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Abstract
In this paper, the slow steady motion of a second order thermo-viscous fluid between two parallel plates is examined. The closed form
solutions of the velocity and temperature distributions are obtained when thermo-stress coefficient is far less compared to strain
thermal conductivity coefficient and coefficient of cross viscosity for the following two cases: (i) when the upper plate is in relative
motion and (ii) when the upper plate is thermally insulated. The heat transfer coefficient on the upper plate , The mean Bulk
temperature and the transverse force perpendicular to the flow direction are also calculated. It is observed that forces are generated
in transverse directions which are special feature of these types of fluids. The effect of various flow parameters on the flow field have
been discussed with the help of graphical illustrations.
Keywords: Thermo-viscous fluids, Strain thermal conductivity coefficient and Thermo stress Coefficient.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
The non-Newtonian nature of materials has been the subject of
extensive study for over one and half centuries. It is only in
last seven decades that serious attempts have been made to
extend these investigations in the realm of non-linearity. The
failure of the linear theories in predicting to a reasonable
extent the mechanical behavior of materials such as liquid
polymers, fluid plastic, the molten metals etc subjected to
stresses has been the motivating force behind study of the nonlinear theories for material description. A non- linear
generalization of the Voigt type materials was proposed by
Rivlin [16] and Eringen [4]. Some of the non-liner theories
proposed so far (listed in references) have not taken into
account the strong dependence of visco-elastic behaviour upon
thermal conduction i.e. interaction/interrelation between
mechanical and non mechanical (such as thermal, chemical,
electromagnetic etc.) effects even though the large amount
data of experimental evidence indicate a strong dependence of
visco-elastic nature of the fluid upon thermal behavior ( Ferry
[5] ).
The development of non-linear theory reflecting the
interaction/interrelation between thermal and viscous effects
has been preliminarily studied by Koh and Eringen [9] and
Coleman and Mizel [3] . A systematic rational approach for
such a class of fluids has been developed by Green and
Nagdhi [6]. In 1965 Kelly [10] examined some simple shear
vi
vk vi ,k Fi t ji , j
t
Equation of Energy:
c t ij d ij qi,i
Where
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294
(0) = 0 ,
= 0 ,
(0) = 0
= 1
(5)
(6)
and
Introducing the following non-dimensional quantities,
= , = (/), =
and
MATHEMATICAL
FORMULATION
1 0
3 1
-6 2
(7)
AND
and
dY
= 1
Temperature
6 2
1 2
2
+ 3 2
(8)
With
=
= 0 ,
dU 2
2 = 1
2.
0
1 0
(Prandtle number),
A1 =
( y)
2
2 1 0
S=
and A6 =
, B3 =
3
2
6 2
1
0
2
where
Pressure Gradient
Fluid Velocity ()
=0
= 0
T(0) = 0 , T(1) = 1
- 6
(1)
+ Fy = 0
- 6
WHEN
UPPER
PLATE
IS
IN
RELATIVE MOTION
Assuming that the thermo stress coefficient 6 is far less
when compared to strain thermal conductivity coefficient 3
and coefficient of cross viscosity c.
The equations (7) and (8) reduces to
+ Fz = 0
CASE-I:
(2)
(3)
3.
+k
2
2 +
(9)
2 = 1
dU 2
dY
1 2
2
+3 2
2
2
(10)
0 = 1 +
U(0) = 0
, T(0) = 0
U(1) = 0 ,
(11)
T(1) = 1
(12)
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295
i.e. the upper plate is moving with a given velocity and the
two plates are maintained at different temperatures.
1 + 1
02
24
2 2 2 + 1 +
016
211+2
06 1+ 322 1
= + 1
12421
=1
1
24
2
24
1 20
+ 8 02 +
1 + 80 + 123 2 + 1
1
0
1
0
3 + 1
2
1
2 0
+2 2
+3 2
It is observed that these forces generated in transverse
directions depends on the cross viscosity and on 8 the
thermo stress viscosity.
4.
12
1 + 6 2 8 3
6
0 1 2 9
+
+9 2
3
1
1 + 6 24 2 + 16 3
24
0
+
1 + 3 9 2
6
3 2
1 + + 2 2
2
12
1 4 + 4 2 02
1 4
30 1 1 + 2
1
1 + 0
2
CASE-II:
WHEN
UPPER
PLATE
IS
INSULATED
= 0 ,
Temperature
Pressure Gradient
=0
( y)
Fluid Velocity ()
=0
12
02
0 1
480 +
24
360
0
1
3 2
240
24
45 +
= 0
X
12
02
0 1
24 + 1
120
360
2520 +
0
171
3 2
2
20160
240 +
240
0 + 1
6
0 = 1 +
2 =A1
2
24
0 +
1
2
8 1 0
4
2 1 1
=
2
2
-6 2
dU 2
dY
(13)
A 6 C2
1 2
2
+ B3C2
2
2
(14)
U(1) = 0 ,
T(0) = 0
=1
(15)
=0
(16)
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296
1
1 + 0
2
VELOCITY PROFILE
1
0.9
UO=0
U0=1
0.8
0.7
0.6
Y
1
3 + 2 2 2 +
24
= 2
0
2
3
6
12
+1
2 3 + 4 2 2 3 1 0 3
24
6
2+022(2)+ 3122 (2)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
2
1
= 2 2 4 0 +
2 1 1
2
0.1
0
=
2
1 8 0
12
24
+ A1
1
1 3 + 6 2 4 3
12
0
+
1 + 3 2
2
32 3 48 2 + 24 5
1 0 5 2 + 5 1 +
+
02
4 3
2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
U(Y)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
3 1 2
3 4
2
TEMPERATURE PROFILE
UO=0,B3=1
1
2
+ 0 A
1
12
24
1
12
+ + 0
0.9
no insulation
with insulation
0.8
4 2 4 + 1 + 1 0 1 2 + 02
0.7
0.6
Y
+ 3 1 2
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.3
0
-0.5
0.5
T(Y)
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297
TEMPERATURE PROFILE
UO=0,B3=3
1
1
no insulation
with insulation
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
-1.5
-1
no insulation
with insulation
0.9
0.9
-0.5
0.5
0
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
T(Y)
T(Y)
0.8
TEMPERATURE PROFILE
UO=1,B3=3
1
no insulation
with insulation
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
-2
-1.5
no insulation
with insulation
0.9
0.6
0
-2.5
0.4
-1
-0.5
0.5
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
T(Y)
0.5
T(Y)
1
no insulation
with insulation
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
T(Y)
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298
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299