CULTURAL TOURISM IN MEDIUM AND SMALL SIZE

URBAN HISTORIC CENTRES

- URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURAL DIRECTIONS OF ACTION CASE STUDIES FROM ROMANIA
VOLUME I (I of II)1
I.

RELEVANT ASPECTS OF CULTURAL TOURISM

I.1. Appearance and evolution of tourism in time

I.1.1. Short incursion in tourism history
I.1.2. From mass tourism to cultural tourism
I.2. Types and forms of tourism characteristics, interferences, tendencies
I.2.1. Types and forms of tourism
I.2.2. Alternate types of tourism relationships
I.2.3. The international tourism market: evolutions and tendencies
I.3. Appearance and evolution in time of cultural tourism
I.3.1. Incursion in the appearance and motivation of cultural tourism
I.3.2. Growth of the cultural production
I.3.3. Convergece of tourism and culture
I.4. The (urban) cultural tourism definitions and classifications
I.4.1. A trial of defining cultural tourism
I.4.2. Classification of the definitions of cultural tourism
I.4.3. Defining the urban cultural tourism
I.4.4. Types of towns for urban cultural tourism
I.4.5. The urban cultural tourism: a growing market
I.4.6. The changing nature of cultural tourism
I.4.7. The European cultural capital event
I.5. Profile of the cultural tourist
I.5.1. Statistics of cultural tourism
I.5.2. The social context of the cultural tourism
I.5.3. Tipology of the cultural tourist
I.6. Impact of the cultural tourism
I.6.1. The economic impact of cultural tourism
I.6.2. The impact of cultural tourism upon the culture
I.6.3. The tourismification of the cultures
I.7. Tourism in Romania
I.7.1. Appearance and evolution of Romanian tourism
I.7.2. Tourism potential in Romania
I.7.3. Types and forms of tourism in Romania
I.7.4. Impact on tourism of Romanias integration in European Union
I.7.5. Tendencies of the evolution of Romanian tourism

Aspects from the relevant published literature, essential concepts, syntheses and conclusions of the case studies
analyzed in detail in the volume of annexes.

II. TOURISM POTENTIAL IN URBAN HISTORIC CENTRES

II.1. Relevant literature: investigations and impact
II.1.1. Tangible heritage goods
II.1.2. Cultural tourism products
II.1.3. Assessment of the tourism potential
II.2. Methodology for assessing the tourism potential at a cultural heritage destination
II.2.1. Competitivity of a tourism destination model
II.2.2. Tourism potential matrix model
II.2.3. Essential list of cultural heritage tourism indicators
II.2.4. Adjustment of, and contribution to the potential matrix model
II.3. Case studies: urban historic centres
II.3.1. Notion of urban historic centre
II.3.2 Elements of tourism attraction in urban historic centres
II.3.3. Statistical data on tourism activity in Romanian urban historic centres
II.3.4. Classification of Romanian historic towns
II.3.5. Syntheses of case studies - urban historic centres from Romania
II.3.6. Conclusions on the tourism potential in medium and small urban historic centres from
Romania
III. CARRYING CAPACITY FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN HISTORIC
CENTRES
III.1. Relevant literature: directions and influences
III.1.1. Aspects related to the urban component
III.1.1.1. Urban traffic organisation
III.1.1.2. Pedestrian spaces and routes
III.1.2. Aspects related to the aesthetic component
III.1.2.1. Intervenions on the urban structure
III.1.2.2. Architecture interventions on the protected urban environment
III.1.3 Aspects related to the social component
III.1.3.1. Functional restructuration in historic centres
III.1.3.2. The tourist-historic city model
III.1.3.3. Tourism infrastructure
III.2. Model for assessing the carrying capacity for tourism development in urban historic
centres
III.2.1. State of conservation of the historic centre
III.2.2. Connection between the historic centre and rest of the city
III.2.3. Elements in the proximity of the historic centre (protection area)
III.2.4. Urban traffic in the historic centre
III.2.5. Integration of the tourism functions
III.2.6. Historic urban image
III.2.7. Urban planning and architectural detail elements
III.3. Case studies: urban historic centres from Transilvania compared to historic centres
from south-eastern Europe
III.3.1. Transilvania in Romanian and European context
III.3.2. Syntheses of case studies urban historic centres
2

III.3.2.1.a. Historic town Petrovaradin (Serbia)

III.3.2.1.b. Historic town Alba Iulia
III.3.2.2.a. Historic town Novi Sad (Serbia)
III.3.2.2.b. Historic town Baia Mare
III.3.2.3.a. Historic town Pcs (Ungaria)
III.3.2.3.b. Historic town Sibiu
III.3.2.4.a. Historic town Smeg (Ungaria)
III.3.2.4.b. Historic town Cisndie
VOLUME II (II of II)2 VOLUME OF CASE STUDY ANNEXES
ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM POTENTIAL DETAILS OF CASE STUDIES
(annexes for Chapter II of Volume I)
-

REGION OF TRANSILVANIA:
- Historic town Alba Iulia
- Historic town Baia Mare
- Historic town Sibiu
- Historic town Cisndie
- Historic town Slite
-

REGION OF MOLDOVA:
- Historic town Botoani
- Historic town Suceava

REGION OF BANAT-MUNTENIA:
- Historic town Cmpulung Muscel
- Historic town Drobeta Turnu Severin

REGION OF DOBROGEA:
- Historic town Sulina

ASSESSMENT OF CARRYING CAPACITY FOR TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE

CASE STUDIES (annexes for Chapter III of Volume I)
-

REGION OF TRANSILVANIA:
- Historic town Alba Iulia
- Historic town Baia Mare
- Historic town Sibiu
- Historic town Cisndie

Detailed analysis of the historic centres from the case studies, as a basis for the syntheses, anayses and conclusions
from the main volume.

SUMMARY OF THE PH.D. THESIS

The subject of this Ph.D. thesis has focused on the study of Cultural tourism in medium and
small size urban historic centres, the main objective of this approach being to propose urban
planning and architectural directions of intervention during tourism development of urban historic
centres, with applicability for case studies from the whole teritory of Romania.
The tourism and the cultural heritage define two major, self-standing domains, of a big
complexity, and in the same time continuously changing due to the evolution of the concepts
which govern them. These domains often act in parallel, each one following its own route,
although sometimes they interfere at certain levels due to the presence of common elements, such
as the heritage values which at a certain moment may become tourism attractions. Thus, areas of
confluence appear, where tourism is based on, and discovers the heritage values, and the cultural
heritage becomes used through visits of the tourists. The research presented in ths work is
motivated by the contradictory aspects that appear in the relationship between the development of
the cultural tourism (more precisely, the development of specific tourism infrastructure) and the
value of the heritage goods (that is, their specific characteristics which are worth to be conserved).
In this context, the purpose of this research concentrates on identifying and highlighting the urban
planning and architectural interventions that are made for tourism purposes, in such a way that
they do not affect the heritage values, the given examples being for urban historic centres of
medium and small size. Thus, this work proposes a method to determine directions of intervention
in the tourism development in urban historic centres from a perspective of sustainability. First,
the model of the potential tourism matrix proposed by McKercher and du Cross has been taken
over and adjusted for urban historic centres, as a first phase in outlining the latent tourism level at
a cultural destination. The application and extension of this model, which allows to estimate an
equilibrated relation between the market attraction and the carrying capacity (or robusticity) with
respect to the tourism interventions in a heritage destination, is pursued up to the actual proposal
of a working methodology aiming to integrate the urban planning and architectural interventions
necessary for the development of a tourism infrastructure in urban historic centres, based on the
assessment of the robusticity of the historic centre with respect to the tourism development.
Within this context, the present work brings original contributions to the problem of the
dialogue between tourism and cultural heritage, with emphasis on the urban planning and
architectural aspects in urban historic centres. The wideness and complexity of the chosen case
studies directly contribute to the thorough contents of this research and, in the same time, provides
a basis for practical interventions.
***
The present Ph.D. thesis is composed of two volume. The first volume comprises relevant
aspects from the fields of architectural heritage and of cultural tourism, as reviewed from the
existing literature on these subjects; it discusses the essential concepts and the proposed methods
of study, and presents syntheses and conclusions of a number of case studies chosen from medium
and small size urban historic centres from Romania. Volume I has three parts, concerning first the
essential characteristics of the cultural tourism in chapter 1, the tourism potential in urban historic
centres in chapter 2 with an investigation of the relevant literature, and the take over, adjustment
and improvement of a model for the assessment of the tourism potential, which is finally tested on
Romanian medium and small historic centres, and chapter 3 which addresses the problem of the
carrying capacity (or robusticity) of historic centres with respect to tourism developments. This
last chapter starts with a review of the relevant literature and continues with the proposal of a
model of assessing the robusticity (to tourism) of urban historic centres, and its application to case
studies from Transilvania, compared to some south-east European case studies. The second
volume of this work contains annexes which present in detail the case studies, and thus form the
support for the syntheses, analyses and conclusions of the first volume.
4

Chapter I starts with a presentation of the essential characteristics of tourism (and of

cultural tourism), with emphasis on those aspects which have an impact on the values of the
cultural heritage. As this is a subject rarely considered in connection with the Romanian historic
towns, which concerns urban planning and architecture issues, as well as tourism related aspects,
it needs a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, it was necessary from the beginning to review in
some detail the tourism domain, in order to specify how turism appeared and evolved, which is its
sphere of interest, what forms and types it has and whether and how these interfere, what means
cultural tourism and cultural tourist, what kind of impact has tourism on the resources it uses
(including the architectural heritage), and, of course, the present situation in Romania, as a
necessity to investigate this subject in our country.
The argumentation of the presence of architecture in tourism appears as early as 1856,
when John Ruskin gives an indirect answer to the question concerning the relation between
architecture and tourism, saying that Architecture is the art which so disposes and adorns the
edifices raised by man for whatsoever use, that the sight of them contribute to his mental health,
power and pleasure. , 3 , thus indicating the transition from architecture to the tourism domain,
including the pleasure, detachment and relaxation provided by the act of travel. Different forms of
travel existed since very old times, even for pleasure, relaxation and knowledge, but the tourism
phenomenon as known at present has had an explosive expansion as an effect of the industrial
revolution with a strong impact on the technology and transport industry. Different forms and
types of tourism have a great variety and diversity in time, with many inter-relationships; in this
context, the cultural tourism interferes with the recreation tourism (both for entertainment and
education), the business tourism, and with new types of tourism which assume a protection of the
cultural resources (e,g., eco-tourism), but also with the pilgrimage tourism, agrotourism and
entertainment and recreation tourism.
How did cultural tourism appear, a phenomenon as it is known at present ? Initially it
appeared and developed as a kind of tourism thought to pe a panacea to the bad effects of the
mass tourism, In time, however, by transforming the culture in tourism attractions, it brought its
own problems, which are nowadays subject of many academic studies, the present work included.
As there are many defintions of the cultural tourism, which can be classified by categories and
other criteria, it is necessary to choose a definition which serves the purpose of this work, in the
same way in which many associations and organisations worked out their own definitions, starting
from the general concept of cultural tourism. Of special interest for us is the particular definition
given by ICOMOS in 1976, especially concerning monuments and sites, these being mentioned as
a self-standing cultural resource, among many others. This definition emphasizes the efforts of
preservation and protection of the historic monuments and sites when they are used for tourism
consumption: Cultural Tourism is that form of tourism whose object is, among other aims, the
discovery of monuments and sites. It exerts on these last a very positive effect insofar as it
contributes - to satisfy its own ends - to their maintenance and protection. This form of tourism
justifies in fact the efforts which said maintenance and protection demand of the human
community because of the socio-cultural and economic benefits which they bestow on all the
populations concerned. (Charter on Cultural Tourism, ICOMOS,1976).
This definition of cultural tourism was accepted for this study as it considers it as a form
of tourism whih implies the discovery of monuments and sites, in the same time having a positive
effect upon them, as it contributes to their maintenance and protection. This ICOMOS definition
brings together all elements existing in the relationship between the toursim and the built heritage
(monuments and sites) as well as their conservation, maintenance and protection. Within this
context, it appears as natural to consider it as suitable for this study, as it refers to the three main
pilars of the present research: tourism, built heritage, conservation and protection.
By analysing those aspects that characterise the nature and the situation of the persons
practicing the cultural tourism (and not only that), one can complete the image of the cultural
tourism by introspection on the types of tourists which attend cultural attractions. It is generally
3

John, Ruskin, The seven lamps of architecture, John Wiley & Son, New York, 1865, p. 7.

recognized that the profile of the cultural tourist includes more elevated persons, with a higher
level of education and usually a higher income, often with occupation in cultural domains (or at
least connected with that). However, with time, the typology of cultural tourist reflected the
different levels of implication in the cultural consumption, as a function of the personal
motivation. In this context, the development of the cultural tourism gets new coordinates, as there
is a direct relation between the nature of the visitors and the magnitude of the tourism
phenomenon at a destination of cultural heritage.
Among the essential aspects of the cultural tourism one remarks the neuralgic point of the
impact brought about by the tourism development. The economic impact of the cultural tourism
development is presented versus the impact on the culture, emphasizing the process of
tourismification of the culture, as a necessity for its consumption by the tourists, which in turn has
a subsequent effect also on the authenticity. As an impact of the cultural tourism, the positive role
of tourism as a potential economic tool in the development and planning of a cultural heritage
destination is obvious, due to the financial income. In the same time, the impact of the tourism
phenomenon on the culture is not allways beneficial. Having in mind the important weight of
culture in this discussion, a special emphasis must be put on the socio-cultural impact, and
especially on the issues rised for the authenticity and for the marketing (by tourismification) of the
culture, and its relationship with the cultural tourism. The transformation of the cultural goods in
cultural products usually adjusted such as to make them as attractive as possible for their
consumption by tourists, is a process by which culture can undergo important transformations,
thus highlighting a divergence between the two domains. This contradictory aspect, which
sometimes seriously affects the heritage goods that form the major attraction the very basis of
the tourism activity, has triggered the objective of the present research, namely, finding the most
suitable way of reaching an equilibrium between the interventios desired by the developing
tourism and the sustainable use of the cultural heritage. Another justification of this approach is
also the fact that it is not desired that the heritage is conserved in a frozen state, like in a museum,
but one must allow transformations of it which, however do not affect its most valuable
characteristics. Concerning the blames due the negative impact of tourism on the heritage goods,
sometimes it was pointed out that many other negative things hapened: catastrophes (like
earthquakes, floods), wars, etc. and, despite their negative (destroying) character, each one left a
positive fingerprint, even admired at present. Why not then regard the tourism in the same way, as
an implacable phenomenon specific to the present epoch, but trying to care that its development
does not affect the heritage values.
A last aspect considered refers to the evolution of tourism in Romania. Tourism has a rich
tradition in our country even before 1989 (e.g., mountain, balneary, beach and sea tourism).
However, the integration in the European Union makes that tourism is supported within a priority
axis of development of the Regional Operational Progamme, which implies the preservation and
the sustainable use of cultural heritage as a domain subordinated to the tourism development
process.
In this respect, one can remark that within the lists of both eligible intervention actions and
indicators proposed for monitoring and assessment, all aspects of interest for the restoration works
for example, are subordinated to tourism, and there is no any direction of action that first
evaluates if the proposed type of tourism has exclusively beneficial effects on the heritage, or it
can also have negative impacts which affect the heritage values (which, theoretically, are those
attracting the tourists, but in this way there is a risk of destroying them). These findings confirm
that what happens today in Romania starts in a non-typical way, from sustainable development
and promotion of tourism, which only later may comprise, among the domains of intervention, the
restoration and (sustainable) use of the cultural heritage. We argue that by this subordination of
these activities to the tourism, one mostly emphasizes the ways of attracting tourists more rapidly
and easily (as proved by the proposed indicators), but one leaves way to the risk of ignoring the
needs of those cultural values that are themselves the main attraction sources, and thus they may
be unsuitably used, or even efinitively destroyed due to a deficient understanding of their
vulnerabilities.
6

This direction of intervention, which considers a model of restoration and sustainable use
of the cultural heritage, as well as the building/modernization of related infrastructures, makes
the subject of the present research, the main idea being to bring the restoration and the use of the
cultural heritage on the front stage, as a self-standing subject, and not as automatically
subordinated to tourism. The work proposes an approach that starts from identifying the cultural
values of the heritage, and tries to find the ways of integrating the tourism dimension within the
framework of the monument restoration activities.
With this argumentation, first it is proposed a way to evaluate, as realistically as possible,
the tourism potential at a cultural heritage destination, that should constitute a well balanced tool
that measures the amplitude of the tourism interventions and the chance that they are beneficial
for the destination. Then, the investigation concentrates on the actual interventions on the cultural
heritage, that follow to the first action of tourism potential assessment, which established the
necessity, the magnitude, and the nature of those interventions. Namely, one proposes a method of
evaluation of the robusticity of the cultural heritage objectives that face the pressure of the
development/expansion of related infrastructures as suggested by the intervention directions of the
Regional Operational Programme.
***
Chapter II studies the tourism potential of urban historic centres, first making a review of
the most important results of the relevant literature. The notion of tourism potential is a rather
complex one, as it comprises many different aspects. In spite of this, the assessment of the tourism
potential is often perceived, in practice, as simply the preparation of a data basis with the tourism
objectives that should be visited and their promotion on the tourism market, by eroneously
assuming that this approach is sufficient to support the integration of the tourism dimension
within the frame of the cultural heritage management. Similarly, rather often the fragility of the
cultural resources (the basis for tourism) is ignored, they being exploited without establishing a
limit, a threshold that should not be exceeded by the interventions, in order not to affect the
valuable characteristics which attract tourists. By examining the relevant literature, it was
considered that an adequate method for this direction of study is the tourism potential matrix
model proposed by McKercher i du Cros.4
This model 5 offers an answer to the previously advanced issues concerning the tourism
impact on the cultural heritage destinations, and provides a first step by which an equilibrium can
be obtained between the development of the two directions. Alongside the importance of the
tourism market attraction, this model introduces the notion of carrying capacity in relation with
the tourism activity of the area/destination. This term has also been named robusticity; it implies
capacity of self-regulation and adjustment to the new conditions, up to a certain maximum level
of permeability which, once exceeded, a saturation sets in and nothing more can be received
without modifying the valuable, specific characteristics. The potential matrix model comprises the
simultaneous analysis of two main aspects: the attractivity for tourism of the studied destination
(in our case the urban historic centre as an ensemble), and the robusticity (as defined and
detailed in this work). Therefore, the model analyzes together aspects of both these directions, in
order to infer the weight that each one is going to have within the development planning process.
This model is chosen in this work, with certain adjustments and improvements, and then it
is tested for the case of the Romanian urban historic centres of small and medium size, the basic
idea being that in this way, by a realistic assessment of the tourism potential, one achieves a first
very important step in the assessment and planning of both the tourism development and the
cultural heritage management. This approach assumes a simultaneous assessment of the two
directions, and considers the results together. In this way, one avoids the shortcomings caused by
an unrealistic and incomplete evaluation of the tourism potential in the initial phases of planning,
4

Bob, McKercher i Hilary, du Cros, Cultural Tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural
heritage, Routledge, New York and London, 2009, p. 185-195.
5
Ibidem.

and one provides a first realistic indication on how to balance the interventions in both directions
at a certain destination.
The authors of this model propose a list of indicators, which has been taken up in the
present investigation and slightly adjusted to the situation of the urban historic centres. This list
contains indicators to be evaluated, which refer to both the market appeal and the tourism
infrastructure, and to the cultural meaning of the implied heritage and the capacity of the place to
cope with increased levels of tourism. For each indicator, the evaluation was made according to a
scale with seven qualifiers, ranging from inexistent, very low, ..., and up to very high, exceptional.
We briefly illustrate below some aspects related to the case of the small historic town Sulina,
situated in the Danube Delta region, which has some outsanding features that strongly influence
both its tourism market appeal and its robusticity.

Fig. 1 Sulina: the area of the protected historic site, with representative monuments marked.
As an example, in the list of indicators for the market appeal, an important role is played
by the surrounding area (evaluated here with the exceptional qualifier), but also the accesibility
of the destination, which here is exclusively by water (evaluated, for this reason, as very low).
In a similar way, at the robusticity chapter, very important are the fragility and the state of
degradation of the ensemble, but also the impact of tourism on the built heritage, and, especially,
on the intangible heritage (therefore evaluated with the qualifier very low, with reference to the
reduced capacity of the place to cope with different tourism interventions).

Fig. 2, 3, 4 Sulina: examples of typical residential houses in the protected site area
The relationship between the two analyzed directions (tourism development and heritage
management) can be best appreciated when shown on a matrix, which readily compares the two
dimensions and allows to appreciate them in an easy way as being low, moderate, or high.

Fig. 5 The tourism potential matrix method, as proposed by McKercher and du Cros6
The results (expressed by qualifiers) of the evaluation of each indicator from the list are
summed up for each of the two analyzed directions, and the obtained two scores are represented
on the two axes of the matrix, thus obtaining a precise position within the matrix at the
intersection of the values on the horizontal direction (corresponding to the market appeal axis)
and vertical one (coresponding to the robusticity axis). As a function of the position obtained in
this matrix, one can propose the best balanced planning measures for different types of
interventions, which reflect the relative importance of the two directions. For example, for a
cultural objective with high attractivity on the tourism market, but with a reduced robusticity, a
limited development of tourism is recommendable, because exceeding a certain threshold the
tourism threatens the values of the cultural resources.
***
The tourism potential matrix model has been tested for the particular case of urban historic
centres, and it proved to be very efficient, especially as a result of an improvement made by the
author, namely, the introduction of a new graphical representation of the distributions of the
qualifiers attributed for the key indicators of each direction, and a subsequent interpretion of these
in the assessmnet of the tourism potential. For the use of this method to case studies of urban
historic towns (as they figure in the List of Historic Monuments), the following results have been
achieved:
- the potential matrix method has been taken up, adjusted and completed with a partial
redefining of certain key indicators from the list according to the particular case of historic centres
(a new situation compared to that of the original article of McKercher and du Cros which
proposed the method for the evaluation of various singular cultural heritage objectives);
- for each of the two analyzed directions (market appeal and robusticity) a new graphical
interpretation of the qualifiers attributed to the indicators from the list has been introduced. This,
in turn, led to an improvement in the graphical representation of the tourism potential: this is no
longer represented as a point resulting from the sum up of the qualifiers on the two axes of the
matrix. For each distribution of the qualifiers of the two investigated directions one determines the
center of gravity, as well as the degree of grouping (or dispersion) of the qualifiers around it. This
results in a difusse distribution of the key factors now represented by a sphere of potential
(which is a region within which the tourism potential may have minor variations), this new way of
representation being more realist and evocative than the original one, of the score method, as
shown in the next figure;

Ibidem.

Fig. 6 Synthesis of the original contributions proposed for the potential matrix model
- the chosen case studies were selected after a global analysis of the types of Romanian
historic centres according to seven criteria, as follows: the size of the town, its longevity, typology
of the centre, its degree of conservation, the character of the urban image, present functions of the
historic centre, and the system of settlements in the teritory. It was thus possible to detect case
studies according to various points of view (geographic, historic, structural, morphologic,
architectural, etc) which pose different problems in their relation with the tourism development.
Consequently, the chosen case studies have been sufficiently complex, especially in view of their
quality of urban historic centres of small and medium size (which are more sensitive to the
impact of tourism interventions, a big city being much more robust to such transformations), the
variety of the case studies being necessary in order to test the proposed potential matrix model for
more situations;

10

Fig. 7 Map of Romania: location of the 10 chosen case studies

- the tourism potential matrix method has been tested and verified for ten Romanian
case studies (urban historic centres of small and medium size from Transilvania, Banat, Muntenia,
Moldova i Dobrogea Alba Iulia, Sibiu, Cisndie, Slite, Baia Mare, Suceava, Botoani,
Cmpulung Muscel, Drobeta Turnu Severin and Sulina), which cover a great variety and
complexity of situations with respect to the tourism development, and helped to prove the
viability of the model adjusted and completed by the author;
- as a result of the placement of the different case studies in the same matrix
representation, it was possible not only to deduce an evaluation of each partciular case, but also a
comparison of all cases with respect to their tourism potential. Thus, for each particular case,
interpretations and recommendations were made in accordance with the graphical position within
the matrix. For example, in the case of the small town Sulina, due to its location within the biosphere reserve of Danube Delta (part of the UNESCO heritage list) the result is a rather high
tourism attraction, but, on the other hand, due to the fragility of the surrounding area and of the
destination itself, with an outstanding heritage, both architectural and intangible, the
reccomendations are for a limited development of the tourism activity, and for an activation of
certain forms of tourism which are able to use in the best (less harmful) way the existing cultural
heritage, without distorting its value and its specific characteristics, with accent on the existing
primary tourism infrastructure (as a part of the experience of the visitor, corresponding to the well
known agro-tourism), and an opposition to building villas, pensions, hotels and the like (which
correspond to the urban tourism and do not fit the place);

11

Fig. 8 The potential tourism matrix: representation of the case studies

-

the analysis of the matrix with all case studies represented allowed a classification of
the studied towns according to the relative importance of the two investigated directions: different
groups of towns are obtained as a function of their position in the matrix, thus allowing specific
intrepretations and recommendations based on the new graphical representation proposed. For
example, the studied towns with the smallest sizes are remarked by their larger fragility (reduced
robusticity) which places them in a group with the lowest position in the matrix. For these cases,
although the tourism market appeal is remarkable, it is necessary to find the best alternate types of
tourism. Detailed examples for some case studies, as well as a presentation of the improved
model, are presented in several publications (I. Bucurescu, 2012, 2013, 2014);
- the tourism potential matrix method, with the proposed improvements, can be
considered as a valuable model in the activities of planning the development of regions, being a
tool that can respond in a sustainable manner to the situations of conflict often met in the tourism
capitalization of the cultural heritage;
- even if this model was originally proposed for the evaluation of isolated objectives of
cultural heritage from a destination (e.g., monuments, museums, archaeological sites, etc), the
analysis of the model on a significant series of case studies has shown that, with a minimal
number of adjustments, it can be applied to the analysis of historic centres.
***
At this point, it appears as convenient the proposal of a theoretical approach which should
ease the evaluation of the capacity of a cultural heritage location to cope with tourism
developments (its robusticity), by combining analysis criteria both from the tourism domain and
from the urban rehabilitation domain. By continuing the approach developed in the previous
chapter, Chapter III deals with a more thorough study of one of the axes of the potential matrix,
namely, that of the capacity to absorb the tourism developments in the urban historic centres,
because, in this case, the mode of integrating the tourism dimension, as well as the urban planning
interventions have a peculiar role, as they give special attention to the architecture and urban
planning components.
Chapter III starts also by presenting approaches and results from a survey of the relevant
literature, and continues with the proposal of a model of evaluating the carrying capacity for
urban historic centres, which is then applied to case studies from Transilvania, compared to some
south-east European case studies. The relevant literature has largely been oriented until now
mainly towards the analysis and criticism of particular cases, especially negative examples of
12

interventions, and less towards selecting and proposing a manner of dealing with the main
problems that appear in the case of the use for tourism of towns with historic centre. To begin
with, our study investigated the main directions of action in the case of the interventions on the
urban planning and architecture heritage, made for tourism development purposes (the basis of the
tourism infrastructure and its tendencies of evolution), based on the model of tourist-historic city
of Ashworth and Tunbridge 7 for the structure of the historic towns, with emphasis on the
importance of the various tourism areas and the mode they interact with each other.
The model of tourist-historic city after Ashworth and Tunbridge 8 is relevant for
understanding the tendency of development, integration and expansion of the tourism functions
within the frame of a historic town. Also, the model, based on the study of medium size towns,
highlights the principles of the appearance of the different dependency relations between tourism
functions. Thus, in the substantiantion of the model proposed by us for the evaluation of the
capacity to absorb the tourism developments, one could take up several ideas: the superposition
between the tourism functions and other functions of the historic town (the main tourism
infrastructure elements being the tourism accommodation units the most important, then the
catering and shopping units, as emphasized by existing statistics). In a historic town the tourism
functions appear also outside the historic centre (but in relation to this by axes of connection) and
the integration of the tourism functions is gradual, from their appearance in the proximity of the
primary tourism attraction, to their extension ouside the historic centre, in the proximity of the
secondary, possibly independent tourism nuclei.
Concerning the way of approaching a working direction for the evaluation of the carrying
capacity with respect to the tourism development, one brings into discussion a novel method to
evaluate the tolerable level of tourism development at a cultural heritage destination, with direct
applicability to our case of urban historic centres. By synthesising results of the relevant
literature, several aspects in the relationship between the heritage rehabilitation and the
development of cultural tourism were found as highly relevant, leding to the proposal of several
criteria that contain aspects that are common to both domains. These critera refer to issues that are
important in the rehabilitation of historic monuments and influence the tourism development at a
cutural heritage destination, as well as issues with impact on the specific cultural values of the
monments. The criteria proposed for this type of analysis are: the state of conservation of the
historic centre, the connection of the historic centre with the rest of the town, elements in the
proximity of the historic centre (the protection area), the urban traffic in the historic centre, the
integration of the tourism functions, the urban historic image and elements of urban planning and
architectural detail. This list of proposed criteria remains open, as other relevant aspects can be
found depending on the studied case, such that the model can be refined actually with the
intention to further test the model not only for small and medium urban historic centres, but also
for isolated historic monuments, etc.
For each of these criteria, one proposes a definition (the meaning of the criterion from the
point of view of the tourism development in urban historic centre), then an argumentation of the
choice of the criterion, the main indicators for evaluating the criterion are defined as a function of
the necessary conditions to obtain a state of equilibrium, one points out the dependency
relationships between the proposed criteria, as well as elements guiding the assessment of the
capacity to absorb the development of the tourism infrastructure. For example, the crtiterion
which refers to the connection of the historic centre with the rest of the town assumes:
- definition: the possibility to extend the tourism infrastructure outside the area with tourism
objectives of the historic centre;
- indicators used in evaluation: secondary tourism nuclei within the town, centres of
development within the town, ways of connection with the rest of the town (with motor or
pedestrian traffic);
7

G. J., Ashworth i J. E., Tunbridge, The tourist-historic city: retrospect and prospect of managing the heritage city,
Pergamon (an imprint of Elsevier Science), 2000, p. 70-81, 83-104.
8
Ibidem.

13

- criteria with which it is related: the criterion relative to the state of conservation of the
historic centre, the one relative to the urban trafic, and the one relative to the integration of the
tourism functions;
- elements of guiding the assessment of the carrying capacity: a direct, easy connexion between
the historic centre and the rest of the town favors the extension of tourism infrastructure along
the connection routes (high capacity of absorbtion); an indirect, difficult connexion between
the historic centre and the rest of the town or isolated sub-nuclei with tourism potential does
not favor the compact extension of the tourism infrastructure (reduced capacity of absorbtion).
The case studies chosen to test the model of evaluating the carrying capacity relative to the
tourism development in urban historic centres are based on the previous results of tourism
potential assessment, especially for the twons with a high tourism market attraction, or with a
tendency towards high, because these are considered as most exposed to interventions in tourism
purposes. Most of the towns from Transilvania meet these conditions, especially due to the high
state of conservation of their historic centres (by comparison with the towns from the rest of the
country where one finds historic centres that are only partially or almost totally destructured), this
fact also meaning an increased request and activity on the tourism market. The towns from
Transilvania which are analyzed are Alba Iulia, Sibiu, Cisndie and Baia Mare. For the proposal
of architectural interventions with tourism purpose an analysis was made also for a number of
south-east European towns which have similar urban planning and architecture characteristics and
a similar historic evolution, as examples of good practice, that can offer elements and solutions
that can be taken up and adjusted for cases from Romania. These towns are Pcs and Smeg from
Hungary, and Novi Sad and Petrovaradin from Serbia.
***
As an example of comparative anaysis, in relation with the criterion about the connection
between the historic centre and the rest of the town, we have Sibiu, in comparison with Pcs.
Several directions of intervention can be taken up from the later, based on the similarities of the
two cities. Only some of them will be pointed out, those considered most relevant for the present
study, and as a proof of the applicability of the proposed model:
- from the point of view of the connection between the historic centre with the rest of the town,
on the occasion of the European Cultural Capital 2010 event, the area of the Zsolnay porcelain
factories (industrial heritage monument) was revitalized, being rehabilitated as a self-standing
Cultural Cetre having the role to reduce the congestion from the historic centre area, but also to
diversify the offered tourism attractions;

Fig. 9, 10, 11 Pecs: The ensemble of the Zsolnay factories, recently rehabilitated and the new
centre of conferences and library
In the same idea, on the axis connecting the historic centre with the Zsolnay factories, a
conference centre and a library were built for the European Cultural Capital 2010 event, thus
satisfying the necessary tourism infrastructure that could have not been absorbed by the
concentration of cultural heritage values from the medieval historic centre.
14

Fig. 12 Pcs: relation between the historic centre and the area of the receltly rehabilitated
Zsolnay factories
- Following a detailed evaluation of the actual relationships between the historic centre of Sibiu,
the areas from its proximity (such as the area of the industrial heritage classified as the protected
Cibin-centre area but practically unexploited from tourism point of view) and the rest of the
independent sub-nuclei with tourism potential (like the Village Museum, the Cibin river banks,
the ensemble of the fortified church at Guteria), it resulted that the extension of the tourism
infrastructure of the historic centre can be accommodated towards the industrial heritage area, a
very plausible solution, having in mind the previous example of the town of Pcs;

Fig. 13 Sibiu: relation between the historic centre and the neighboring area with industrial
heritage, as well as with the Village Museum.
Similar to the case of Pcs, it appears as natural that along the axis connecting the historic centre
with the Village Museum, which transits valuable areas of the city (the protected area with
architectural values of the Iosefin district, the Sub Arini park) one can absorb/concentrate in the
15

future some tourism infrastructures, rather than along other axes that connect the historic centre
with the rest of the city.

Fig. 14, 15, 16 Sibiu: industrial heritage from the Cibin-centre area, the Village Museum, and
the ensemble of the fortified church from Guteria, respectively
The full analysis presented for Sibiu is, of course, more extensive, as it concentrates on all
areas and sub-areas of the city which have connections with tourism as resulting from the
proposed analysis criteria, such that, finally, a set of recommendations were made for possible
interventions with tourism purposes in all areas of the historic centre, completed by a plan of
tourism developments with concrete steps.
Based on the analysis of the urban historic centres with the model based on the seven
mentioned criteria, regulations were worked out for each case study (both recommendations and
restrictions or permissions), which can be taken as proposals to be integrated in future urban
planning regulations or even in tourism development plans, comprising urban planning and
architectural interventions related to the development and integration of the tourism direction
within the existing historic context of the analyzed istoric towns.
***
In summary, the investigation of the main directions of action related to the interventions
that are most frequently performed on the urban and architectural heritage with the purpose to
develop the tourism, led to the proposal of a model of evaluating the capacity to absorb these
transformations in urban historic centres, which brings the following contributions:
- a set of criteria was settled for the evaluation of a limit concerning the interventions
made with tourism development purpose, as well as a set of indicators to be evaluated, which
should contribute to acquire an equilibrium state from the point of view of each analysed
criterion;
- the proposed evaluation criteria are considered as most significant for the tourism
development at cultural heritage destinations, as they have impact on both tourism and heritage,
and especially on the existing cultural resources. These criteria are: the state of conservation, the
connection with the neighbourhood, outskirts elements (protection area), traffic, integration of the
tourism functions, the historic image and elements of urban planning and architectural detail;
- these criteria may be valid for any cultural heritage destination, but in the present work
are specifically adjusted for urban historic centres: state of conservation of the historic centre, the
conection between the historic centre and the rest of the town, elements in the proximity of the
historic centre (the protection area), the urban traffic in the historic centre, the integration of the
tourism functions, the historic urban image and elements of urban planning and architecture
detail;
- each of the proposed criteria was presented in detail, concerning its definition,
argumentation of its choice, its main indicators for evaluation, its relation with other criteria and
elements guiding the evaluation process of the capacity of absorbtion;
- the proposed model was applied to towns from Transilvania (Alba Iulia, Baia Mare,
Sibiu i Cisndie), in order to determine the most suitable urban planning and architecture
16

interventions, also by comparison with similar south-east European case studies (Petrovaradin and
Novi Sad from Serbia, Smeg and Pcs from Hungary); as a result of this analysis conclusions
and recommendations for the interventions with tourism purpose were made for each case;
- based on the proposed criteria and indicators, the model of evaluating the tourism
development in urban historic centres is able to frame within certain reasonable limits the urban
planning and architectural interventions, in such a way that the special character of the town given
by its cultural resource is not affected and, on the contrary, it is emphasized by the integration of
the tourism dimension. The proposed recommnedations may be integrated in urban planinng
regulations, or in proposals of integrated plans for tourism development;
- the list of criteria proposed here is not exhaustive. As a function of the specific case
one can add other criteria as well which may be considered as essential for the peculiarity of other
analyszd destinations; thus, it is considered that the model can be developed and applied in other
cases of cultural heritage as well, from big cities with historic areas engaged in tourism
development, to villages having specific elements of intangible cultural heritage, and to isolated
historic sites.
***
Final conclusions. This work, presented as a Ph.D. thesis, actually started with the interest
of the author in the domain of historic monument restoration during the faculty years, continued
with a series of post-university specializations in this domain. Following this trail, the domain of
the restoration and conservation of the cultural heritage appeared as more and more inseparable
from that of tourism, a phenomenon and in the same time a huge industry which develops in an
implacable way, leaving as a main issue to find the best way of utilizing its economic force to the
benefit of the cultural heritage conservation for generations to come.
The case studies from this thesis are ten towns from Romania, of small or medium size,
and having a historic centre. They were chosen in such a way as to cover a large diversity of
situations and classification criteria, especially related to tourism development, and they also
represent the important ethnographic areas of the country. These are (in alphabetical order): Alba
Iulia, Baia Mare, Botoani, Cmpulung Muscel, Cisndie, Drobeta Turnu-Severin, Slite, Sibiu,
Suceava and Sulina. Four towns outside the country but close to Transilvania have also been
analyzed for comparison, two from Serbia (Petrovaradin and Novi Sad) and two from Hungary
(Pcs and Smeg). In all these cases, besides consulting a wide informative material, the author
made personal study visits.
During the elaboration of the present study, concrete proposals were made which should
contribute to the the analysis, evaluation and clearing up of the conflict situations that may appear
between the tourism development and cultural heritage management. Although it appeared as a
panacea to the negative effects of mass tourism, the cultural tourism also brought its own
problems due to the transformation of the culture in tourism attractions, which means risks for the
cultural resources. Recognition of these undesirable effects is reflected in an extremely rich
literature. Although an area at the limit between the tourism domain and that of the cultural
heritage, this research area is very wide, and for this reason the present research concentrated on a
sub-domain of it, that of the methods to be implied in order to integrate the tourism dimension
into the small and medium scale urban historic centres. In this way, the study brings a
contribution to solve the conflict between the two domains. This choice is especially relevant
because the urban tourism presents the most impressive growth within both European and world
tourism.
Following the investigations and proposals made in this study it may be rightly considered
that this area of study, at the border between the tourism and cultural heritage domains, although
relatively restricted, offers important possibilities of new investigations, urgent as well because of
the rapid expansion of the tourism phenomenon. The personal contributions to this domain
represent a step forward in the sustainable cooperation between the two implied domains, and
may be continued in the future as mode of investigation, evaluation, and practical application.
17

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Flmnda, Historia Urbana, tomul XIX, 2011, p. 27-45
Oprescu, Carmen, Negru Vod Monastery and its place in the history of Cmpulung town,
Historia Urbana, tomul XVIII, 2009, p. 33-43
Oprescu, Carmen, Vilegiatura i modernizarea spaiului urban din Cmpulung Muscel (18901920), Historia Urbana, tomul XV, nr. 1-2, 2007, p. 237-249
SC Calitas SRL, Studiu de marketing Castrul Cmpulung Jidova, 2012
www.campulung-muscel.ro, accesat la data de 25 octombrie 2012
www.evenimentulmuscelean.ro, accesat la dat de 25 octombrie 2012
www.primariacampulung.ro, accesat la data de 25 octombrie 2012
ORAUL ISTORIC CISNDIE

Carp, Constana (arhitect ef proiect), Bucurescu, Iuliana (arhitect), Studiu Istoric Ansamblul
Bisericii Evanghelice Fortificate din Hrman
Consiliul Judeean Sibiu, Masterplan pt. domeniul turismului n judeul Sibiu, Marketscope
Bucureti, 2010
Fabini, Hermann, Universul cetilor bisericeti din Transilvania, Editura MonuMenta, Sibiu,
2009
Fabini, Hermann, Atlas der Siebenburgisch sachsischen, Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen,
Monumentan verlag Hermannstadt und Arbeitskreis fur Siebenburgishe Landeskunde
Heidelberg, 1998
Niedermaier, Paul, Der mittelalterliche Stadtebau in Siebenburgen, im Banat und im
Kreischgebiet, Arbeitskreis fur Siebenburgishe Landeskunde Heidelberg, 1996
Prean, Ioan, Legende din Mrginimea Sibiului, Editura Salgo, Sibiu, 2008
Primria oraului Cisndie, Strategia de dezvoltare a oraului Cisndie
Voicu Vedea Victor, Dene Nicolae, Opriiu Mircea, Sibiu ghid turistic, Sibiu, 1973
http://www.cisnadie.ro, accesat la data de 22 august 2012
http://www.covtex-feizy.ro, accesat la data de 22 august 2012
http://www.stilcarpet.ro, accesat la data de 22 august 2012
ORAUL ISTORIC DROBETA TURNU SEVERIN
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Baboniu Sanda Nastasia, Nedelcu Iulian, Mitrace Ofelia, La ville de Turnu Severin - de sa
fondation en tant que chef-lieu du departement de Mehedini a sa transformation en centre
episcopal, HU tomul XVII, 2009
Brtuleanu, Liviu, Documente privind podul de la Drobeta aflate n arhivele austriece, BCMI,
anul XX, nr. 1-2, 2009
Crciun, Cristina, Observaii, ipoteze privind topografia Drobetei sec. II-III, Buletinul
Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice, Bucureti, nr.1-2, 2006
Davidescu, Miu, Drobeta n secolele I-VII e.n., Editura Scrisul Romnesc, Craiova, 1980
Gheorghiu, Teodor Octavian, Drobeta Turnu Severin, ipotez de evoluie urbanistic, Historia
Urbana, tomul IX, nr. 1-2, 2001
Oceanu, Elena, Muzeul Regiunii Porilor de Fier n plin proces de restaurare, Revista Regio,
nr. 5, 2011
http://www.administratie.ro, accesat la data de 13 martie 2013
http://www.baileherculane.ro, accesat la data de 17 iulie 2012
http://www.coridorulverde.ro, accesat la data de 17 iulie 2012
http://www.drobetaturnuseverin.ro, accesat la data de 17 iulie 2012
http://dunareadintrenoi.wordpress.com/dunarea, accesat la data de 18 iulie 2012
http://www.ecomunitate.ro, accesat la data de 20 septembrie 2012
hhttp://www.ecoturismpnpf.ro, accesat la data de 11 iulie 2012
http://www.eurourbanism.ro, accesat la data de 13 martie 2013
http://www.finantare.ro , accesat la data de 17 iulie 2012
hhttp://www.mehedinti.insse.ro, accesat la data de 17 iulie 2012
ttp://www.mehedinti.djc.ro , accesat la data de 24 iulie 2012
http://www.primariadrobeta.ro, accesat la data de 17 iulie 2012
ORAUL ISTORIC SLITE

Consiliul Judeean Sibiu, Masterplan pentru domeniul turismului n judeul Sibiu,

Marketscope, Bucureti, 2010
Fabini, Hermann, Universul cetilor bisericeti din Transilvania, Editura MonuMenta, Sibiu,
2009
Grecu, Victor, Slitea Sibiului - strveche vatr romneasc, Editura Astra, Sibiu, 1990
Irimie Cornel, Dunre Nicolae, Petrescu Paul, Mrginenii Sibiului civilizaie i cultur
popular romneasc, Editura tiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1985
Prean, Ioan, Legende din Mrginimea Sibiului, Editura Salgo, Sibiu, 2008
http://www.marginimea-sibiului.ro, accesat la data de 27 iulie 2012
http://www.saliste-sibiu.ro, accesat la data de 8 august 2012
ORAUL ISTORIC SIBIU

Avram Al., Crian Vasile, Sibiu: ghid cultural turistic, Editura FF Pres, Bucureti, 1998
Bota, Sorina, Sibiu: povetile oraului, Editura InfoArt Media, Sibiu, 2012
Carp, Constana (arhitect ef proiect), Bucurescu, Iuliana (arhitect), Studiu Istoric Ansamblul
Bisericii Evanghelice Fortificate din Hrman
Consiliul Judeean Sibiu, Masterplan pt. domeniul turismului n judeul Sibiu, Marketscope
Bucureti, 2010
Documentaie UNESCO Sibiu, septembrie, 2005
Fabini, Hermann, Atlas der siebenburgisch sachsischen Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen, band
I, Monumenta Verlag Hermannstadt und Arbeitskreis fur Siebenburgische Landeskunde e.v.
Heidelberg, 1998
Fabini, Hermann, Universul cetilor bisericeti din Transilvania, Editura MonuMenta, Sibiu,
2009
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Fundaia pentru reabilitare Urban, Plan integrat de dezvoltare 2009 - 2015 (PIDU), 2010
Ghidul Muzeului Naional Brukenthal, Sibiu, 2010
Niedermaier, Paul, Der mittelalterliche Stadtebau in Siebenburgen, im Banat und im
Kreischgebiet, Arbeitskreis fur Siebenburgishe Landeskunde Heidelberg, 1996
Primria Municipiului Sibiu, Plan Urbanistic General (PUG) Regulament Local de
Urbanism (RLU)
Proiectul de cooperare romno-german GTZ, Planul de Management pentru Centrul Istoric al
Sibiului, 2005
www.baroc.sibiu.ro, accesat la data de 6 aprilie 2013
www.cultura.sibiu.ro, accesat la data de 6 aprilie 2013
www.patrimoniu.sibiu.ro, accesat la data de 6 aprilie 2013
www.sibiu.ro, accesat la data de 6 aprilie 2013
www.sibiu2007.ro, accesat la data de 6 aprilie 2013
www.tribuna.ro/stiri/cultura/legendele-cetatii.html, accesat la data de 22 aprilie 2013
www.turism.sibiu.ro, accesat la data de 6 aprilie 2013
ORAUL ISTORIC SUCEAVA

Bucurescu, Iuliana, Assessment of Tourism Potential in Historic Towns: Romanian Case

Studies, Proceedings of the ICOMOS International Conference Cultural Heritage Protection in
Times of Risk: Challenges and Opportunities, Istanbul 2012, Yildiz Technical University
Press, 2013, p. 87-97
CIOR, Atlas istoric al oraelor din Romnia Suceava, Editura Enciclopedic, Bucureti,
2005
Curinschi Vorona, Gheorghe, Centrele istorice ale oraelor, Ed. Tehnic, Bucureti, 1967
Minciu Rodica, Stanciu Pavel, Bukovinas tourism perspectives a strategic approach,
Journal of Tourism, nr. 10, 2010, p. 81-90
Stanciu, Pavel, Studiul pensiunilor turistice din judeul Suceava, Revista de Turism, nr. 4,
2007, p. 48-53
Strategia de dezvoltare durabil a municipiului Suceava 2009-2015
http://www.bucovinaturism.ro, accesat la data de 7 martie 2012
http://historia.ro, accesat la data de 1 martie 2012
http://www.stefancelmare.ro, accesat la data de 7 martie 2012
ORAUL ISTORIC SULINA

Atelierul Itinerarii culturale ale Europei de sud-est, sub egida ICOMOS, Sofia, 2000,
Brtuleanu, Liviu, Documente privind podul de la Drobeta aflate n arhivele austriece,
Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice, anul XX, nr. 1-2, 2009
Brtuleanu, Liviu, Consideraii asupra unor posibile atitudini legate de conservarea integrat
Sulina, parte a peisajului cultural, Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice, nr. 1-2,
Bucuresti, 2006, p. 255-263
Bucurescu, Iuliana, An analysis of some recent statistics of the Romanian tourism, Journal of
Tourism, nr. 11, 2012, p. 38-44
Bucurescu, Iuliana, Assessment of Tourism Potential in Historic Towns: Romanian Case
Studies, Proceedings of the ICOMOS International Conference Cultural Heritage Protection in
Times of Risk: Challenges and Opportunities, Istanbul 2012, Yildiz Technical University
Press, 2013, p. 87-97
Bucurescu, Iuliana, Tourism Potential in Historic Towns: Romanian Case Studies, European
Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, vol. 4(2), 2013, p. 101-130
Consiliul local al oraului Sulina, Sulina: Plan Integrat de Dezvoltare
Mei, Vasile, Materiale ecologice pentru construciile din Delta Dunrii, Revista Urbanism,
Arhitectur, Construcii, vol. 1, nr. 1, 2010, p. 31
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http://www.cimec.ro, accesat la data de 09.01.2012

http://www.primaria-sulina.ro, accesat la data de 13.01.2012
ORAELE ISTORICE PETROVARADIN i NOVI SAD

- Darko Poli, Urban Planning Process of Cultural Heritage Area of Petrovaradin Fortress in
Novi Sad, Serbian Town Planners Association, Novi Sad, 2008
- Popovic, Marko i Simic, Gordana, The European Heritage Days fortifications in Serbia,
Institutul pentru Conservarea Monumentelor de Cultur din Serbia, Inpress, Belgrade, 2003
- Vukadinovic, Vanja, Urban planning of Novi Sad in the period of post-socialism, Serbian
Architectural Journal, nr. 2, 2010, p. 155-180
- www.novisad.rs, www.novisad.org, www.turizamns.rs, accesate la data de 14 februarie 2014

ORAELE ISTORICE SMEG i PCS

-

ESPON 2013 Programme, Territorial Approaches for New Governance - case Study 10: The
ECC Pcs Project and the Challenges of Territorial Governance, 2013
ECORYS, Ex-post evaluation of 2010 European Capitals of Culture - Final Report for the
European Commission, DG Education and Culture, 2011
Pcs 2010, Bordless city - European Capital of Culture
Trocscanyi, Andrs, The spatial implications of urban renewal carried out by the ECC
programs in Pcs, Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60 (3), 2011, p. 261-284
www.sycultour.eu, www.sumeginfo.hu, www.sumeg.hu, www.sumegvar.hu, accesate la data
de 28 februarie 2014

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