADA and DRDO still used the MCA
designation for the aircraft
In February 2009, ADA director PS Subramanyam said at an
Aero-India 2009 seminar that they were working closely with
the Indian Air Force to develop a Medium Combat Aircraft.
He added that according to the specification provided by the
Indian Air Force, it would likely be a 20-ton aircraft and
would be powered by two GTX Kaveri engines.
In March 2010, the aircraft was renamed as Advanced
Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). In April 2010, the Indian
Air Force Chief of Air Staff issued the Air Staff requirements
(ASR) for the AMCA, which placed the aircraft in the 25-ton
category. Full-fledged support for the AMCA project was
approved by Indian Air Force and Indian Navy on 16 July
2010 by the Joint Review Committee of the Indian Air Force
and Indian Navy. The first flight test of the prototype aircraft
was scheduled to take place by 2017
Development of the aircraft had been divided into four phases
(Approach).

Design approach - designing and other activities

Test approach - project definition, wind tunnel testing
and modeling.

Technology development approach - Engineering

technology manufacturing development (ETMD) &
Prototype development

Manufacturing and support approach - Development

during manufacturing and upgrades during the project
lifetime

2.2 FUNDING
In November 2010, the ADA sought 9,000 crore
(approximately 1.5 billion/US$2 billion) of funding for the
development of the advanced medium combat aircraft
(AMCA). PS Subramanyam subsequently stated, "We have
just started working on this fifth-generation aircraft, for which
we had already received sanctions to the tune of 100 crore.
The way the government is cooperating, I am able to say that
we will receive the funding (9,000 crore) in the next 18
months. Funding was utilized to develop two technology
demonstrators and seven prototypes. Design funding
of 100 crore was approved in March 2011. AMCA project
also contributed to the universities and start-up, with more
than 700 crore was contributed from AMCA's funding to the
various start-up and 1,000 crore to the various universities
and IITs. Full funding for the research and development was
approved in March 2015 along with the procurement of the
first batch of 200 AMCA which includes 150 for the Indian
Air Force and 50 for the Indian Naval Air Arm. Initial
development cost stands around 5,000 crores.

III.

DESIGN PHASE

The design development phase of the aircraft occurred from

October 2008 to February 2013 during this phase design and
configuration were confirmed. Total ten design proposal with
five major design's sharing similarities with five design
emerged after intensive wind tunnel testing. The proposal of
the aircraft was finalized in October 2012 and was shown at
Aero India 2013. Proposal of Design which included tail were
designated with the serial number 3B-01 to 3B-09. During the
design phase more than 200 employees of ADA worked on the
various aspects of the design and related field and activities.
3.1 PREVIOUS DESIGN
The first design of the AMCA was a pure triple delta wing
configuration with two V-shaped tail wings with tailless
configuration and only two air brakes with a total length of
13.9 meters with a wing span of 11.4 m and an empty weight
of around 12 tons with advance stealth capability. The only
empennage-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece
rudder and two air brakes located in the upper rear part of the
fuselage, one each on either side of the fin.

AMCA's second design proposal was first showcased at Aero

India 2009. The previous proposal which was shown as a part
of Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) included
cantilever wings with a V-shaped twin tail and a mediumsized tail-wing with serpentine air intake and blended
large leading-edge root extension (LERX), total length was
13.9 m and wing span of 10.8 with empty weight of around 12
tons, with overall nose on low observability design. The
previous design boosted design based stealth feature which
were further optimized by the use of air-frame shaping,
composite material, edge matching fuselage, RAPs, body
conforming antennae and engine bay cooling, RAMs,
weapons bay, special coatings for poly-carbonate canopy and
other stealth features, the aircraft had a weight of 1618 tons
with 2-tonnes of internal weapons and four-tons of internal
fuel with a combat ceiling of 15-km, max speed of 1.8-Mach
at 11-km. The second Proposal was designated with the
designation of 3B-01.
A third design proposal for AMCAs was shown in 2011
at Aero India 2011 with a near complete re-designed aircraft
with only Tail-wing from the previous design remained
constant. Trapezoidal wings in a semi shoulder-mounted
cantilever state. The total length of aircraft around 15.7 m and
a wingspan of 11.6 m, much greater than previous design. The
aircraft had a serpentine air intake. Design of this category
was designated with the designation from 3B-02 to 3B-04. By
August 2011 the AMCA's broad specifications stated that the
aircraft will have a weight of 1618 tons with 2-tons of
internal weapons and four-tons of internal fuel with a combat
ceiling of 15-km, max speed of 1.8-Mach at 11-km.
The fourth proposal for AMCAs was shown in 2012 with a
complete re-designed aircraft with only Tail-wing from the
previous design remained constant. The aircraft had a
shoulder-mounted Trapezoidal wing sharing similarities
with Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor wings with the total length
of aircraft was around 16.9 m and with a wingspan of 11.7 m
much greater than previous design which had given it a larger
wing area ratio, a larger weapons bay with an increase range
and greater maneuverability with the designations from 3B-05
to 3B-06. A major difference from second and third design
was the use of S-duct rather than the serpentine air intake. The
aircraft previous proposal was in the preliminary design phase
and in June 2012, with aerodynamic design optimization of
previous proposal was in near complete stage, the AMCA's
broad specifications stated that the aircraft will have a weight
of 1618 tons with 2-tonnes of internal weapons and four-tons
of internal fuel with a combat ceiling of 18-km, max speed of
2.2-Mach at 11-km.
3.2 FINALIZED DESIGN
The aircraft concept was finalized and shown to the air force
in 2012, after which full-scale development on the project was
started. In February 2013, the Aeronautical Development
Agency (ADA) unveiled a 1:8 scale model at Aero India

2013, to show the finalized proposal. From finalized design

series from 3B-07 to 3B-09, 3B-08 was chosen

3.3 AIRFRAME
The AMCA is constructed of carbon-fiber composites (C-FC),
and titanium alloy steels. The AMCA would employs C-FC
materials for up to 80% of its airframe by weight, including in
the fuselage (doors and skins), wings (skin, spars and
ribs), elevons, tailfin, rudder, air
brakes and landing
gear doors. Composite materials are used to make an aircraft
Stressed ducts in s-shape are locked with airframe with the
loaded bulkheads which are made of composite materials
spanning the aircraft from air intake to engine shafts. The
random which holds radar is made of advance composite and
construction, which result in alwing only the operating
frequencies of the mated radar to transmit from the dome,
while blocking other radars both lighter and stronger at the
same time compared to an all-metal design, and the amca's
percentage employment of C-FCs is one of the highest in an
aircraft Apart from making the aircraft much lighter compared
to conventional metal air framed aircraft, There are also fewer
joints and rivets, which increases the aircraft's reliability and
lowers its susceptibility to structural fatigue cracks. The
majority of these are bismaleimide (BMI) and composite
epoxy material. The aircraft will be the first mass-produced
aircraft to include structural Nano composites, namely carbon
nanotube reinforced epoxy.

Fig 1: The Airframe

3.4 STEALTH& RADAR CONCEPT
The AMCA is designed to be difficult to detect by radar and
other electronic measures due to various features to
reduce radar cross-section include airframe shaping such as
platform alignment of edges, fixed-geometry serpentine

inlets that prevent line-of-sight of the engine faces from any

exterior view, use of radar-absorbent material (RAM), and
attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could
provide a radar return. Efforts have been made to minimize
radio emissions and both the infrared signature and acoustic as
well as reduced visibility to the naked eye. Alignment of
wings, tail, flaps and other edges increases radar and visually
stealth. Radar absorbing structures and random, body
conformal antennae surface hared aperture, flush air data
sensors and Frequency selective surface (FSS) random are
used to reduce radar detection. Stealth ability is enacted by the
use of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) and
Nanoelectromechanical
systems (NEMS)
during
the
construction of the airframe and in the airframe and
instruments. AMCA's design prevents detection of the aircraft
from L band, C band and X band radars. The aircraft's thrust
vectoring nozzle reduces infrared emissions to mitigate the
threat of infrared surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles.
Additional measures to reduce the infrared signature include
special paint and active cooling of leading edges to manage
the heat buildup from supersonic flight.

range to the target, and provide the pilot with the appropriate
corrections for lead and gravity drop, to get an accurate guns
kill. Without the radar, the pilot's own judgment must be
used. About missiles again, a radar lock is not required. For
heat-seeking missiles, a radar lock is only used to train the
seeker head onto the target. Without a radar lock, the seeker
head scans the sky looking for "bright" (hot) objects, and
when it finds one, it plays a distinctive whining tone to the
pilot. The pilot does not need radar in this case, he just needs
to maneuver his aircraft until he has "good tone," and then fire
the missile. The radar only makes this process faster.
Now, radar-guided missiles come in two varieties: passive and
active. Passive radar missiles do require a radar lock, because
these missiles use the aircraft's reflected radar energy to track
the target. Active radar missiles however have their own
onboard radar, which locks and tracks a target. But this radar
is on a one-way trip, so it's considerably less expensive (and
less powerful) than the aircraft's radar. So, these missiles
normally get some guidance help from the launching aircraft
until they fly close enough to the target where they can turn on
their own radar.
3.5 AVIONICS& EQUIPMENT

Fig 2: The Radar System

The primary technology that a military aircraft uses to lock
and track an enemy aircraft is its onboard radar. Aircraft
radars typically have two modes: search and track. In search
mode, the radar sweeps a radio beam across the sky in a zigzag pattern. When the radio beam is reflected by a target
aircraft, an indication is shown on the radar display. In search
mode, no single aircraft is being tracked, but the pilot can
usually tell generally what a particular radar return is doing
because with each successive sweep, the radar return moves
slightly. Note that all of this comes with tradeoffs. In the end,
a radar is only as powerful as it is, and you can put a lot of
radar energy on one target, or spread it out weakly throughout
the sky, or some compromise in between. In the above photo
you can see two vertical bars spanning the height of the
display.
An important thing to note is that a radar lock is not always
required to launch weapons at a target. For guns kills, if the
aircraft has a radar lock on a target, it can accurately gauge

The aircraft's avionics suite will include highly

advance AESA radar which will use Gallium nitride
(GaN) , IRST and advance situational oriented electronic
warfare systems and all aspect radar warning receiver (RWR),
Self-Protection
Jammer(SPJ), CMOS, Laser
warning
receiver (LWR), missile warning suite. Multifunction RF
Sensor, which has broad spectrum agility, includes the
capabilities for Electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic
support measures (ESM), communications functions, and
possibly even microwave weapon functions. AMCA will be
integrated from the cockpit to accompanying UAV's and
UCAV's which will include DRDO AURA, DRDO
Ruston through encrypted data link connections.Defense
Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL) has designed and
developed a next-generation Network-centric warfare, Aircraft
management (including weapons), data fusion, Cooperative
Engagement Capability, decision aids, integrated modular
avionics, intern signature control with sharpening for low
observability. The aircraft is designed to be multi-role, with
the ability to undertake both long and short-range missions,
and conduct both air-to-air and strike missions. The aircraft
will use integrated modular avionics for real time computing,
Fiber optics cables used on the aircraft use the Photonic
crystal fibers technology for faster exchange of data and
information. Unlike
the
HAL's
previous
fighter
aircraft Tejas which has a digital flight-control computer and
hydraulic controllers, the AMCA has a distributed processing
system employing fast processors and smart subsystems and
will be electronically controlled via a "central computational
system connected internally and externally on an optic-fiber
channel by means of a multi-port connectivity switching
module". This results in using the IEEE-1394B-STD a
departure from MIL-STD-1553B data bus standard.

Fig 3:Older Avionics

manufactured by Samtel or 44 by 18 centimeters

by HALBIT which is a joint-venture between HAL and Elbit
Systems with both systems supporting cockpit speechrecognition system (DVI) provided by Adacel which has been
adopted on the F-35. Control system includes HOTAS Side
stick. The primary flight controls are arranged in a hands-onthrottle-and-stick (HOTAS)-compatible configuration, with a
right-handed side-stick controller and a left-handed throttle.
The AMCA's cockpit features a panoramic active-matrix
display, with the Switches, bezels and keypads replaced with a
single large Multi-functional touch screen interface supported
by voice commands. Amca's cockpit has a secondary "getyou-home" panel providing the pilot with essential flight
information in case of an emergency. The displays provide
information on the key flight systems and controls on a needto-know basis, along with basic flight and tactical data. The
pilot interacts with on-board systems through a multifunctional
keyboard
and
several
selection
panels. The CSIOHead
Up
Display and helmet-mounted
display and sight (HMDS), and hands-on-throttle-and-stick
(HOTAS) controls reduce pilot workload and increase
situation awareness by allowing the pilot to access navigation
and weapon-aiming information with minimal need to spend
time "head down" in the cockpit.

Fig 4:New Avionics

AMCA
uses Fiber
optic
gyroscope, Ring
laser
gyroscope and MEMS gyroscope. The pressure probes and
vanes that make up the Air data sensors is an optical and flush
air data system, position of the sensors is in linear/rotary
optical encoders. Importantly, actuators currently electrohydraulic/direct drive could be electro-hydrostatic to
accurate substantive weight savings on the AMCA. The
aircraft has integrated radio and Navigation system supported
by IRNSS, where all burdens earlier borne by analogue
circuits will be carried out by digital processors.
Communication systems are be based on software radio
ranging from UHF to K band, with data links for digital
data/voice data and video footage. The aircraft is equipped
with AMAGB gearbox, which is designed and produced
by CVRDE. The castings are made of magnesium alloy and
the gearbox has its own self-contained lubrication system.
AMAGB operates in two modes. In the starter mode, it aids in
starting the engine through jet fuel starter. In accessory mode,
it drives two hydraulic pumps and an integrated drive
generator. These accessories, in turn, generate hydraulic and
electrical power for the aircraft.

Fig 5:The Cockpit

3.7 ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES AND SELF
REPAIR

3.6 COCKPIT

AMCA boost capabilities such as Self-protection and selfrepair with the help of self-diagnosing and self-healing by
distributing the work load to other system from affected to
non-affected system. Protection would be provided with the
use of nanotechnology to produce advance composite
materials to withstand higher resistance to damage and
therefore reducing the damage surface area. [146] The aircraft
uses Self Repairing Flight Control Capability, to automatically
detect failures or damage in its flight control surfaces, and
using the remaining control surfaces, calibrate accordingly to
retain controlled flight.

The
AMCA
features
a
full-panel-width glass
cockpit touchscreen, panoramic cockpit display (PCD), with
dimensions of 60 by 24 centimeters designed by DARE and

The electronic warfare suite is designed to enhance the

survivability during deep penetration and combat. The
AMCA's EW suite is developed by the Defence Avionics

Research Establishment (DARE) with support from

the Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL).[N
3]
This EW suite includes a radar warning receiver (RWR),
Missile Approach Warning (MAW) and a Laser warning
receiver (LWR) system, Infrared & Ultraviolet Missile
warning sensors, self-protection jammer, chaff, jaff and flare
dispenser, an electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite and a
towed radar decoy (TRD).
IV.

Indian perspective multi-role fighter based on the latters

under-development FGFA called Sukhoi T-50 or PAK-FA.

SPECIFICATIONS

The AMCA is provided with the best available technologies

with the armor on its best, the list of its general characteristics
and performance are discussed below
4.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Crew: 1 (pilot)
Length: 17.20 m (55 ft. 25 in)
Wingspan: 11.80 m (38 ft. 7 in)
Height: 4.80 m (15 ft. 6 in)
Wing area: 39.9 m' (486.5 ft)
Empty weight: 14 tons (31000 lb.)
Loaded weight: 24 tons (53000 lb.)
Max. Takeoff weight: 36 tones with 4 tons of internal weapons
and 4 tons of internal fuel. (79,366 lb.)
Power plant: 2 K 9+ or K 10 engine afterburning turbofan.
4.2 PERFORMANCE
Maximum speed :Mach 2.5+ (2,655+ km/h, 1,650+ mph)
Cruise speed: Mach 1.82 (1,960 km/h, 1,220 mph)
Range: 2800 kilometers (1750 miles)
Combat radius: 1000 Km (625 Miles)
Ferry range: 4600 kilometers (2875 miles)
Service ceiling: 18,044 m (59,200 ft.)
Rate of climb: 13,716 m/min (45,000 ft./min)
V.

CONCLUSION

The Indian Air Force has been undergoing a modernization

program to replace and upgrade its aging and outdated
equipment since the late 90s to advanced standards. For that
reason it has started procuring and developing aircraft,
weapons, associated technologies, and infrastructures. Some
of these program date back to the late 80s. The primary focus
of current modernization and upgrades is to replace aircraft
purchased from the Soviet Union that currently form the
backbone of the Air Force. HAL has started design work on
an Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), which is a
twin-engined 5th generation stealth multirole fighter. It will
complement the HAL Tejas, the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA,
the Sukhoi Su-30MKI and the DassaultRafale in the Indian
Air Force. IAF is slated to get its first Tejas Mark-I in March
this year, over 30 years after the LCA project was first
approved in August 1983. But the Tejas Mark-II jets, with
more powerful engines, will start to come only by 20212022,India, of course, is also trying to sort out its differences
with Russia over their proposed joint development of the

Fig 6:Acquiring of Aircrafts

The main purpose of this aircraft is to replace the aging
SEPECAT Jaguar &Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters. [70] IAF has
a requirement of at least 250 AMCAs. Once the project
definition and feasibility is completed in the next few months,
the defense ministry will go to the cabinet committee on
security for approval. The aim is to fly the first twin-engine
AMCA prototype by 2023-2024, which will be around the
time deliveries of Tejas Mark-II fighters will be underway.
VI.

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