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College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
CE410-4B
Soil Mechanics, Lec
Assignment no. 1
Introduction to Soil Mechanics
Soil Mechanics
Soil Mechanics is the branch of geothecnical engineering concerned
with rhe engineering mechanics and properties of soil, whereas rock
mechanics is concerned with the engineering mechanics and properties
of rock, usually but not necessarily the bedrock. Soil mechanics applies
the basic principles of mechanics including kinematics, dynamics, fluid
mechanics and the mechanics of materials to soil.
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering, as the name implies, concerns the
application of civil engineering technology to some aspect of the earth.
Usually, the geothecnical engineer is concerned only with the natural
materials found at or near the surface of the earth. Civil engineer can
call the earthen materials soil and rock.
Foundation Engineering
Foundation Engineering applies geology, soil mechanics, rock
mechanics, and structural engineering to the design and construction
of foundations for civil engineering and other structures. The
foundation engineering must be able to predict the performance of
response of the foundation soil to the loads imposed by the structure.
at the surface of the earth or beneath, are commonly classified into three
groups according to their modes of origin. They are igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks.
Source: Murthy V. N. S. (2003) Geotechnical Engineering Principles and
Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. New York, NY:
Marcel Dekker. Inc
5. Soil Types
On the basis of origin of their constituents, soils can be divided into two
large groups:
1. Residual soils, and
2. Transported soils.
Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their formation as a
result of the weathering of parent rocks. The depth of residual soils
depends primarily on climatic conditions and the time of exposure. In some
areas, this depth might be considerable. In temperate zones residual soils
are commonly stiff and stable. An important characteristic of residual soil is
that the sizes of grains are indefinite. For example, when a residual sample
is sieved, the amount passing any given sieve size depends greatly on the
time and energy expended in shaking, because of the
partially disintegrated condition.
Transported soils are soils that are found at locations far removed from
their place of formation. The transporting agencies of such soils are
glaciers, wind and water. The soils are named according to the mode of
transportation. Alluvial soils are those that have been transported by
running water. The soils that have been deposited in quiet lakes, are
lacustrine soils. Marine soils are those deposited in sea water. The soils
transported and deposited by wind are aeolian soils. Those deposited
primarily through the action of gravitational force, as in land slides, are
colluvial soils. Glacial soils are those deposited by glaciers. Many of these
transported soils are loose and soft to a depth of several hundred feet.
Therefore, difficulties with foundations and other types of construction are
generally associated with transported soils.
Organic and Inorganic Soils
Soils in general are further classified as organic or inorganic. Soils of
organic origin are chiefly formed either by growth and subsequent decay of
plants such as peat, or by the accumulation of fragments of the inorganic
skeletons or shells of organisms. Hence a soil of organic origin can be
either organic or inorganic. The term organic soil ordinarily refers to a
transported soil consisting of the products of rock weathering with a more
or less conspicuous admixture of decayed vegetable
matter.
Foundations
The loads from any structure have to be ultimately transmitted to a soil
through the foundation for the structure. Thus, the foundation is an
important part of a structure, the type and details of which can be
decided upon only with the knowledge and application of the principles
of soil mechanics.
Underground and Earth-retaining Structures
Underground structures such as drainage structures, pipe lines, and
tunnels and earth-retaining structures such as retaining walls and
bulkheads can be designed and constructed only by using the
principles of soil mechanics and the concept of soil-structure
interaction.
Pavement Design
Pavement Design may consist of the design of flexible or rigid
pavements. Flexible pavements depend more on the subgrade soil for
transmitting the traffic loads. Problems peculiar to the design of
pavements are the effect of repetitive loading, swelling and shrinkage
of sub-soil and frost action. Consideration of these and other factors in
the efficient design of a pavement is a must and one cannot do without
the knowledge of soil mechanics.
Excavations, Embankments and Dams
Excavations require the knowledge of slope stability analysis; deep
excavations may need temporary supportstimbering or bracing,
the design of which requires knowledge of soil mechanics. Likewise
the construction of embankments and earth dams where soil itself is
used as the construction material requires a thorough knowledge of the
engineering behaviour of soil especially in the presence of water.
Knowledge of slope stability, effects of seepage, consolidation and
consequent settlement as well as compaction characteristics for
achieving maximum unit weight of the soil in-situ, is absolutely
essential for efficient design and construction of embankments and
earth dams.
Source: http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/applications-of-soil-mechanics/6347/