GregWalstoneLearningGlossary1

Numeric

Mye-LearningGlossary

1:1Learningthepracticeofprovidingeachstudentwithneededtechnologyresourcestobe
successfulintheclassroomandathome.Examplesincludealaptopandatablet.Technology
resourcesarebelievedtomakethestudentslearningexperiencemoreindividualized,while
increasingastudentsindependenceinlearningbeyondtheclassroom.
Ref:Edglossary@http://edglossary.org/onetoone/

Alphabetical

A
AbovethefoldContentthatispositionedintheupperhalfofawebpage.Itissaidtobe
abovethefoldbecauseitisvisibleinthescreenfortheuserbeforescrollingdowntoview
remainingcontent.Theexpressioncomesfromtheviewofafoldednewspaper.
Ref:Googledictionary@https://www.google.com/#q=%22above+the+fold%22+definition.

AccessibilitystandardsTheWCAGaccessibilitystandardsareissuedastechnical

documentsanddevelopedbytheWebContentAccessibilityGuidelinesWorkingGroup,
partoftheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C).AccessibilityStandardsnotewhatis
neededtomakewebpages,digitalcontent,andelearningmaterialsaccessibleto
peoplewithdisabilities,anddetailvision,design,andnavigationrequirementsfor
accessiblecontent.
Ref:WCAG@https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/

Adaptivelearningeducationalmethodwheresoftwareadaptswiththelearnerandcontent,
personallytailoringlearningtobettergraspcontentdetailsoflearningmaterials.Itisalso
referredtousingotherterms,likeadaptiveinstruction,adaptivehypermedia,computerbased
learning,andintelligenttutoringsystems.Thebasicdefinitionisthatcomputerscanimprove
learningoutcomes.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_learning.

ADDIETheADDIEprocessisfrequentlyusedininstructionaldesignoflearningcontent,
especiallyforbothhighereducationandincorporatetraining.ADDIErepresentsoneofthe
mostfrequentlyusedinstructionalsystemsdesign(ISD)model.ADDIEstandsfortheinitialsof
eachstepwithinafivestepprocesswhendesigninginstructionallearningcontent:Analysis,
Design,Development,Implementation,andEvaluation.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary2

Ref:Peterson,C.(2003).BringingADDIEtolife:Instructionaldesignatitsbest.Journalof
EducationalMultimediaandHypermedia,12(3),p.227241.Retrievedfrom
http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ822355.

Analyticsstatisticalanalysisandtheuseofbigdatatoexploreandpredictmodelsthatgain
insightoncomplexissues.Inhighereducation,moredataiscollectedbutnotyetused.Two
typesofdataarecollected:learninganalyticsandInstitutionalanalytics.Learninganalyticsis
usedtoenhanceorincreasestudentsuccess.Institutionalanalytics,themorefrequentlyused
type,isusedtoimprovebusinesspracticesinhighereducationinstitutions.
Ref:EduCause(2016).Theanalyticslandscapeinhighereducation.Retrievedfrom
https://library.educause.edu/resources/2016/1/theanalyticslandscapeinhighereducation2015

AndragogyatermdevelopedbyKnowlestodescribeadultlearning,incontrasttopedagogy
(childlearning).Later,itwasusedtorefertoanytypeofselfdirectedlearning.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

ArtifactAnobjectmadebysomeoneinanymedium,likeaninteractiveorknowledgegraph,
infographic,resourcelist,visualimage,video,song,poem,etc.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=artifact+defined.

AsynchronousAnonlinelearningmethodwherethestudent,otherlearners,andthe
instructordonothavetobepresentatthesametimeinthesameplace.Usually,learning
materialsarehousedinalearningmanagementsystem(LMS)whichallowsfordownloadingof
materials,sharingandcollaborativediscussionsondiscussionboards,andsharingofindividual
andgrouplearningprojects.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=asynchronous+define.

Avatarreferstosometypeofaniconorfigurethatrepresentsaparticularperson,thoughit
isnotarealimageofthatperson.ANimated,symbolic,orcharacterizationsareusedin
computergames,onlineforums,webpages,torepresentaperson.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=avatar+define.

B
BackwardsdesignBackwardDesignisamethodofdesigningeducationalcurriculum
inabackwardsfashionbyfirstsettinggoalsaboutwhatitishopedthelearnerwillgain,
beforechoosinginstructionalmethodsandformsofassessmentthatareusedtolearn
specificcontent.
Ref:Edglossary,retrievedfromhttp://edglossary.org/backwarddesign/.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary3

BigdataThistermreferstoextremelylargesetsofdatathatarecollectedinmany
differentfields,likeeducation,publichealth,business,etc.Bigdatacanbeanalyzed
withstatisticalcomputationstoobservepatterns,trends,associations,predictors,etc.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=big+data.

BlackboardBlackboardLearn,isavirtuallearningenvironmentandcoursemanagementsystem
developedbyBlackboardInc.
Ref:BlackboardInc.,retrievedfrom

www.blackboard.com/learningmanagementsystem/blackboardlearn.asp

BlendedlearningThiseducationalapproachmixeslive,classroomlearningwith
onlinelearningoutsideofclass.Usually,blendedlearningissaidtobeabetter
approachthanonlyclassroomoronlyonlinelearning.(Idolikethisapproach.)
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfrom
https://www.google.com/#q=blended+learning+defined.

BlendspaceThemanufacturerstatesthisapplicationistheeasiestwaytoblendyour
learningcontentwhereyoucandisplaymanydifferentsourcesofdigitalcontentinone
spaceforstudentstouse.
Ref:blendspaceblog,retrievedfromhttp://blendspaceblog.tes.com/

BlogLikeajournal,thisisawebsitethatcontainspersonalarticleswrittenfromaunique
pointofviewtothereader,andisupdatedregularly.Itissaidtobewritteninaninformalor
conversationalstyle.Manypeopledesignblogs,somearepersonalandsomeprofessional.
Also,someusemethodstosellinformationorproducts.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=blog+defined

BrightspacebyD2Lheraldedasthe#1LMSsystemthoughihavenotheardofit.
Usescompetencybasededucationapproachestobuildlearningonline,hasmobile
accessibility,isusedinK12,highereducationandprofessionaltraining,andhas
extensiveanalyticsfeatures.
Ref:Desre2Learn,developers,website:https://www.d2l.com/products/

C
chunks/chunking(inpsychologyorlinguisticanalysis)grouptogetherconnecteditemsor
wordssothepersoncanstoreorprocesstheseassingleconcepts.ENhancesshortterm
memorybykinkingassociatedwordstogetherforbetterrecall.Also,howthemindusually
catalogsinformationindataformformemoryinputandrecall.
Ref:Study.com,Retrievedfrom
http://study.com/academy/lesson/chunkingmethoddefinitionexamplesquiz.html.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary4

Cognitivismfocusesontheinnermentalactivitiesopeningtheblackboxofthehuman

mindisvaluableandnecessaryforunderstandinghowpeoplelearn.Mentalprocessessuchas
thinking,memory,knowing,andproblemsolvingneedtobeexplored.Knowledgecanbeseen
asschemaorsymbolicmentalconstructions.Learningisdefinedaschangeinalearners
schemata.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

Collaborativelearningasituationinwhichtwoormorepeoplelearnorattemptto
learnsomethingtogether,benefittingbysharingeachothersskillsandresources.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

Colleague,byEllucianbringstogethereverythingandeveryoneoncampus.
Productivityandworkflowsoftware.BilledasversatilehigheredStudentInformation
ServiceandERP.
Ref:Ellusianmanufacturersite,retrievedfrom
http://www.ellucian.com/Software/StudentInformationSystems/.

CommunitiesofInterestagatheringofpeopleassembledaroundatopicofcommon
interest.Itsmemberstakepartinthecommunitytoexchangeinformation,toobtain
answerstopersonalquestionsorproblems,toimprovetheirunderstandingofasubject,
tosharecommonpassionsortoplay.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfrom
https://www.google.com/#q=Communities+of+Interest+defined.

Competencybasedlearning:itmeasureslearningratherthantimeinaclassroom
tryingtolearn.Studentsprogressbydemonstratingtheircompetence,whichmeans
theyprovethattheyhavemasteredtheknowledgeandskillsrequiredforaparticular
coursetopicoractivity,regardlessofhowlongittakes.
Ref:Mendenhall,R.(2012).Whatiscompetencybasedlearning?HuffingtonPostBlog
postretrievedfrom
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/drrobertmendenhall/competencybasedlearning_b_18
55374.html

Contentcurationtheprocessofsortingthroughthevastamountsofcontentonthe
webandpresentingitinameaningfulandorganizedwayaroundaspecifictheme.The
workinvolvessortingandorganizingmaterialsaroundthemes,andthenpublishingthe
collectiveinformation.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary5

Ref:BlogCisneroBeginnersguidetocontentcuration,retrievedfrom
https://blog.hootsuite.com/beginnersguidetocontentcuration/.

ConstructionismPapert,inspiredbyPiagetsconstructivisttheory,himselftheorized
thateachlearnerconstructsmentalmodelsinordertounderstandtheworldaround
himself/herself.Papertcoinedthewordconstructionismbasedontwodifferent
aspectsofthetheoryofscienceeducation.AccordingtoPapert,frompsychologywe
assumetheviewoflearningasareconstructionratherthanasatransmissionof
knowledge.Weexperienceknowledgeandthenwereconstructitsmeaningfor
ourselves.Afterthis,thelearnerformsanewmodelthatisconstructedbasedonthe
meaningwedecipher.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

ConstructivismConceptualizedbyPiagetandothers,constructivismdealswithhow
wemakemeaningandcreateknowledgefromourinteractionsbetweenexperiences
andthoughts.(IsthisthefoundationofPriorlearning?Learningincontext,situated
learning(Wenger)andVygotsky.Ireallyfallhere!)Piaget'stheoryofconstructivismhas
greatlyimpactedmodernlearningtheoriesandteachingmethodsandunderliesmanyof
theeducationalreformsweareexperiencingtoday.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

CourseManagementSystem(CMS)housesalllearningmaterialsonline(courses,
classdiscussion,homeworksubmission,documentmanagement).
Ref:VanderbiltUniversity,CenterforTeaching,TeachingGuideswebsiteretrieved
from
https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guidessubpages/coursemanagementsystems/

Credlytheuniversalwaytorecognize,shareandcelebrateachievementinany
setting.Giveandearncredit,credentials,ordigitalbadgesthatmatter.
Ref:Manufacturersite,https://credly.com/

Customerrelationshipmanagement(CRM)isamethodofmanagingaUniversity's
interactionwithcurrentandpotentialfuturecustomers.Inhighereducation,the
customersarepotential,current,andpreviousstudents.TheCRMapproachanalyses
dataaboutcustomer's'historywiththeeducationalinstitutiontoimproveactualbusiness
relationshipswithstudents,likehowtobestretain,increaseinvestment,orseekout
students.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary6

Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfrom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management.

D
Digitalorvirtualbadgesanonlinerepresentationofskillorachievementyouhave
learned.Mozillasoftwaretocreatebadgesystem.
Ref:HASTAC,retrievedfromhttps://www.hastac.org/initiatives/digitalbadges

Digitalstorytelling:Usedigitaltoolstotellinspiringstoriesineducationaland
entertainingways,likeresearch,newinsights,courseassignments,etc.Attemptsto
bridgeculture,shareinsights,andcreateunderstanding.
Ref:UniversityofHoustonDepartmentofEducationsite,retrievedfrom
http://digitalstorytelling.coe.uh.edu/.

Diigooutlinercollect,organizeandshareknowledgeandaLMSplatform.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromhttps://www.diigo.com/outliner/start.

Differentiatedlearning:Softwareapplications,programs,ortoolsthatareusedto
presentlearningmaterialsincreativewaysthatmatcheverystudentsindividual
learningstyle,fromtypicallecturestofungamesandactivities.Thetoolsusedvaryby
studentneedsandinterests,butlearningguidesapplytoall.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiated_instruction.

DiscussionBoard(knownalsobyvariousothernamessuchasdiscussion
group,discussionforum,messageboard,virtualdiscussionboards,andonlineforum).A
generaltermforanyonline"bulletinboard"whereyoucanpostcommentsandexpect
toseeresponsestomessagesyouhaveleft,orpostmessagestootherlearnerposts
andcomments.Partofsocialengagementandsocialpresenceinonlinelearning.
Ref:WhatIs.com,retrievedfrom
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/discussionboarddiscussiongroupmessageboar
donlineforum.

E
Ebooks:digitaltextsandotherbooksthatlearnersusetosupportlearning.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=ebook+definition%5C
.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary7

eLearningusingawebbasedlearningenvironmenttohousealllearningmaterialsand
activitiesandtolearnfromengagingmethodsthatincreaseselfdirectedness,enhance
socialengagement,andrequiresocialpresencewithinalearningcourse.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfrom
https://www.google.com/#q=elearning+definition%5C.

eLearning1.0:Basicallycreatingsomematerialsonlinetosupportlearningbutstill
relyingontraditionalmethodstoteachlearningcontent.
Ref:Rubens,N.,Kaplan,D.,&Okamoto,T.(2014).ELearning3.0:Anyone,anywhere,
andanytimeAI.InK.W.Dickson,M.W.Chiu,E.Popescu,Q.Li,&R.Lau(Eds.),New
HorizonsinWebbasedLearning,Volume7697oftheseriesLectureNotesinComputer
Science,p
p171180.Retrievedfrom
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F9783662434543_18.

eLearning2.0:Manydistancelearningcoursesfallingthiscategory,asthelearningis
selfdirectedbutsetupasifinatraditionalcoursewithlectures,readings,assigned
postings,etc.Encouragesselfdirectionoflearningmaterial.
Ref:Rubens,N.,Kaplan,D.,&Okamoto,T.(2014).ELearning3.0:Anyone,
anywhere,andanytimeAI.InK.W.Dickson,M.W.Chiu,E.Popescu,Q.Li,&R.Lau
(Eds.),NewHorizonsinWebbasedLearning,Volume7697oftheseriesLectureNotesin
ComputerScience,p
p171180.Retrievedfrom
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F9783662434543_18.

eLearning3.0nextgenerationlearningthatpromotesbothselfdirectionand
selfmanagementoflearnersownresponsibilityforlearning.
Ref:Rubens,N.,Kaplan,D.,&Okamoto,T.(2014).ELearning3.0:Anyone,anywhere,
andanytimeAI.InK.W.Dickson,M.W.Chiu,E.Popescu,Q.Li,&R.Lau(Eds.),New
HorizonsinWebbasedLearning,Volume7697oftheseriesLectureNotesinComputer
Science,p
p171180.Retrievedfrom
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F9783662434543_18.

Electronicclassroomaclassroomthathouseselectronicdevicestosupportlearning
andteaching.
Ref:Retrievedfromhttp://lap.umd.edu/soc/ch1/ch1.html.

Embeddedaffix(anobject)digitallywithinawebpage,likeplacingYouTubevideosina
websiteorblog.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfrom
https://www.google.com/#q=embedded+definition.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary8

EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)isasuiteofapplicationsthatoperateas
businessmanagementsoftware.InHigherEducation,anERPallowsauniversityor
collegetocollect,store,manage,andinterpretdata.Also,ERPsallowforproduct
planning,servicedelivery,marketing,sales,inventorymanagement,andtuition
payment.
Ref:WIkipedia,retrievedfrom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning

ePortfolioAnelectronicportfolio(alsoknownasaneportfolio,eportfolio,digitalportfolio,or
onlineportfolio)isacollectionofdigitalmaterialsandcontentpostedonlinebyauser,usually
placedonthewebforcollaborativeandmarketingpurposes.Canincludetext,digitalfiles,
images,multimedia,blogentries,andhyperlinks.Eportfoliosdemonstrateausersabilitiesand
interestsaswellasofferawayforselfexpression.Also,operatesasauserlearningrecord.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_portfolio.

F
FlippedclassroomInaflippedclassroomapproach,studentslearnlessonsathome
throughdigitalmultimediaandlectures,andthenworkonhomeworkandassignments
inclasswheretheteacherisavailabletohelpstudentsapplylearningtoproblem
solving.Thisway,instructorsareavailableforlearningapplication,andthestudentcan
replylessonsathomeasmuchasneededtolearnconcepts.
Ref:EduCause,retrievedfromhttps://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/eli7081.pdf.

G
GamebasedlearningSpecifically,inlearningthisisanapproachthatusesgameplay
thathasbuiltinanddefinedlearningoutcomes.Usuallydesignedinawaythatadjusts
andcontrastslearningcontentwithgameplayinteractions,anddrawsonthetheability
oftheplayer,i.e.,learner,toretainandapplythespecificlearningcontenttothereal
world.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfrom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_game#Gamebased_learning.

GamificationDifferentfromgamebasedlearning,gamificationmeansusinggame
designandmechanicstomotivatethelearnerandincreaseengagementinlearning.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=gamification.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary9

HeutagogyInrelationtopedagogyandandragogy,heutagogyismoreadvancedasit
stressesselfdirectednessandselfmanagementinlearningpractices.Also,drawson
selfreflection,andencouragesthelearnertoteachhimorherself.Associatedwith
Education3.0,andamodelofonlinelearning.Theinstructorprovideslearningresources
andmaterials,andmayprovidelimitedguidancebutrequestslearnerstoapplytheir
thoughtsaboutlearningapproachesonanassignment.
Ref:http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1076

I
Individualizedelearningwhenagroupofstudentsreceivethesamecontentbutwork
throughitattheirownpaceslowlyorquickly.Also,applieslearningbasedonthepace
andabilitiesoflearners.Containsfivesteps:(1)setcleargoals(2)Usesgoalsthatare
realisticyetchallengingtothelearner(3)usesdynamicgoalsthatreceiveregular
review(4)studentsareencouragedtoowntheirprogressand(5)parentsareinvolved
(inK12).
Ref:http://www.dreambox.com/individualizedlearning

Informallearninganylearningthattakesplaceoutsideatraditionalschool.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

InstructionaltechnologyAtheoryandpracticethatassesses,designs,develops,
implements,andevaluateslearning.ITcombinesinstructionandtechnologytodesign
andenhanceacertaincurriculum.
Ref:AECTWebisteathttp://www.aect.org/standards/knowledgebase.html.

Interoperabilityallthedifferentpiecesoftechnologyfittingtogethernicely.
Ref:OnlineversionofMerriamWebsterDictionary,retrievedfrom
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/interoperability

J
Jirasoftwarethatisheraldedas#1softwaredevelopmenttool,forteamstoplan,
track,andissuesoftwareprojects.

Ref:https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira

K
KnowledgetransferInorganizationaldevelopmenttheory,itisthepracticeof
transferringknowledgefromonepartoftheorganizationtoanother,oramemberofthe
organizationtoanother.Also,referredtotransferofknowledgebetweeninstructorand


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary
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student,andlearningmaterialandstudent.Likeknowledgemanagement,knowledge
transferseekstoorganize,create,captureordistributeknowledgeandensureits
availabilityforfutureusers.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_transfer.

KnowlesFirstdefinedandragogyastheartandscienceofhelpingadultstolearn,and
laterstatedandragogyissimplyanothermodelofassumptionsaboutlearnerstobe
usedalongsidethepedagogicalmodelofassumptions.(Knowles,1988,.43).
Ref:Knowles,M.S.(1988).Themodernpracticeofadulteducation:frompedagogyto
andragogy.

L
Learnerautonomy:Sincedistanceeducationrequiresandpromotesautonomy,
learnerautonomybecomesalearnerskillthatiscentraltoaheutagogicalteachingand
learningapproach.Itisnecessaryfordistancelearning,andalsopromoteddueto
increasedinteractionswithdistancelearningmethods.Learnerautonomypromotesa
heutagogicalapproachtolearning.
Ref:LearnNCWebsite,retrievedfrom
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/linguafolio/5574.

Learningoutcomesarestatementsthatspecifywhatlearnerswillknoworbeableto
doasaresultofalearningactivity.Outcomesareusuallyexpressedasknowledge,
skills,orattitudes.
Ref:Theglossaryofeducationreform,retrievedfrom
http://edglossary.org/studentoutcomes/

Learningplatformanonline,interactivestagewherelearningisorganizedarounda
specifictopicorcourse,andsupportslearnersinsubmittingandreceivinglearning
materials,resources,andcontent.
Ref:TimelessLearningTechnologieswebsite,retrievedfrom
http://www.timelesslearntech.com/learningplatform.php.

LearningRelationshipManagement(LRM)asoftwaresystemthatallowsstudents
tomanagetheirownlearningactivities,instructionisstudentledinstruction,and
engagementisbelievedtobemaximized.Also,anLRMencourageslearner
achievement,outcomeandlongtermsuccess
Ref:Minibwebsite,retrievedfrom
http://minib.pl/en/conceptofstudentrelationshipmanagementinhighereducation/.


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11

Learnistalearningboardforthedigitalagewheremanydifferentresourcescanbebrought
togetherontoonesite.Learnistdescribesitselfasalearnboard,andasasetoflearnings
organizedasaseriesofstepsforpeopletolearn..Becausethereisavastamountof
informationontheWeb,Learnistoffersinstructorsawaytoorganizethecontenttheyvalueina
learningdomainforuseineducation.LikePinterest,Learnistorganizesandcuratesmaterialsin
avisuallayout.
Ref:Manufacturersite,viaGooglePLay
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.learnist&hl=en.

Levelsingaming,astageofthegame.Inroleplaygaming,ameasureofcharacter
development.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_gaming).
Lifelonglearninglearningthatcontinuesafterformaleducationthroughoutlife,
usuallyinexplorationofpersonalinterestsandpursuits,butcanalsobeprofessional
developmenttowardgreatercollaborationandsubjectmatterexpertise.
Ref:Merriam,S.B.,Caffarella,R.S.,&Baumgartner,L.M.(2001).Learninginadulthood:A
comprehensiveguide,(3rded.).SanFrancisco,CA:JosseyBass.

LMSALearningManagementSystem(LMS)isanonlinesoftwareapplicationthat
administers,documents,tracks,reports,anddeliverselearningcoursesortrainingprograms.
ExamplesareBlackboard,Desire2Learn,Moodle,SakaiandCanvas.

Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfrom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_management_system.

LTIConsumer:Thisistheservicethatisconsumingthetool,usuallyaLearningManagement
System(LMS)oruserportal.TheLTIConsumersendsuserinformationandcontexttotheLTI
ToolProviderandprovidesauthenticationservicesfortheusertotheLTIToolProvider.
Ref:IMSGlobalLearningConsortiumwebsite,retrievedfrom
https://www.imsglobal.org/activity/learningtoolsinteroperability.

LearningToolsInteroperability(LTI)isastandardcreatedbytheIMSGlobalLearning
Consortium.Themajorgoalistoconnectlearningsystemssuchasalearningmanagement
system(LMS)withexternalservicetoolsinastandardway.TheLTIstandarddescribesthe
connectingsystemasanLTIToolConsumerandtheconnectedtoolasanLTIToolProvider
(alsodefinedhere).
Ref:IMSGlobalLearningConsortiumwebsite,retrievedfrom
https://www.imsglobal.org/activity/learningtoolsinteroperability.

LTIToolProvider:ThisisthetoolprovidingtheservicetotheLTIConsumer,eitherthrough
onpremisessoftwareorexternallyhosted.


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary
12
Ref:IMSGlobalLearningConsortiumwebsite,retrievedfrom
https://www.imsglobal.org/activity/learningtoolsinteroperability.

M
Mashupawebpageorapplicationcreatedbycombiningseveraldifferentsourcesor
applicationsofdataorfunctionality.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=mashup.

Mlearning(akamobilelearning),definedaslearningthatoccursusingpersonal
electronicdeviceslikecellphonesandtablets,acrossmultiplecontexts,andusesboth
socialandcontentfunctionality.Mostcommonlyusedinconjunctionwithanonline
learningsystem.Mlearnerslearnattheirpaceandconvenience.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlearning.

Modulesanyofanumberofdistinctbutinterrelatedunitsthatcompriseaninstructional
courseorprogram.Itincludessimpleandstraightforwardaswellascomplexlearningactivities.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=modules.

MOOCs:Standsformassive,open,onlinecourse.Acoursethatishousedonlineand
instructionisdeliveredtousersthroughouttheworld.Connectsinstructorswithusers
worldwide,worksbestwithalargeuserbaseandopencontent.Learnersimplylogon
andisattendingwithpotentiallythousandsofotherlearners.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=mooc+definition.

MoodleMoodleisalearningplatformdesignedtoprovideeducators,administratorsandlearners
withasingle,robust,secure,andintegratedsystemtocreatepersonalisedlearningenvironments.
ALso,itisanopensourcelearningmanagementsystem.

Ref:https://moodle.org/.

Multimediaresourcesdigitaleducationalresourcesavailabletosupportlearning,
usuallyotherthanprint(film,video,audio,podcast,animatedinfographic,interactive
media).
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia.

O
OpenEducationResources(OER)digitalmaterialsavailableforreuseand
repurposinginteaching,learning,andresearching.Makesmaterialsavailablethrough


GregWalstoneLearningGlossary
13

openlicensesthatallowsmaterialstobeusedwithoutpermissionsforeducational
purposes.
Ref:WikiCrativeCommons,retrievedfrom
https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/What_is_OER%3F.

OnlineidentityInternetidentity(alsocalledIID),orinternetpersonaisasocialidentity
thatauseroronlinelearnerestablishesinonlinecommunitiesandwebsites,including
onlinelearningplatforms,communityboards,andsocialmedia.Itcanalsobe
consideredasanactivelyconstructedpresentationofoneself.Whilesomepeople
choosetousetheirrealidentityandnameonline,someusersfeelmorecomfortable
withtheanonymityofanonlineidentity.Cautionisneededassomeuserscanevenbe
deceptiveabouttheiridentity.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_identity.

Onlinelab(akavirtuallab)Thestudentlearnscompletelyonlineinavirtuallearning
spacewithsupplementalmaterials,logginginfromanywhereatanytime.
Ref:EduTechWiki,retrievedfromhttp://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Virtual_laboratory.

OpenEdXanopensourceLMS,commonofferingsareMOOCs.TheOpenedX
platformisafreeandopensourcecoursemanagementsystem(CMS)thatwas
originallydevelopedbyEdX.TheOpenedXplatformisusedallovertheworldtohost
MassiveOpenOnlineCourses(MOOCs)aswellassmallerclassesandtraining
modules.
Ref:https://open.edx.org/.

P
Padletheraldedastheeasiestwaytocreateandcollaborateintheworld,itisan
Internetapplicationthatallowspeopletoexpresstheirthoughtsonacommontopiceasily.It
workslikeanonlinesheetofpaperwherepeoplecanputanycontent(e.g.images,videos,
documents,text)anywhereonthepage,togetherwithanyone,fromanydevice.
Operateslikeamultimediafriendly,freeform,realtimewikiperthemanufacturer..
Ref:manufacturersite,https://padlet.com/.

PersonalLearningEnvironments(PLEs)Alearningapproachentirelygearedtowardthe
needsandinterestsoftheindividualstudent.Eachstudentslearninghabitsandroutines
determinepace,content,structure,andlearninggoals.PLAshelplearnersmanaetheirown
learning.

Ref:IMAILE,retrievedfromhttp://www.imaile.eu/plepersonallearningenvironments/.


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Pintrestboardacollectionofdigitalimagesbasedonuserpreferencesthatcreatesa
digitalimagecatalog.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinterest.

Priorlearningassessmentineducation,assessmentsthatdetermineamountofprior
learningwithinacontentareathatalearneralreadypossesses,usuallyapplying
theoreticalconceptstorealworldactivities.
Ref:CAEL,retrievedfromhttp://www.cael.org/.

R
ReflectionjournalUsingreflectivejournalwritingtostimulateconceptassociation,
reallifereflection,andanalysisofappliedlearning.Especiallyusedinexperiential
learning,askingthelearnertobebothanobserverandparticipant,analyzingcurrent
methodsandapplyingnewskills.Increasesabilitytomakeabstractedgeneralizationsin
criticalthinking.
Ref:WikiEducator,retrievedfromhttp://wikieducator.org/Reflective_journals/

Rubricsascoringguideusedtoevaluatethequalityofstudents'constructedresponse.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=rubric+defined.

S
SakaiopensourceLMS.Websitestates,Unlikeotheropensystemsavailable
today,thedirectionandfeaturesetofSakaioriginatesfromwithinhighereducationto
addressthedynamicneedsofaglobalacademiccommunity.TheSakaiopensource
communityvaluestheparticipationofitscontributorshighly,witheducatorsand
developersfromvariousinstitutionsworkingtogethertoturngreatideasintorealityfor
theentirecommunityofSakaiadopters.(Sakaiwebsite)
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromhttps://sakaiproject.org/.

SchoologyanopensourceK12LMS.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromhttps://www.schoology.com/.

Shellabeginningtemplateforlayoutofadigitalproject.
Ref:CPAn,retrievedfrom
http://search.cpan.org/~gsiems/PadrePluginTemplate0.1/lib/Padre/Plugin/Shell/Templ
ate.pm


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StudentInformationSystem(SIS).InLMS,amanagementinformationsystemto
managealltypesofstudentdata.TheSISallowsforawaytoregisterstudentsin
courses,documentgrades,createtranscripts,storeresultsofstudenttestsandother
assessmentscores,buildandarrangestudentschedules,trackstudentattendance,and
managemanyotherstudentrelateddataneedsinaneducationalinstitution.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_information_system.

SocialannotationtoolsAwebannotationisanonlinedigitalannotationassociated
withawebresource,likeawebpage.Withasocialannotationsystem,theuserisable
toedit,add,orremoveinformationfromaWebresourcewithoutchangingtheresource
itself.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_annotation.

SoftchalkmobilepageSoftChalkisaleadingproviderofcontentauthoringsoftware
foreducatorsinK12,colleges,universitiesandmedicalprograms.WithSoftChalk,
educatorscancreateprofessional,engaging,learningcontentquicklyandeasily,which
enhancestheirteachingandimprovesthelearningexperiencefortheirstudents.
EducatorsatinstitutionsusingSoftChalkhavesaid,SoftChalkhasrevolutionizedthe
waythatfacultyteach.Usesmobileplatformforelearning.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromhttp://softchalk.com/.

SplashpageAsplashpageisanintroductionpageonawebsite.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfrom
https://www.google.com/#q=splash+page+definition.

SubjectMatterExpert(SME)Asubjectmatterexpert(SME)ordomaincontent
expertisapersonwhoisviewedasanauthorityinanareaofsubjectmatter.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectmatter_expert.

StudentgeneratedcontentSimplyput,contentthatisgeneratedbytheuseror
collaborativelybymanyusers.Ineducation,theusersarestudents.
Ref:eLearningIndustrywebsite,blogstorytitled3reasonstoencouragestudent
generatedcontent.Retrievedfrom
https://elearningindustry.com/3reasonstoencouragestudentgeneratedcontent

Synchronouslearningrealtimelearningsituationwhereeveryonestudentsand
instructorareonlineatsametimefromdifferentlocations.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_learning.


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T
Turnitin.comTurnitinprovidesinstructorswiththetoolstoengagestudentsinthe
writingprocess,providepersonalizedfeedback,andassessstudentprogressovertime.
Turnitinisusedbymorethan26millionstudentsat15,000institutionsin140countries.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromhttp://turnitin.com/en_us/aboutus/ourcompany

Tutor.comOnlinetutpringservicethatis24/7withlivechat,livesupportrequestfor
assistance.Abitpriceyifnotprovidedthrougheducationalinstitutiontostudent.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromhttp://www.tutor.com/

U
UserInterfacethewaytheuserandacomputersysteminteract,and,inparticular,theuse
ofinputdevicesandsoftware.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=user+interface+defined.

V
VirtualclassanonlineclassofferedthroughtheInternet.
Ref:Learndash,retrievedfromhttp://www.learndash.com/characteristicsofavirtualclassroom/.

Virtualcommunitiesonlinecommunitiessharingcommoninterestsorideasthathavelearningor
knowledgesharingasaprimarygoal.Canbecommunitybased,practicebasedorHigherEducation
based.Canyieldheavysocialengagement.
Ref:Googledictionary,retrievedfromhttps://www.google.com/#q=virtual+communities.

Virtualinstitutionacollege,university,orcorporationthatisentirelyonlineandallcourseworkis
deliveredthroughdistancelearningtechnologies.Canalsouse3Drealitylearningtechnologies.
Ref:Bray,D.A.,&Konsynski,B.R.(2006).Virtualworlds,virtualeconomies,virtualinstitutions.
SSRNELectronicJournal,retrievedfrom
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39731088_Virtual_Worlds_Virtual_Economies_Vir
tual_Institutions.

Virtualclassroomsonlinespaceswherestudentsandinstructorsinteract.
Ref:Bray,D.A.,&Konsynski,B.R.(2006).Virtualworlds,virtualeconomies,virtualinstitutions.
SSRNELectronicJournal,retrievedfrom
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39731088_Virtual_Worlds_Virtual_Economies_Vir
tual_Institutions.


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VirtualLearningEnvironments(VLEs):anonlineeducationsystemthatmimics
realworldeducationbyusingvirtualtoolsandconceptsforexams,assignments,
classes,etc.
Ref:Bray,D.A.,&Konsynski,B.R.(2006).Virtualworlds,virtualeconomies,virtualinstitutions.
SSRNELectronicJournal,retrievedfrom
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39731088_Virtual_Worlds_Virtual_Economies_Vir
tual_Institutions.

W
WebAccessibilityWebaccessibilitymeansthatpeoplewithdisabilitiescanusethe
Webwithoutrestrictionsandonparwithablebodiedcounterpartsinallways,including
perceiving,understanding,navigating,andinteractingwiththeWeb.Also,peoplewith
disabilitiescancontributetotheWeb.AccessibilityStandardsalsobenefitolderpeople
andotherswhomaynotbeconsideredasadisabledperson.W3CstatesthatWeb
accessibilityencompassesalltypesandlevelsofdisabilitiesthataffectaccesstothe
Web,includingvisual,auditory,physical,speech,cognitive,andneurological
disabilities.
Ref:W3CAccessibilityStandardsandGuides,retrievedfrom
https://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/peopleuseweb/Overview.html.
Weeblywebsitebuildertoolforblogs,websites,estores,etc.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromwww.weebly.com

Wikiawebsitethatsupportscollaborativecontentbuildingandeditingofitscontentby
alluserswhoareabletoaccesstheWikisite.Wikitextisused,andthisiswrittenusing
asimplifiedmarkuplanguage,akawikimarkup,andeditedbyusersrelyingonarich
texteditorsystem.Wikishavebecomecommoninprofessionalorganizations,business,
andeducationalinstitutionssothatallinvolvedpartiescancollaborativelyworktogether.
ThepopularWikipediaisaWikisite.
Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki.

Wixwebsitebuildertoolforblogs,websites,estores,etc.
Ref:Manufacturerste,retrievedfromwww.wix.com

Wordpresswebsitebuildertoolforblogs,websites,estores,etc.
Ref:Manufacturersite,retrievedfromwww.wordpress.com

WYSIWYGWhatyouseeiswhatyougetWikispeak!


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Ref:Wikipedia,retrievedfromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG.