UMTS System Overview

UMTS Network Systems
Overview
Day 1
U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview
Introductory Session
Introductions
Hello
I am Richard Edge, your course presenter
Contents and Session Aims

Introduction to AIRCOM
This session is a get to know you

session
It aims to answer the following

Target Students
Course Prerequisites
Aims of the Course
questions:
Who are AIRCOM and why are

they here training us?
Should I be here?
Why am I here?
It also aims to cover the logistics of

the course
Course Schedule and

Organisation
Whens the lunch/coffee/cigarette

break?
What are we going to learn about
and when?
Target Students
This course is aimed at:

Engineers and technical specialists familiar with telecommunications and

looking for an introduction to UMTS
Technically orientated managers looking to understand the technology
behind UMTS
Prerequisites
An understanding of the basic concepts of:

Telecommunications
Cellular communications
Wireless communications
Aims of Course
To teach the student about

The background to UMTS
The basics of CDMA cellular technology
The elements and architecture of a UMTS network
Techniques specific to UMTS
The UMTS air interface
Course Schedule
9:3010:15
10:4511:30
12:0012:45
13:4514:30
15:0015:45
16:1517:00
17:0017:30
Day 1
Day 2
1 st/2 nd Generation
Cellular Systems
Overview
UTRAN
Drinks Break
Drinks Break
3 Generation Drivers
and Standards
UTRAN (cont.)
Drinks Break
Drinks Break
CDMA Mobile
Technology Overview
UMTS Core Network
Lunch
Lunch
UMTS Architecture
Overview
UMTS Fixed Network

Interfaces
Drinks Break
Drinks Break
UTRA Air Interface
UMTS Mobiles
Drinks Break
Drinks Break
UTRA Air Interface

(cont.)
UMTS Services
Day 1 Roundup
Course Roundup
rd
How the Sessions are Organised
Locator Slide
To remind you where you are when you wake up!
Theres also a section title at the top left of the slide...
Contents and Aims

New Material for the Session
Questions (please ask anytime!)
Questions to You (to make sure youve been listening and understand)
Questions to Me (if you dont understand or want to know more)
Section Summary
Locator Slide
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular
Systems Overview
3rd Generation Drivers and

Standards
CDMA Mobile Technology

Overview
UMTS Architecture Overview

UTRA Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup
Day 2 Introductory Session

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
10
Questions
Any questions?
11
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UTRA Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
12
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

Overview
13

What is Cellular?
This is a background session to set

the scene for UMTS, essentially a
cellular history lesson
Firstly we will examine what we

mean by cellular communications
Cellular Generations
1st Generation
2nd Generation
2.5G
We will look at different

generations of cellular and briefly
at major standards
This will allow us to see why 3G

has moved forward in the way that
it has
14
What is Cellular?
There are three major types of
Cellular
terrestrial mobile communications

technologies
Cellular
Users are provided wide area

mobility from multiple base stations
with handover permitted
MSC
Cordless Communication
Paging
Control
Centre
Users are provided limited mobility

from a dedicated base station
Paging
Cordless
Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice

messages are sent to the subscriber
typically using simulcasting
PSTN
Paging
15
Cellular Generations
Data
rate
technology in terms of generations
People talk about mobile

1st Generation or 1G
2nd Generation or 2G
2.5G
3rd Generation or 3G
But what do these mean?
Progress of data rates with

time and generation
time
16
1st Generation
1976+, though really the
technology of the 1980s
Analogue modulation
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Voice traffic only

No inter-network roaming possible
Insecure air interface
The 1st Generation of
Cellular Technology makes
use of analog modulation
techniques such as FM
17
1st Generation Standards
AMPS (Analogue Mobile Telephony System)

TACS (Total Access Communications System)

Scandinavian Standard in 450MHz and 900MHz bands
C-450
UK originated Standard based on AMPS in 900MHz band
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony System)

North American Standard in cellular band (800MHz)
German Standard in 450MHz band
JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System)

Japanese Standard in 900MHz band
18
1st Generation Planning

Macrocellular
High sites for coverage driven

planning
Antennas above roof height
Frequency planning required

Large cell size
Order 30km
Hard handover
Only ever connected to a single

cell
Cellular Networks are commonly

represented as hexagon grids.
The above diagram shows how
different frequencies are used in
different cells in a cellular network
(different frequencies represented
by different colours).
For networks with more cells than
frequencies these must be
planned
19
2nd Generation
1990s
Digital modulation
Variety of Multiple Access
strategies
Voice and low rate circuit switched

data
Same technology roaming

Secure air interface
The 2nd Generation of
Cellular Technology is the
first to use digital modulation
20
GSM
First networks in 1992
European developed standard, but
with worldwide subscriber base
GSM phones from 1999/2000
Different frequency bands

GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800,

GSM1900
Largest 2nd Generation subscriber

base
Frequency/Time Division Multiple

Access
Open/Standardised Interfaces
21
GSM Planning
Macrocells and microcells

Capacity driven planning
Frequency planning required

Optional parameters requiring
planning
Hierarchical Cell Structures
Frequency Hopping
Discontinuous Transmission
Power Control
Simple subscriber/traffic analysis

GSM networks use microcells

to provide additional capacity.
As with 1st generation
networks frequency planning
is required
Capacity limited by number of

TRXs
Hard Handover
22
D-AMPS/PDC
TDMA (D-AMPS)
PDC
North American TDMA/FDMA

based standard based upon AMPS
Predominantly used in North and
South America
ANSI-41 Core Network
Planning Similar to GSM
Japanese TDMA/FDMA based

standard
Predominantly used in Asia
Planning Similar to GSM
TDMA and PDC phones from

1999/2000
23
cdmaOne
First networks in 1996
Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air
cdmaOne
1999/2000
phones
from
interface
Largely American subscriber base

with some Asian networks
Code Division Multiple Access

This is in many ways the closest

2nd generation standard to many
of the 3rd generation standards
ANSI-41 core network

Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps
24
cdmaOne Planning
Macrocells and microcells
Single Frequency
multiple frequencies for hotspots
Soft Handover (multiple

connections between mobile and
network)
Code Planning
Capacity Interference Limited
Unlike GSM there is no

frequency
planning
required for cdmaOne
However soft handover
means that there are
zones where there are
two/three connections to
the network
1 Connection
2 Connections
3 Connections
25
Worldwide Mobile Communications in the

1990s
Year
01
20
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
19
91
Million Subscribers
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Second Generation
D-AMPS
Second Generation
PDC
Second Generation
GSM
Second Generation
cdmaOne
First Generation Analogue
Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd

Generation Mobile Communications, Artech
House, 1998
26
Worldwide Mobile Subscribers

Million Subscribers
2000
European Union
Countries
North America
1500
1000
Asia Pacific
500
Rest of World
0
1995
2000
Year
2005
2010
Source:Third Generation Mobile
Communications, Artech House, 2000
27
2.5G
Now...
Digital modulation
Voice and intermediate rate
circuit/packet switched data
Same technology roaming

Based upon existing dominant
2.5G technologies are

based upon existing 2G
technologies
but
are
focussed at increasing
the maximum data rates
that the technologies can
deliver
standards such as GSM or

cdmaOne
28
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Enhancement to the GSM standard
Utilises:
Multiple channel coding schemes

(4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per
timeslot)
Multiple timeslots
Circuit Switched Data rates to

57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps
channel coding per slot)
Nokia Cardphone
29
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Enhancement to the GSM standard
Utlilises
Multiple Channel Coding Schemes

(9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps,
21.4kbps)
Multiple Timeslots
Packet Switching
Packet Switched Data typically to

rates of 115kbps
Ericsson R520
(available 1Q 2001)
Sagem MC850
Alcatel One Touch 700

(available October 2000)
Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8

timeslots
30
IS--95B
IS
Enhancement to cdmaOne
standard
Utilises
High rate coding scheme
Combined code channels
packet switching
Packet Switched Data to rates of

114kbps
Qualcomm PDQ
Smartphone
31
2G and 2.5G Standards Compared

Multiple
Access
Modulation
Carrier
Spacing
Frame Length
Slots per
Frame
Frequency
Band
Max Data
Rate
Frequency
Hopping
Handover
GSM
TDMA
cdmaOne
PDC
TDMA
TDMA
CDMA
TDMA
GMSK
/4-DQPSK
QPSK
/4-DQPSK
200kHz
30kHz
1.25MHz
25kHz
4.615ms
40ms
20ms
20ms
3/6
450/ 900/ 1800/

1900
HSCSD:
115kbps
GPRS: 115
172kbps
Yes
800/ 1900
800/ 1900
850/ 1500
IS-136+:
43.2kbps
28.8kbps
No
IS-95A:
14.4kbps
IS-95B:
115.2kbps
N/A
Hard
Hard
Soft
Hard
No
32
Questions
What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation

technology?
What is are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne?

How do 2.5G standards relate to 2G standards?
33
Session Summary
Weve now set the scene - we can start talking about where
people want to go from here now
The generations of cellular technology may be summarised:
1G is analog voice
2G is digital voice
2.5G is digital intermediate rate data
You also know its the coffee break nowand to come back at
10:45!
34
3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview
UTRA Architecture Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
35
36
Introduction and Session Aims

IMT-2000
IMT-2000 spectrum
This session is focussed at looking

at how and why the 3rd Generation
standards have evolved
Firstly we will look at the goals and

Drivers from Europe,
America and Asia
Regulatory bodies
Standardisation bodies
Industry associations
the focus of the ITU in IMT-2000
We will then examine what drivers

from the regions and the various
industry bodies who have an
interest in 3rd Generation
Finally we will round up by looking

at the IMT-2000 cellular standards
3rd Generation Cellular

Standards
37
IMT--2000
IMT
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000) is a

program focussed at providing a single global standard for
mobile communications
Development started in 1985 as FPLMTS

Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System
Proposed by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
38
Who does IMTIMT-2000 serve?
Integrating all the following users

fixed
cellular
cordless
professional mobile radio
paging
satellite
specialised (aeroplane, etc)

IMT-2000 terminal
and services
39
Aspects of IMTIMT-2000 Networks
Different aspects of
IMT-2000 access
networks
40
What are the IMTIMT-2000 goals?
Data Rates
Local area - 2 Mbps

In office, stationary
Limited mobility - 384 kbps

Urban pedestrian
Full mobility - 144 kbps

Rural in car
High spectrum efficiency compared to existing systems

High flexibility to introduce new services
41
IMT--2000 Spectrum
IMT
1885
ITU
1880 1900 1920
GSM 1800
DECT
Japan
1980
2110
2010 2025
UMTS
SAT
Unpaired
2110
Korea
2110
USA
PCS
1910
UL
1850
1930
PCS
1980
2110
1950
2200
UMTS
SAT
IMT-2000 2170
IMT-2000 2170
Land Mobile DL
1990
2200
2110
Reserved
DL
1900
2170
Land Mobile DL
Land Mobile UL
1850
UMTS
2200
MSS
Paired DL
IMT-2000 1980
IMT-2000
2170
Land Mobile
Land Mobile UL
1920
IMT-2000
IMT-2000
Land Mobile
UMTS
Paired UL
Unpaired
1920
1800
UMTS
UMTS
2010 2025
MSS
Land Mobile
(WARC-92)
Europe
1980
IMT-2000
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
42
IMT--2000 Future Spectrum

IMT
ITU
806
(WRC-2000)
1710
960
New IMT-2000
New IMT-2000
890 960
Europe
2500
1710
GSM 900
2690
New IMT-2000
1880
GSM 1800
Japan
Korea
USA
PCS
Cellular
600
1000
1400
1800
2200
2400
3000
43
IMT--2000 Candidate Technology Evaluation

IMT
The ITU issued a request for proposals for the Radio

Transmission Technology (RTT) for IMT-2000 to be submitted
in June 1998
Following this a self evaluation of the RTT submitted was

required by September 1998
Candidate technologies were then evaluated according to their

compliance with the goals for IMT-2000
44
IMT--2000 Candidate Harmonisation

IMT
A number of technologies were submitted many of which had

distinct similarities
Of course operators were generally keen on a single standard

to allow global roaming and economies of scale
Operators Harmonisation Group (OHG)
This led to two partnership projects being set up:

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

Dealing with UMTS FDD/TDD and related candidate technologies a
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)

Dealing with cdma2000 and related candidate technologies
45
3G Standardization Environment
Key Players and

their relationships
in the IMT-2000
standardisation
environment
46
IMT--2000 Selected Air Interface Standards

IMT
Five candidate technologies were
eventually selected:
IMT-DS (Direct Spread)

UMTS FDD
IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)

cdma2000
IMT-TC (Time Code)

UMTS TDD
IMT-SC (Single Carrier)

EDGE/UWC-136
IMT-FT (Frequency Time)

DECT
47
IMT--2000 Selected Core Network Standards

IMT
Three candidate technologies will
be used:
GSM MAP Evolved
ANSI-41 Evolved
IP Based
Driven forward by 3GIP
48
IMT--2000 Standards
IMT
The
IMT-2000
family of standards
49
North America Drivers
North America and US influenced countries

Dominated by 2G TDMA/cdmaOne
USA has slower growth because recipient party pays
Mess of digital systems at 800 and 1900 MHz
US manufacturers have pushed forward growing cdmaOne standard
PCS spectrum overlaps IMT-2000 band
Major Drivers
Spectrum sharing and compatibility with 2G standard
National/International roaming
EDGE (TDMA operators)

cdma2000 (cdmaOne operators)
50
European Drivers
Europe and European Influenced Countries

GSM provided 2nd generation roaming across Europe
Plenty of Capacity at 1800MHz
IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no

spectrum sharing issues
EU enforced standardisation means UMTS for at least 1 operator per
country
Major Drivers
Higher Data Rates
Continued global dominance of European based standard
UMTS
51
Japan/Korean Drivers
Japan and Korea

PHS and PDC left Japanese manufacturers isolated

IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
Political US relationships...
Major Drivers
Capacity for Voice
Global market for cellular infrastructure
UMTS
52
Cordless Drivers
You cant get 2Mbps out of the cellular standards

Hence a requirement for cordless style standards
UMTS TDD Mode
DECT
53
Industry Bodies - Radio Regulatory

ITU (International)
http://www.itu.int/
ERO (EU)
European Radio Office
http://www.ero.dk/
RA (UK)
Radiocommunications Agency
http://www.radio.gov.uk/
FCC (USA)
Federal Communications
Commission
http://www.fcc.gov/
54
Industry Bodies - Trade Associations

UMTS Forum
http://www.umts-forum.org/
GSM Association
http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html
CDMA Development Group

http://www.cdg.org/
GSM Suppliers Association

http://www.gsacom.com/home.html
Universal Wireless Communications Consortium

http://www.uwcc.org/
55
Industry Bodies - Standards Groups

3GPP
UMTS FDD and TDD
Standards Development
http://www.3gpp.org/
3GPP2
cdma2000
Standards Development
http://www.3gpp2.org/
3GIP
IP Core Network
http://www.3gip.org/
56
Partnership Projects and Standards

Organisations
Relationships
between
standards
organisations
the
57
3GPP Member Organisations

ETSI (EU)
http://www.etsi.org/
ARIB (Japan)
http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
T1 (USA)
http://www.t1.org/
TTC (Japan)
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
TTA (Korea)
http://www.tta.or.kr/
CWTS (China)
http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html
58
3GPP2 Member Organisations

TIA (USA)
http://www.tiaonline.org/
TTA (Korea)
http://www.tta.or.kr/
TTC (Japan)
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
ARIB (Japan)
http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
CWTS (China)
http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html
59
The Road to 3G
HSCSD
Possible Evolution
Paths to 3G
60
3rd Generation Cellular
2002+
Digital modulation
Voice and high rate data
Multi technology roaming
Standards
UMTS FDD (CDMA based)
UMTS TDD (CDMA based)
cdma2000 (CDMA based)
EDGE (TDMA based)
61
UMTS FDD
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency

Division Duplexing Mode
Built onto enhanced GSM core network
Utilises:
QPSK modulation
Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission
CDMA
FDD
Asynchronous operation
Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)
62
UMTS Compared to GSM

Carrier Spacing
Frequency Reuse
Factor
Power Control
Frequency
Quality Control
Frequency Diversity
Packet Data
Transmit Diversity
UMTS
GSM
5MHz
200kHz
1-18
1500Hz
2Hz or lower
Radio Resource
Management
algorithms
5MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity with
rake reciever
Load Based Packet
Scheduling
Frequency Planning
and Network
Optimisation
Frequency Hopping
Supported to improve
downlink capacity
Time Slot based

Scheduling with GPRS
Not supported by
standard but may be
applied
63
UMTS Compared to IS95

Carrier Spacing
Chip Rate
Power Control
Frequency
Base Station
Synchronisation
Frequency Inter
Frequency
Handovers
Packet Data
Radio Resource
Management
Transmit Diversity
UMTS
IS-95
5MHz
1.25MHz
3.84Mcps
1500Hz
1.2288Mcps
Uplink 800Hz,
Downlink slow
No
Yes via GPS
Yes, slotted mode

measurements
Possible but
measurements not
specified
Load Based Packet

Scheduling
Efficient algorithms to
provide QoS
Supported to improve
downlink capacity
Packets as short CS
calls
Not required for
speech only
Not supported by
standard
64
UMTS TDD
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency

Division Duplexing Mode
Built onto enhanced GSM core network
Utilises:
QPSK modulation
CDMA
TDD
Asynchronous operation
65
cdma2000
Built onto ANSI-41 core network

Utilises:
QPSK modulation
CDMA
FDD
Multiple carriers on the downlink to allow compatibility with cdmaOne
Synchronous operation
66
EDGE
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution

Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS)
Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards

Utlilises:
8PSK Modulation
Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136
8 Channel Coding Schemes
Multiple Timeslots
TDMA
Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less)
67
3rd Generation Standards Compared

Multiple
Access
Modulation
Carrier
Spacing
Frame Length
Slots per
Frame
Multiple
Rates
Chip Rate
Max Data
Rate
Synchronous
Handover
UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD
cdma2000
EDGE
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
TDMA
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
8-PSK
5MHz (200kHz
raster)
5MHz (200kHz
raster)
3.75MHz
UL/1.25MHz DL
200kHz/1.6MHz
10ms
10ms
20ms
4.615ms
15
15
16
8/16/64
Multi-code,
Variable
Spreading Factor
3.84Mcps
Multi-code, multislot
Multiple channel
code, multi-slot
3.84Mcps
Supplemental
Channels, Multiple
spreading Factors
3.6868Mcps
2Mbps
2Mbps
2Mbps
521/4750kbps
No
No
Yes
Yes
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
68
4th Generation...
Probably 2005-2007
Broadband data rates in excess of
1Mbps
Probably 10MHz+ carriers

...
69
Questions
What is IMT-2000 and why is it related to UMTS?

Why do the American operators want cdma2000 and EDGE?
What is the major difference between UMTS and cdma2000?
70
Session Summary
In this session we have discussed:

The key goals of IMT-2000
The drivers for 3rd generation from the regions
The key industry bodies and their relationships
The four cellular air interfaces for IMT-2000 are:

UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD
cdma2000
EDGE
71
CDMA Mobile Technology Overview
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
72
73

Multiple Access
Strategies Explained
CDMA for Cellular
This session aims to cover some

basic CDMA terminology and
technology before dealing with
UMTS in more detail
Key generic areas of CDMA

Codes in CDMA
include
Soft Handover
The Pilot Channel
How CDMA works and relates to

other multiple access schemes
How the codes are generated and
what their properties are
Soft Handover - what and how?
The pilot channel
74
Multiple Access Explained
Imagine you are in a cocktail party

Now imagine you are trying to talk to somebody
(rather than fighting your way to the punch bowl again...)
If you are trying to listen to somebody you need to be able to

pick out their speech from everybody elses speech.
Everybody is using the same medium to talk - the air in the

room
75
Clich Explanation
This is Multiple Access

Many conversations/channels share the same medium
There are a number of different Multiple Access (MA) strategies

you can try:
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
76
TDMA at the Cocktail Party

We divide time into a number of timeslots
Everybody takes turns to speak within a timeslot
Once everybody has spoken we go back to the start of the list and begin
again - this is a frame
This ensures that two conversations/channels dont get confused.

Conversation/Channel separation is provided in time.
Bit of problem if people speak late or early
We may need guard periods between timeslots when nobody speaks
People need to know when to speak

We need signaling to tell people their timeslot
77
TDMA
Timeslot Period
Frame Period
frequency
Available
Frequency
Band
time
User 1
User 1
Idealised
(with no
periods)
TDMA
guard
78
FDMA at the cocktail party

We divide the available frequency band into a number of frequency
channels of the same channel bandwidth
People speak continuously at different frequencies/pitches, and use

earpieces to filter out frequencies theyre not interested in.
Again this ensures that two conversations dont get confused.

Conversation/Channel separation provided in frequency.
Bit of a problem as the filters arent perfect
We may need guard bands between timeslots when nobody speaks
People need to know the frequency of the conversation

We need signaling to tell people their frequency channel
79
FDMA
frequency
Frame Period (we may still need

frames/timeslots for signaling)
Channel
Bandwidth
User 1
Idealised
(with no
bands)
FDMA
guard
time
80
FDMA/TDMA
Of course we could also be clever and use a combination of

TDMA and FDMAlike in GSM
This is commonly referred to as simply TDMA
81
FDMA/TDMA
frequency
User 1
Timeslot Period
Frame Period
Channel
Bandwidth
User 1
Idealised
FDMA/TDMA (with
no guard bands or
guard periods)
time
82
FH at the Cocktail Party

If we combine TDMA and FDMA and change the frequency of transmission
every frame we have Frequency Hopping
Frequency hopping improves the received quality of the

conversation/channel
We can tolerate the occasional collision of words:

The next word is almost certain to get through
We can always repeat the odd word
This generally wont have too great an impact on the meaning of the conversation.
This is sometimes called frequency hopping spread spectrum

This is because the total bandwidth used for an individual conversation is greater
than that strictly required for the individual conversation
i.e. the spectrum has been spread
83
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

frequency
User 1
Timeslot Period
Frame Period
Channel
Bandwidth
User 1
time
Idealised FH (with
no guard bands or
guard periods)
84
Frequency Hopping Power Spectrum

Power
Frequency
Power
Power
Frequency
Frequency
Time Averaged
Power Spectrum
Power
Frequency
Instantaneous Power
Spectra for a channel in
different frames
85
CDMA at the Cocktail Party

We can actually be more sophisticated than this.
If we know the characteristics of the persons voice we can tune in to what
they are saying and ignore what other people are saying
This is like CDMA where the conversation/channel separation is provided by

the characteristics of the channel
i.e. the code
The only problem is that we do pick up some of the noise from the other
channels
This limits the number of conversations/channels that can use the same medium
We also need to know the code in use

We need signaling to tell people their code
This is sometimes called Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
86
CDMA - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
frequency
code
Frame Period (we may still need

frames/timeslots for signaling)
time
87
CDMA Power Spectrum

Power
Frequency
Power Spectrum for the

equivalent unspread
channel
Power
Frequency
Power Spectrum post

spreading
Note: The power spectrum

has been spread similar to
that in a Frequency
Hopping system
88
More CDMA permutations
Of course we can start getting a bit clever again...
89
CDMA/FDMA
frequency
code
CDMA/FDMA can be used to
provide multiple carriers OR to
provide
Frequency
Division
Duplexing - separate carriers for
the uplink and downlink
Idealised
CDMA/FDMA (with
no guard bands)
time
90
CDMA/TDMA/FDMA...
frequency
code
Combining CDMA and TDMA can be used

to provide Time Division Duplexing
Idealised
CDMA/TDMA/FDMA
(with no guard bands or
guard periods)
time
91
CDMA Spreading
Essentially Spreading involves changing the symbol rate on the air interface
Spreading
Despreading
Channel
f
P
Tx Bit Stream
f
f
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Identical
codes
Code Chip Stream
Rx Bit Stream
P
f
Code Chip Stream
92
Spreading and Despreading

1
Tx Bit Stream
Spreading
-1
Code Chip Stream

Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading
Code Chip Stream

Rx Bit Stream
93
Spreading
If the Bit Rate is Rb , the Chip Rate is Rc, the energy per bit Eb
and the energy per chip Ec then
Rc
Eb = Ec .
Rb
We say the Processing Gain Gp is equal to:
Rc
Gp =
Rb
Commonly the processing gain is refereed to as the Spreading

Factor
94
Spreading in noise
Rx Signal (= Tx Signal + Noise)
Tx Signal
P
P
f
Channel
f
Signal
Spreading Code
Spreading Code
Signal
P
f
Wideband Noise/Interference
The gain due to despreading of the signal over wideband noise

is the Processing Gain
95
Types of Codes
There are essentially two types of
codes used in CDMA networks:
S2
C1 C2 C3
Channelization Codes
Are used to separate channels from
a single cell or terminal
Scrambling Codes
Are used to separate cells and
terminals from each other rather than
purely channels
S1
C1 C2 C3
Channelization/scrambling codes
may be either:
short (the length of the code is equal

to the bit period)
long (longer than the bit period)
S3
C1 C2 C3
96
Channelisation Codes
Channelisation codes are orthogonal and hence provide

channel separation
Number of codes available is dependant on length of code

Channelisation codes require an equal number of 1s and -1s
to be orthogonal
This is because we use integration to demodulate the signal
Typically channelisation codes are used to spread the signal
97
Channelisation Code Generation
Channelisation codes can be generated from a Hadamard

matrix
A Hadamard matrix is:
x x
x x
Where x is a Hadamard matrix of the previous level
For example 4 chip codes are:

1,1,1,1
1,-1,1,-1
1,1,-1,-1
1,-1,-1,1
Note: These two codes

correlate if they are time
shifted
98
Scrambling Code Generation
Scrambling codes are not orthogonal since they are not

synchronised to each other at the receiver
Hence it is sufficient to use Pseudo Random sequences

Maximal length sequences used which repeat after 2R-1 bits
R relates to the number of taps in the generator
Scrambles signals but can also be used to de-scramble

Sequences with different offsets do not correlate
Generate a single code
Plan the offsets on the downlink
99
Scrambling Code Generation
1
Start value
for offset
R-1
OUTPUT
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
Output sequence: 1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,...
100
Orthogonality of Codes
If orthogonal mean interference power over a bit is zero

Bit Period
Chip Period
Code
X
Signal Chip Stream
-1
0.25
-0.25
0.25
Bit Value
-0.25
Sum = 0
Sum = 1
Sum = -0.75
=> Orthogonal
=> Correlated
=> Non-orthogonal
101
Multi Channel Spreading and Despreading

P
P
f
P
f
c1
P
f
P
f
P
f
c2
c1
Channel
P
f
c2
Since the channels are orthogonal the resulting interference is

entirely removed by the despreading process
102
CDMA in Cellular
Cellular systems have multipath channels with a delay spread

Channels from the same transmitter are no longer perfectly orthogonal

Channelisation codes are no longer perfectly synchronised
Downlink Channels on the same cell interfere with each other

Worst case scenario can be treated as white noise
Otherwise use orthogonality factor (0.6 in urban macrocells typically)
The orthogonality factor gives the percentage of interference that is rejected
103
CDMA in Cellular
P
P
f
P
f
c1
P
f
c2
c1
Channel
P
f
P
f
P
f
c2
Multipath reduces the orthogonality of the downlink codes

resulting in interference between channels from the same
transmitter
104
Visualising the Processing Gain

W/Hz
W/Hz
W/Hz
Ec
Before
Spreading
After
Spreading
Io
With Noise
f
W/Hz
W/Hz
After
Despreading/
Correlation
Post
Filtering
Orthog = 0
Eb
dBW/Hz
Eb
Io
Eb/Io
Io
Signal
Intra-cell Noise
Inter-cell Noise
W/Hz
Post
Filtering
Orthog > 0
dBW/Hz
Eb
Eb
No
No
f
Eb/No
105
A Channelised Transmitter
Channel 1
Bit Stream
Channel 2
Bit Stream
Channel 3
Bit Stream
Pulse Shaping and

Modulation
c1
c2
s1
Typically in a multi-channel transmitter,
channels are first spread and channelised
using the channelisation codes, then
combined and finally scrambled together.
c3
106
Rake Receiver
Phase Rotator
Correlator
Code Generators
(S & C)
Channel
Estimator
Matched Filter
Delay Equalizer
A typical rake receiver with three

fingers
107
CDMA Noise Calculation
We can say (approximately - assuming perfect power control)

that the Eb/No is equal to:
1 1 1
Eb
1
=
Gp

N 0 (M 1) 1 + v 1 O
Where:
Eb/No = Energy per bit/Noise Power Spectral Density
M = Number of Users or Codes Used
= Loading
Gp = Processing Gain
= Sectorisation Gain
v = Voice activity factor
O = Orthogonality Factor
108
CDMA Capacity Calculations
The Eb/No required to achieve a desired BER can be

calculated/simulated for a given receiver
We can say that the number of users we can support is

approximately equal to:
1 1 1
1
M
Gp

1
+
v
1
O
Eb
N 0 required
109
CDMA Capacity Calculations
However imperfect power control will create a 30-40%

reduction in the capacity on the uplink (downlink channels will
always be ideally weighted)
Soft handover also impacts the capacity on the downlink approximately 20-40% of channels will be required for
handover
Control and pilot channels require transmitted power - again

impacting the downlink
110
Pilot Channels
Pilot channels are effectively channels used in the cell selection

process
Pilots contain no baseband information - no bits

The pilot is spread by the all 1s channelisation code
Effectively the pilot is the scrambling code
The required pilot channel SNR is referred to in Ec/Io

Pilots allow channel estimation
In cdmaOne the pilot also gives the mobile phase and timing
information
111
Soft Handover
Soft Handover is where more then one cell is in communication

with a terminal
The cells in communication with the terminal are known as an

active set
The best serving cell is known as the primary cell - and

maintains the primary channel
Other channels are known as handover channels

The gain associated with soft handover is known as the
macrodiversity gain
This occurs due to the uncorrelated nature of fast fading between cells
and the variation in slow fading between cells
Note that slow fading is not entirely uncorrelated for different cells
112
Hard Handover (e.g.GSM)

Direction of Travel
RX_Lev
Cell A
A hard
handover
between cells A and B
in GSM
In a hard handover
the mobile is only
ever instantaneously
connected to a single
cell
Cell B
Handover
Hysteresis
Margin
Distance
113
Soft Handover (e.g. in cdmaOne)

Active set = 1
Pilot Ec/Io
Cell A
A
soft
handover
between cells A and B
in cdmaOne
=2
=1
Cell A and Cell B
Cell B
Direction of Travel
In a soft handover the

mobile is may be
instantaneously
connected to more
than one cell
T_ADD
T_DROP
Distance
Add Time Delay
Drop Time Delay
114
Why Soft Handover is Good in CDMA

Why Soft Handover is Good in
CDMA
Near- Far Effect

Hard Handover can lead to
relatively deep penetration into
neighbour cells
Soft Handover allows Power
Control from all Active Set cells
Why Soft Handover is Bad in

CDMA

Transmission overhead in backhaul

Addition of downlink noise into the
system
Engineering of handover zones
becomes highly critical
Probability of dropped call reduced

due to link redundancy in handover
region
Macrodiversity gain
115
More CDMA at the Cocktail Party - Cell

Breathing
The more noise the louder you have to speak to hear the same amount of
the conversation
You get to a point where you cant shout louder and cant have a
conversation where you are standing
The further away you are the louder you have to speak
If it is noisy only people standing close together can have a conversation
As it gets noisy the area that can be covered by a conversation decreases
If it is quiet then the area covered by a conversation can be larger
This is called Cell Breathing and occurs in mobile CDMA networks
116
Cell Breathing
An increase in traffic results in an increase in interference
This effect may occur over the course of 24 hours due to

changes in traffic demand over peak hours
Mobiles at the extremities of cells may be pushed out of the

cells effective coverage area due to decreased Eb/No
6am
Noon
9pm
117
More CDMA at the Cocktail Party - Power

Control
If somebody is shouting louder than they need it increases the

overall noise
This is inefficient as it reduces the number of people who can

have conversations
We need to speak as quietly as possible to maximise the

number of simultaneous
This is called Power Control in mobile networks

In CDMA networks it is very important that this power control is
efficient
We use fast power control with a much quicker feedback loop than in
TDMA networks
118
Power Control
MSb
The Near-Far Effect

If equal transmit powers
Received Signal Strength from

MSa higher than required
Path Loss = 150dB

MSa
MSb Eb/No significantly reduced
Near mobiles dominate on the

uplink
Path Loss = 100dB
Cell area and capacity reduced

Solution
Fast power control
Large Dynamic Range for mobiles
119
Questions
What is a pilot channel?

How does soft handover differ from hard handover?
How do scrambling codes differ from channelisation codes?
Why is multipath fading bad from a CDMA point of view?
120
Session Summary
In this session we have discussed:

CDMA and how it relates to and differs from other multiple access
technologies
What channelisation and scrambling codes are and what they do
What we mean by a pilot channel
How soft handover works
What we mean by cell breathing and the near far effect
121
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
122
123

UMTS High Level
Architecture
The Core Network
UTRAN
The User Equipment
This session aims to give the user

a first pass overview of the
architecture behind UMTS
Interfaces
To explain the major architectural

blocks
To give a first introduction to the
major network elements and
interfaces
To talk about how UMTS will
interface with existing technologies
Access Modes
UMTS and GSM
124
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)

A Public Land Mobile Network is
defined in the specifications as
consisting of:
One or more switches with a

common numbering plan and
routing plan
Switches act as the interfaces to
external networks
A PLMN can be regarded as an
Core Network
PLMN
independent telecommunications
entity
The PLMN can be separated into

Core Network
Access Network
Access Network
125
UMTS High Level Architecture
To this definition, the 3GPP standards add an additional

architectural block, the User Equipment
UMTS
Terrestrial Radio
Access Network
User Equipment
UE
Core Network
UTRAN
UU
CN
IU
126
Major Network Elements in UMTS

Node B
Radio Network
Controller
UMTS SIM
USIM
Node B
Iu-cs
RNC
Mobile
Switching
Centre
Gateway
MSC
GMSC
MSC/VLR
IUb
CU
IUr
PLMN,
PSTN,
ISDN
Home Location
Register
HLR
Mobile
Equipment
IUb
ME
Node B
Radio Network
Controller
Node B
UE
UU
RNC
UTRAN
Serving GSN
Iu-ps
SGSN
Gateway
GSN
GGSN
Internet,
X25
Packet
Network
CN
IU
127
Functions of the CN
Switching
Mobility Management
Service Provision
Transmission of user traffic between UTRAN(s) and/or fixed
network
Operations, Administration and Maintenance
128
Major Elements of the Core Network
Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Registor (VLR)

Switch for Circuit Switched Services
Gateway MSC
Serving GPRS Support Node
The database holding a copy of a visiting users profile
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

The database storing the master copy of a users profile
Router for Packet Switched Services
Gateway GSN
129
General Core Network Architecture

Other MSC
F
UTRAN
Iu-cs
Mobile
Switching
Centre
F
Gateway
MSC
GMSC
MSC/VLR
D
Gs
External Circuit
Switched
Networks
D
Home Location
Register
HLR
Gr
UTRAN
Iu-ps
Gc
Gateway
GSN
Serving GSN
SGSN
Gn
IU
Gn
GGSN
CN
G
i
External
Packet
Switched
Networks
Other SGSN
130
Functions of UTRAN
Provision of Radio Coverage

System access control
Security and privacy
Handover
Radio resource management and control
131
Elements of UTRAN
Radio Network Controller

Owns and controls radio resources in its domain
Service Access point for all services that UTRAN provides the CN
Node B
Acts as the radio basestation
Converts the data flow bewteen the Iub and Uu interfaces
132
General UTRAN Architecture

Node B
Iu-cs
Radio Network
Controller
Node B
CN (MSC)
RNC
IUb
IUr
UE
IUb
Node B
Radio Network
Controller
Node B
UU
CN (SGSN)
RNC
Iu-ps
UTRAN
IU
133
Functions of the UE
Display and user interface

To hold the authentication algorithms and keys
User end termination of the air interface
Application platform
134
Elements of the UE
Mobile Equipment
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

The radio terminal used for radio communication over the Uu interface
The smartcard that holds the subscriber identity, authentication and
encryption keys etc
Additionally one can define a Terminal Equipment item that sits

with the UE
This carries the application specific user interface
The interface for the TE may be provided by Bluetooth for example
135
General UE Architecture
UMTS SIM
USIM
CU
Terminal
Equipment
Mobile
Equipment
UTRAN
ME
UE
UU
136
Major Interfaces in UMTS

There are four major new
CN
interfaces defined in UMTS

Iu
The interface between UTRAN
and the CN
RNC
Iur
The Interface between different
RNCs
Iub
The interface between the Node B
and the RNC
Iu
Uu
The air interface
Iur
RNC
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
137
Iu - the Core Network to UTRAN Interface

There are two parts to the Iu
CN
interface
Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the PS

Domain of the CN
Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the CS
Domain of the CN
Iu
RNC
Iur
RNC
No radio resource signalling travels

over this interface
The Iu interface divides the UMTS

network into the radio specific
UTRAN and the CN responsible for
switching routing and service
provision
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
138
Iur - the InterInter-RNC Interface

The Iur interface allows soft
handovers between Node-Bs

attached to different RNCs
It is an open interface to allow the

use of RNCs from different
manufacturers
Its functions may be summarised:

Support of basic inter-RNC mobility

Support of Dedicated and Common
Channel Traffic
Support of Global Resource
Management
CN
Iu
RNC
Iur
RNC
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
139
Iub - the RNC to NodeNode-B Interface

The Iub is an open interface to allow
the support of different
manufacturers supplying RNCs
and Node-Bs
CN
Iu
Its major functions are:

Carries dedicated and common

channel traffic between the RNC
and the Node-B
Supports the control of the Node-B
by the RNC
RNC
Iur
RNC
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
140
Uu - the Air Interface

Clearly the Uu must be
standardised to allow multiple UE

vendors to be supported by a
network
The major functions of the Uu are

to:
Carry dedicated and common

channel traffic across the air
interface
Provide signaling and control traffic
to the mobile from the RNC and the
Node-B
CN
Iu
RNC
Iur
RNC
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
141
UMTS Interface Implementation

SGSN
Node B
ATM/IP Network
MSC
RNC
Iub
Iu_cs
Iu_ps
Iur
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNC
142
Access Modes for UMTS
In this course we will concentrate on the UMTS FDD air

interface
However we should bear in mind that a number of other access

modes are possible
Within UTRAN
Outside of UTRAN
143
Access Modes within UTRAN
There are four access modes that will be contained within

release 2000 of the 3GPP standards
Direct Sequence FDD Mode 1

Based on UMTS FDD air interface
Multi Carrier FDD Mode 2

Based on cdma2000
TDD Mode
Based on UMTS TDD air interface
ODMA
Supplement to UMTS TDD mode based on using a second UE as a radio
relay
144
Additional Access Networks

The UMTS CN is being
designed with the possibility of
interfacing to additional Access
Networks other than UTRAN
UMTS-CN
GRAN - GSM/GPRS Radio

Access Network
ERAN - EDGE Radio Access
Network
BRAN - Broadband Radio
Access Network (HIPERLAN2)
DECT - Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telephony
ERAN
DECT
BRAN
GRAN
UTRAN
145
UMTS and GSM

Internet
PSTN
Core
Network
GGSN
GMSC
SGSN
MSC
Iu-ps
Iu-cs
A
Iu-ps
UTRAN
Iu-cs
Gb
BSS/
Iur
RNC
RNC
Iub
Node-B
Iub
Node-B
BSC
Iub
Node-B
A-bis
RBS
RBS
RBS
RBS
BTS
146
Architecture of a UMTS bearer service

TE
UE
UTRAN
CN
CN
edge node
gateway
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/UE Local
Bearer Service
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service
Radio Bearer
Service
Iu Bearer Service
UTRA FDD/TDD
Service
Physical Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone Network
Service
147
UMTS Protocol Stratums

In order to provide separation
Access Stratum
Encompasses layers 1 and 2
of the OSI 7 layer model, and
the lower part of layer 3
Non-access Stratum
Encompasses layers 4 to 7
of the OSI 7 layer model, and
the upper part of layer 3
Access Stratum
Non Access Stratum
between radio access

functionality and service quality
provision, protocols in UMTS
are divided into two stratums
L7
L7
L6
L6
L5
L5
L4
L4
L3 upper
L3 upper
L3 lower
L3 lower
L3 lower
L3 lower
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
UE
Uu
UTRAN
Iu
CN
148
Questions
What elements does UTRAN consist of?

What is the primary role of UTRAN?
What additional access modes does UMTS support over UMTS
FDD?
149
Session Summary
In this session we have discussed the major elements of the

UMTS network architecture
In following sessions we will discuss each element in more

detail
150
UMTS Air Interface
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
151
UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air Interface
152
UMTS Air Interface

Overview of the Air
Interface
This session aims to explain the

protocols and operation of the air
interface
Logical, Transport and

Physical Channels on the
Air Interface

To give an overview of the UMTS

specific operation of the air
interface
To look at the protocol structure
To investigate the Frame and
Timeslot structure of the major air
interface channels
The Dedicated Channels
153
UMTS Air Interface
Role of the Air Interface
To provide a number of bearer or physical channels to support

data transfer over the radio path.
To provide control channels to manage the cell
To provide signalling channels for call set up, etc.
To provide a number of traffic channels at an acceptable error

performance and at various rates
In providing all of this to also:
Ensure an efficient use of the available spectrum
Minimise interference to other cells and services
Minimise the use of power, particularly from the mobile
Provide synchronisation
154
UMTS Air Interface
UMTS FDD Air Interface Overview

Parameter
Value
Multiple Access Scheme

Duplexing Method
Chip Rate
Carrier Spacing
Carrier Spacing Raster
Frame Length
Slots per Frame
Inter-cell Synchronisation
Spreading factor
User Data Rate
Direct Sequence CDMA

FDD
3.84 Mcps
5 MHz
200 kHz
10 ms
15
None
Variable (4-512)
8->384 kbps
155
UMTS Air Interface
Multiple Access Scheme
UMTS FDD mode makes use of a CDMA style multiple access

scheme
In the case of UMTS this is commonly referred to as Wideband

CDMA
However there are elements of FDMA and TDMA in UMTS

Common channels for paging and packet access share codes between
UEs (TDMA)
Multiple carriers are used per operator (FDMA)
156
UMTS Air Interface
Duplexing Method
UMTS FDD mode makes use of
190MHz
Frequency Division Duplexing

The Uplink and Downlink

Channels are carried on
separate carriers
In the case of UMTS in Europe:

UMTS Uplink
UMTS Downlink
The Uplink band is between 1.92

and 1.98GHz
The Downlink band is between
2.11 and 2.17GHz
The Uplink/Downlink Separation
is 190MHz
157
UMTS Air Interface
Chip Rate
The chiprate used in UMTS FDD mode is 3.84Mcps
This leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5MHz
This chip rate was chosen because it:

Could be generated simply from existing GSM clock rates

Provided a similar bandwidth to cdma2000 to allow shared use of filters etc in
UEs
Note: Initially UMTS was specified as having a chip rate of 4.096Mcps.

You may find some old texts and papers referring to this chip rate
158
UMTS Air Interface
Carrier Spacing and Carrier Spacing Raster

5MHz
The nominal carrier spacing for

UMTS is 5Hz
This was chosen to comply with

the American market, where
spectrum has been awarded in
5MHz blocks
It is possible to move the centre

frequency of the carrier on a
200kHz raster
200kHz
We can have carrier spacings

between 4.4MHz and 5.6MHz
This may be set within the license
conditions, or to the operators
discretion
159
UMTS Air Interface
Adjacent Channel Interference
Adjacent channel interference may have a significant impact on

UMTS capacity
Required attenuation (by standards)

adjacent carrier 33dB
2nd adjacent carrier 43dB
Since only have 2 or 3 carriers typically at least one adjacent

carrier will be transmitted by a third party
This can partially be negated by a flexible carrier spacing based

upon a 200kHz raster
160
UMTS Air Interface
Adjacent Operator Interference
Interference
50dB path loss
Signal
150dB path loss
Close Interferring
Microcell
Distant Serving
Macrocell
161
UMTS Air Interface
UK Spectrum Allocations Example

D
14.6MHz
10MHz
Orange
BT Cellnet
One2One
0.3MHz
Vodafone
Hutchison
20MHz
14.8MHz
10MHz
10MHz
0.3MHz
162
UMTS Air Interface
Radio Frame Structure
Radio Frame Period = Tf = 10ms

Frames are used for channel format control
15 slots, #0#14
Slots are use for power control
38400 chips
Tslot = 2560 chips = 666.7s
Tslot = 666.7s = 2560 chips
#0
#1
#2
#i
#14
Tf = 10ms = 38400 chips
163
UMTS Air Interface
Superframe Structure
72 Radio Frames make a Superframe

Superframes are used for
Superframe Period Tsf = 720ms
#0
#1
#2
#i
#71
Tsf = 720ms
164
UMTS Air Interface
Inter Cell Synchronisation
Cells in a UMTS network are not synchronised in time with

each other.
This removes the need for tight synchronisation between the

base stations
There is no need for GPS receivers at sites

This makes implementation of picocells and their integration with the

network more simple as satellite LoS is not required
3rd Party Transmission requirement are less stringent
165
UMTS Air Interface
Spreading Factor and User Data Rates
UMTS has been designed to provide flexibility to allow the user

to use multiple services, some of which we cannot foresee at
the moment
Rather than having a fixed bit rate and spreading factor, each
of the channels on the user interface has a range of bit rates
that can be used
This makes the channels more complicated than for GSMbut

certainly more flexible
166
UMTS Air Interface
Air Interface Access Stratum

L3
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2
Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
Physcial Layer
Physical
Channels
167
UMTS Air Interface
Radio Resource Control Layer

The RRC layer forms the lower
part of the OSI layer 3
It is responsible for:
Bearer Control
Monitoring
Power Control
Measurement Reporting
Paging
Broadcast Control
L3
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2
Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
Physical Layer
Physical
Channels
168
UMTS Air Interface
Radio Resource Control Layer Functional

Entities
The RRC layer resides at the RNC serving a cell or UE

The RRC Layer can be split into 3 functional entities
Dedicated Control Functional Entity (DCFE)

One per UE in connection
All functions and signalling specific to a single UE
Paging and Notification control Functional Entity (PNFE)

One per cell
Paging of idle mode UEs
Broadcast Control Functional Entities (BCFE)

One per cell
Broadcasting of system information
169
UMTS Air Interface
Radio Link Control Layer

The RLC layer forms the upper
part of the OSI layer 2

L3
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Logical Link Control

Acknowledged and
unacknowledged data transfer
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2
Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
Physical Layer
Physical
Channels
170
UMTS Air Interface
The Medium Access Control Layer

The MAC Layer forms the lower
part of layer 2
Random Access
Physical Link Control
Ciphering
L3
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2
Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Multiplexing and Channel Mapping

to the Physical Layer
Transport
Channels
L1
Physical Layer
Physical
Channels
171
UMTS Air Interface
Medium Access Control Layer Functional

Entities
MAC-b
MAC-c/sh
Handles the broadcast channel (BCH) and is located in the Node-B in

the UTRAN
Handles the common and shared channels and is located in the RNC in
the UTRAN
MAC-d
Handles the dedicated channels and is located in the RNC
172
UMTS Air Interface
The Physical Layer

The Physical Layer forms layer 1 of
the OSI protocol stack
L3
Carrying traffic and signalling

across the air interface
Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2
Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1
Physical Layer
Physical
Channels
173
UMTS Air Interface
Protocol Termination in the Access Stratum

RRC
RRC
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
Physical
User Equipment
Physical
Node-B
Radio Network Controller
Note: Some Layer 2 functionality regarding the broadcast

functionality resides in the Node-B
174
UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Channel Types and Functions
There are three types of channel across the air interface and
access stratum that we are interested in:
Logical Channels
Between the RLC and MAC layers
Transport Channels
Between the MAC and Physical layers
Physical Channels
Between Physical Layers at the Node-B and UE
175
UMTS Air Interface
Major Logical Channels in UMTS
Control Channels
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
PCCH
Paging Control Channel
CCCH
Common Control Channel
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
Traffic Channels
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
CTCH
Common Traffic Channel
176
UMTS Air Interface
Logical Control Channels
The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a downlink channel

for broadcasting system control information
The Paging Control Channel (PCH) is a downlink channel that

transfers paging information
The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bidirectional channel transmitting control information between a
specific UE and the UTRAN
The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is a bi-directional

channel transmitting control information between Ues and the
UTRAN
177
UMTS Air Interface
Logical Traffic Channels
The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DCH) is a point-to-point

channel dedicated to a single UE for the transfer of user
information
The Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) is a point-to-point

unidirectional channel for transfer of user information to a group
of UEs
178
UMTS Air Interface
Major Transport Channels for UMTS
Common Control Channels

BCH
Broadcast Channel
FACH
Forward Access Channel
PCH
Paging Channel
RACH
Random Access Channel
CPCH
Common Packet Channel
Dedicated Channels
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DSCH
Downlink Shared Channel
179
UMTS Air Interface
Common Transport Channels

The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to
broadcast system and cell-specific information. The BCH is always
transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.
The Paging Channel (PCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to carry

control information to a UE when the system does not know the location cell
of the UE
The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlink channel that is used to

carry control information to a UE when the system knows the location cell of
the UE. May also carry short user packets.
The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink control channel from the
UE. May also carry short user packets
The Common Packet Channel (CPCH) is a contention based uplink channel

used for transmission of bursty data traffic.
180
UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Transport Channels
The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) is a downlink channel

shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data.
The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a channel dedicated to one

UE used in uplink or downlink.
181
UMTS Air Interface
Major Physical Channels for UMTS
Common Control Channels

P-CCPCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
S-CCPCH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
P-SCH
Primary Synchronisation Channel (DL)
S-SCH
Secondary Synchronisation Channel (DL)
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel (DL)
AICH
Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
PICH
Paging Indicator Channel (DL)
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL)
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel (UL)
PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel (UL)
AP-AICH
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
CD/CA-ICH
Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (DL)
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL)
DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)
182
UMTS Air Interface
Common Physical Channels for UMTS
The Primary-Common Control Physical Channels (P-CCPCH) is used to carry broadcast

information across the cell
The Secondary-Common Control Physical Channels (S-CCPCH) is used to carry paging and
forward access information across the cell
The Primary-Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) is used during cell search to provide timing
information
The Secondary-Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) is used during cell search to provide

information about the primary scrambling codes in use in the cell
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is used to provide the phase reference for downlink
channels
The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is used to acknowledge random access requests
183
UMTS Air Interface
Common Physical Channels for UMTS
The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is used to enable discontinuous reception of the SCPCCH
The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) carries traffic to one or more users
The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) is an extension to the RACH used to carry
larger packets of information on the uplink
The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) is used to indicate the reception
of a preamble signature for Random Access
The Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) is used to indicate

collisions and channel assignment for packet access
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is a contention based channel used for
random access and to transmit small packets of information
184
UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Channels
The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) is used to

carry user information
The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) is used to

carry dedicated control information regarding its associated
DCHs
185
UMTS Air Interface
Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport

Channels
Logical
Channels
BCCH
BCH
PCCH
PCH
CPCH
DCCH
RACH
CCCH
CTCH
FACH
DTCH
DSCH
DCH
Transport
Channels
186
UMTS Air Interface
Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical

Channels
Transport Channels
RACH
CPCH
BCH
PCH
Spreading/Modulation
FACH
DSCH
DCH
PICH
AICH
DPCCH
DPDCH
PDSCH
S-CCPCH
P-CCPCH
PCPCH
PRACH
P-SCH
S-SCH
CPICH
AP-AICH
CD/CA-ICH
Physical Channels
187
UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air Interface Physical Resource

Code Plane
Separation within cell by channelisation codes
Separation between cell by scrambling codes
Frequency Plane
Multiple carriers available
Phase Plane
IQ multiplexing of channels on the UL
Space Plane
Adaptive antennas
Time Plane
Time multiplexing of channels on DL
Packet Access
188
UMTS Air Interface
Codes in UMTS
We have already talked generically about codes in CDMA

In UMTS there are a number of different types of codes:
Synchronisation Codes
To enable an unsynchronised UE to synchronise and determine the
scrambling code of the cell
To spread and channelise within a UE or cell
Scrambling Codes
To separate the UEs and cells
189
UMTS Air Interface
Synchronisation Codes
These are short duration Gold codes

They have length 256 chips and duration 66.67s
There is 1 primary code and 64 secondary codes
190
UMTS Air Interface
These are short Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)

codes
They are of length 4 - 512 chips long (1.04-133.34s)

dependant upon the channel and required bit rate of the service
There are between 4 and 512 codes dependant on the length

of the code
OVSF codes are orthogonal
191
UMTS Air Interface
OVSF codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes can be defined by

a code tree:
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
Where
SF = Spreading Factor of code (maximum 512 for UMTS)
k = code number (0 k SF-1)
192
UMTS Air Interface
Code Usage Efficiency

Any codes further down the trunk
of a branch in use cannot be used
Any codes further out from the

branch in use cannot be reused
By filling up branches of the code

tree before starting new branches
a greater capacity can be achieved
Multiple code trees can be used

from a cell but at an increased
level of interference between
channels
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
IN USE
Cch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
IN USE
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
IN USE
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
IN USE
SF = 1
SF = 2
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 4
193
UMTS Air Interface
Multiple Code Trees
We can actually use multiple code trees if we run out of OVSF

codes on the downlink
This is achieved by introducing a second scrambling code
This reduces interference rejection
However codes on the two code trees will only be separated by

the scrambling codes, which are not orthogonal
194
UMTS Air Interface
Scrambling Codes
Downlink Scrambling codes are complex valued Gold codes

They are a 38400 chip segment from a 218 chip code, duration 10ms (1
frame)
There are 512 primary codes and 15 secondary codes associated with
each primary code
Uplink Scrambling codes can be long or short codes

Long codes are complex valued Gold codes and are a 38400 chip
segment from a 225 chip code, duration 10ms (1 frame)
There are 16,777,216 codes
Short codes are complex valued S(2) codes and 256 chips long, duration
66.67s
There are again 16,777,216 codes
195
UMTS Air Interface
The Primary Synchronisation Channel
P-SCH
The P-SCH transmits the Primary Synchronisation Code

This is a 256 chip sequence and is the same in all cells in the network
The channel is transmitted at the start of a timeslot, for the first 66.67s
There is only ever one P-SCH per cell
P-SCH
P-SCH
P-SCH
256 chips
66.67s
2560 chips
666.7s
Timeslot # 0
Timeslot # 1
Timeslot # 2
196
UMTS Air Interface
The Secondary Synchronisation Channel
The S-SCH transmits the Secondary Synchronisation Code
The SSC indicates which group of downlink scrambling codes is in use at the cell
This is a 256 chip sequence and is one of 64 possible SSCs

The channel is transmitted at the start of a timeslot, for the first 66.67s, at the same
time as the P-SCH
There is only ever one S-SCH per cell
P-SCH
PSC
PSC
PSC
SSC
SSC
256 chips
66.67s
S-SCH
SSC
2560 chips
666.7s
Timeslot # 0
Timeslot # 1
Timeslot # 2
197
UMTS Air Interface
The Primary Common Control Physical

Channel
Primary CCPCH is transmitted continuously at constant power

from each cell
Uses one of the 512 Primary Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code is same for all Primary CCPCHs
There is only one P-CCPCH per cell
P-SCH
PSC
PSC
PSC
256 chips
66.67s
S-SCH
P-CCPCH
SSC
SSC
2560 chips
666.7s
Data (10 bits)
Pilot (8 bits)
Timeslot # 0
SSC
2304 chips
600s
Data (10 bits)
Pilot (8 bits)
Timeslot # 1
Data (10 bits)
Pilot (8 bits)
30 kbps,
SF=256
Timeslot # 2
198
UMTS Air Interface
The Secondary Common Control Physical

Channel
The cell communicates with UEs through the PCH and FACH
The SF is variable, set in the BCH, indicated on the P-CCPCH and is between 4 and 256
Fixed power
These are carried on the Secondary-CCPCH
This is why the channels are multiplexed to avoid simultaneous transmission
TFCI, Transport Format Combination Indicator, is optional but must be supported by all UEs
Similarly Pilot bits are optional
There may be more than one S-CCPCH per cell, and frames may be offset in time by multiples
of 256 chips
S-CCPCH
E.g.one may be used to carry the FACH and one to carry the PCH
TFCI (0 - 8 bits per

slot)
Data (10 - 1272 bits

per slot)
Pilot (0 - 16 bits per

slot)
30-1920 kbps,
SF=4-256
1 timeslot 2560 chips, 666.7s
199
UMTS Air Interface
The Physical Random Access Channel
The PRACH consists of two parts

A preamble
To initiate access
A message
Which can contain a request for a dedicated channel or a small packet of
user data
2 frames = 20 ms
Message
PRACH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips
1 PRACH slot = 2 normal timeslots
200
UMTS Air Interface
The PRACH Preamble
Selected from one of 16 preambles available on the cell
It then randomly selects a slot from 15 over 2 Frames (slotted

ALOHA)
In no acknowledge then reselects signature and increases

power by 1dB and tries again
The preamble is 1ms in length

Power of transmitted preamble is based on an estimate of
downlink loss from CPICH received signal strength
201
UMTS Air Interface
The PRACH Message

The message is either 15 or 30 slots in length
Determined by which slot the preamble was sent in
Power as successful preamble

Data and control are code multiplexed
Data
15 - 120 kbps,
SF=32-256
Data (10 - 80 bits per

slot)
PRACH message
Control
Pilot (8 bits per slot)
TFCI (2 bits per slot)
15 kbps,
SF=256
1 timeslot 2560 chips, 666.7s
202
UMTS Air Interface
AICH
The AICH indicates whether the PRACH preamble has been received
If the Node-B receives the preamble it mirrors the preamble signature
back on the AICH
2 frames = 20 ms
Message
PRACH
1 PRACH slot = 1.25ms
AICH
203
UMTS Air Interface
PCPCH
Similar to the the PRACH

Additionally a collision detection preamble is sent
The AI-ICH responds to the PCPCH access preamble
The CD/CA-ICH responds to the collision detection preamble
The message part has the same structure as an uplink DPCH
P1
Pj
Pj
Message Part
P0
4096 chips
0 or 8 slots
N*10 msec
Access Preamble
Control Part
Collision Detection
Preamble
Data part
204
UMTS Air Interface
PICH
The PICH is the Paging Indication Channel, used to inform the UE that it
should listen to the PCH
Fixed rate (SF=256)

N Paging Indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} are transmitted in each PICH frame,
where N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
These are mapped to 300 transmitted bits

288 bits for paging indication
b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b287 b288
b299
One radio frame (10 ms)
205
UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Consists of two parts:

DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)

Carries the user data
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)

Carries control information (pilot bits, power control and optional rate
information)
It is different on uplink and downlink

Uplink
Data and control code multiplexed to avoid DTX based EMC problems
Downlink
Data and control time multiplexed DTX based EMC not a problem
UE
206
UMTS Air Interface
DCH Control Fields
Pilot
This is an optional field

Used where different formats (multiplexing or spreading factor) are used on a
frame by frame basis (0 or 2 bits per slot)
TPC - Transmit Power Control

Also used for coherent demodulation of the remaining data on the DCH
TFCI - Transport Format Combination Indicator

A predetermined bit pattern utilised by the rake receiver to estimate channel

conditions (5,6,7or 8 bits per slot)
2 bits per slot indicating an increase or decrease power
FBI - Feedback Indicator

Used for diversity working (0,1,2 bits per slot)
207
UMTS Air Interface
Downlink-Dedicated Physical
DownlinkChannel..Frame/Slot Structure
The dedicated transport channel (DCH), is transmitted in time-multiplex with control
information generated at Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC commands, and an optional
TFCI)
Spreading Factor, SF = 512/2k
k = 0..7
Bits per Slot, Ndata = 10*2k bits
Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 15*2k kbps
Ndata = 10 - 1280 bits
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
N data1 bits
TPC
N TPC bits
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2
Slot #0
SF = 512 - 4
Slot #1
Rb = 15 - 1920kbps
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
N data2 bits
Pilot
N pilot bits
bits (k=0 ..7)
Slot #i
Slot #14
One radio frame, T f = 10 ms
208
UMTS Air Interface
Downlink Spreading and Modulation

cos(
t)
15*2K kbps
cscramb
DPDCH/DPCCH
Serial Parallel
Pulse
Shaping
sin(
t)
cch
Q
Pulse
Shaping
209
UMTS Air Interface
Downlink Variable Rate (DTX based)

10 ms
R = 60kbps
Pilot+TPC+TFCI
R = 0kbps
R = 30kbps
R = 60kbps
Data
Note: that this diagram does not reflect the true

multiplexing on the downlink
210
UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data

Channel..Frame/Slot Structure
Used to carry the DCH transport channel.

Spreading Factor, SF = 256/2k
k = 0..6
SF = 256 - 4
Bits per Slot, Ndata = 10*2k bits
Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 15*2k kbps
Ndata = 10 - 640 bits
Rb = 15 - 960kbps
Data
N data bits
DPDCH
T slot = 2560 chips, N
Slot #0
Slot #1
data
= 10*2 k bits (k=0 ..6)
Slot # i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
211
UMTS Air Interface
UL--DPCCH(3)..Slot/Frame Structure
UL
Used to carry control information generated at Layer 1.
Channel Bit Rate
The Layer 1 control information
consists of:

known pilot bits
Rb = 15 kbps
Spreading Factor
transmit power-control (TPC)

commands
feedback information (FBI)
SF = 256
Bits per slot = 10
optional transport-format
combination indicator (TFCI).
Pilot
N pilot bits
DPCCH
TFCI
N TFCI bits
FBI
N FBI bits
TPC
N TPC bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
212
UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Spreading and Modulation

cos(
t)
cDPDCH
Real
DPDCH
cscramb
cDPCCH
Pulse
Shaping
I+jQ
DPCCH
sin(
t)
Imag
Pulse
Shaping
213
UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing
One DPCCH and up to 6 DPDCH are spread by real valued

sequences
DPCCH is spread by channelisation code cc
Only one DPCCH allowed per link
DPDCH is spread by channelisation code cd,n where 1<=n<=6

After channelisation real valued signals are weighted by c and
d, at least one of which has amplitude 1
214
UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

cd,1
cd,3
DPDCH1
DPDCH3
cd,5
DPDCH5
Sdpch,n
I+jQ
cd,2
cd,4
cd,6
cc
DPDCH2
DPDCH4
DPDCH6
DPCCH
215
UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Variable Rate (VSF based)

10 ms
R = 60kbps
Pilot+TPC+TFCI+FBI
R = 30kbps
R = 0kbps
R = 0kbps
R = 30kbps
Data
216
UMTS Air Interface
Why does UMTS need the CPICH?
UMTS already has the SCHs and pilot bits...

Why does it need a pilot channel?
Handover measurements and cell selection/reselection
To aid channel estimation for dedicated channels
To provide channel estimation reference for common channels
217
UMTS Air Interface
A MultiMulti-Rate Channelised Transmitter

Power Control
60kbps Bit
Stream
Pulse Shaping and

Modulation
x4
c1
s1
x2
30kbps Bit
Stream
c2
x1
All the channels are spread to the same chip

rate and then added together.
Note: to achieve the same Eb/No we must
modify the power per chip before combining
the chip streams
15kbps Bit
Stream
c3
218
UMTS Air Interface
Questions
Which other physical channels are similar to the AICH?

What are the two parts of the PRACH channel?
Which layers do the Transport channels connect?
Where is the MAC layer terminated?
219
Day 1 Roundup
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
220
Day 1 Roundup
Day 1 Roundup
221
222
223
224
UMTS Network Systems

Overview
Day 2
225
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
226
227
Summary of Yesterday
Yesterday we looked at
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
Drivers for 3rd Generation Cellular
CDMA and Mobile Technology
An Overview of UMTS Architecture
The UMTS Air Interface
228
Today
Today we are going to look at:

UTRAN
The UMTS Core Network
The UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
229
UTRAN
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
230
UTRAN
UTRAN
231
UTRAN

UTRAN
RNS, RNC and Node-B
Handover in UMTS
This session aims to explain the

roles and procedures behind
UTRAN
Admission Control
Load Control
Radio Resource
Management
Transmit Diversity
Cell Search and
Synchronisation
Power Control
To describe in detail the entities

comprising the UTRAN
To examine the role of UTRAN in
Soft Handover
To look at Call Admission,
Congestion control and Radio
Resource Management Algorithms
To look at how the air interface is
affected by power control
algorithms
232
UTRAN
UTRAN
UTRAN is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

For any network UTRAN consists of:
One or more RNSs with their associated RNCs, Node Bs and Cells
The functions of UTRAN (as described above) are:

System access control
Security and privacy
Handover
Radio resource management and control
233
UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

A Radio Network Subsystem
Iu
consists of:
A single RNC
One or more Node Bs
Cells belonging to Node Bs
The UMTS equivalent of the GSM

BSS
Iur
RNC
Node B
Node B
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
234
UTRAN
Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Responsible for the use and
Iu
integrity of the radio resources

within the RNS
Responsible for the handover
Iur
RNC
decisions that require signalling to

the UE
Provides a combining/splitting
function to support macro diversity
between different Node Bs
Cell
Node
B
Node
B
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
235
UTRAN
Node B
Logical node responsible for radio
Iu
transmission / reception in one or

more cells to/from the UE
Dual mode Node B can support
Iur
RNC
FDD and TDD mode
Not necessarily a single site

according to the standards
Most current implementations use

a single site
Cell
Node
B
Node
B
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
236
UTRAN
Cell
A cell is an area of radio coverage
Iu
serviced by one or more carriers
Iur
RNC
Cell
Node
B
Node
B
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
237
UTRAN
UTRAN Security and privacy
Use of temporary identifier

Encryption for radio channel
Decryption for radio channel
238
UTRAN
Use of Tempory Identifier
There are a number of different types of equipment and user

identifiers used by UMTS
They have been taken directly from GSM to provide some

backwards compatibility
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI)
Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN)
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
239
UTRAN
IMSI and TMSI

IMSI is a unique 15 digit identifier
for each user and serves as the
primary identifier
It consists of:
Mobile Country Code (MCC), 3

digits
The TMSI is used to add a level of

security to the Subscriber Identity
The TMSI is 32 bits long

It may be allocated by either an
MSC/VLR or an SGSN
Mobile Network Code (MNC), 2/3

digits
Mobile Subscriber Identity Number

(MSIN), 9/10 digits
MCC
MNC
MSIN
3 bits
2/3 bits
9/10 bits
If it is allocated by an SGSN it is
known as a P-TMSI
It is only valid within the network
domain that it has been awarded
by and both types may be
simultaneously allocated
240
UTRAN
UTRAN Handover
Radio environment survey

Handover decision
Macro diversity control
Handover control
Handover execution
Handover completion
SRNS relocation
Inter-system handover
241
UTRAN
Handover in UMTS
There are three basic types of handover

Intra frequency handovers

Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at the same frequency
These can be soft handovers
Inter frequency handovers

Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at different frequencies
These are hard handovers
Inter system handovers

Handovers between UMTS and GSM carriers
These are hard handovers
242
UTRAN
Handover Sets in UMTS
Active Set
Candidate Set
Cells forming a soft handover connection to the mobile
Cells not presently used in soft handover but who qualify for soft
handover
Neighbour Set
Those cells which are continuously monitored but do not yet qualify for
the Candidate Set
243
UTRAN
Handover Decisions in UMTS

=2
=2
Cell A and Cell B
Cell A and Cell C
Active set = 1
Pilot Ec/Io
Cell A
Window_DROP
Window_ADD
Window_REPLACE
Direction of Travel
Add Time Delay
Replace Time Delay
Drop Time Delay
244
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same

Node B
Iu
If an active set consists of two
connections to cells parented to

the same Node B then the
combining of the two channels
occurs at the Node B
This is known as a softer

handover
Iur
RNC
Node B
Node B
Cell
Cell
This has no transmission

implication if cells are collocated.
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
245
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between Node

Bs
I
u
If an active set consists of two

connections to cells parented
to different Node Bs then the
combining of the two channels
occurs at the RNC
This is known as a soft
Iur
RNC
Node B
Node B
Cell
Cell
handover
This doubles the transmission

cost of the call
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Uu
246
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

Iu
Iu
Iur
Serving RNS
RNC
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
Drift RNS
Node B
Uu
247
UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs
SRNS provides link between the Core Network and the UE
DRNS relays frames to SRNS through Iur
When the DRNS has more paths than the SRNS the two can
exchange function
SRNS also provides the selection function for the different

channels
As the UE moves then some diversity paths may be dropped
and others established
Reduces traffic on Iur
248
UTRAN
Site Selection Diversity Transmit Power

Control
Site selection diversity transmit power control (SSDT) is an

optional macro diversity method in soft handover mode.
The UE selects one of the cells from its active set to be

primary, all other cells are classed as non primary.
The main objective is to only transmit data on the downlink from

the primary cell
Reducing the interference caused by multiple transmissions in a soft

handover mode.
A second objective is to achieve fast site selection without

network intervention
Maintaining the advantage of the soft handover.
249
UTRAN
SSDT
Non-Primary Cell
Primary Cell
Each cell is assigned a temporary

identification (ID) and UE
periodically informs the primary cell
ID to the connecting cells.
The non-primary cells selected by

UE switch off the transmission
power for the downlink data.
UE
The primary cell ID is delivered by

UE to the active cells via uplink FBI
field
Control
The cell with the highest CPICH

RSCP is the primary cell.
Data
Non-Primary Cell
250
UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell structures
Cell Layers in UMTS work on a per carrier basis
Microcell/Macrocell Scenario
Frequency 1
Hotspot Scenario
Frequency 2
Frequencies 1 & 2
251
UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell Structures

Typically operators will be awarded
2 or 3 carriers
If they are awarded 3 carriers it is
Macro
FDD
Micro
FDD
Picro
TDD
then possible to implement HCS by

Using 2 paired carriers for the

macrocell layer
Using 1 paired carrier for the
microcell layer
Using any unpaired spectrum
allocated for the picocell layer
using TDD mode
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
Carrier 3
Carrier 4
252
UTRAN
Inter Frequency Measurements at the UE

GSM: Discontinuous transmission
Room for measurements required for Mobile Assisted Hand Off

TX
Uplink
Downlink
TX
RX
RX
Idle time for measurements
UMTS FDD: Continuous transmission

No idle time for measurements required for MAHO
Uplink
TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX
Downlink
RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX
253
UTRAN
Compressed Mode
In Compressed Mode a Transmission Gap is created

This allows inter-frequency and inter-system measurements
Probably only required for inter-frequency handover and intermode handover to GSM1800
GSM900 dual mode terminals will probably have separate receivers
Spanning
two frames
One Frame,
10ms
Spanning a
single frame
254
UTRAN
Compressed Mode
The Transmission Gap is created
by not transmitting for a number of
slots
Other slots in the frame impacted

are then forced to transmit at a
higher bit rate, a lower spreading
factor and a higher power to
maintain the user bit rate
It is possible to have gaps of 3, 4,

7, 10 and 14 slots
12 13 14 0
1 2
4 5
10 11 12 13 14 0
2 3
It is only possible to have gaps of

10 or 14 slots by using two frames
4 slot gap
255
UTRAN
Radio Environment Survey
Received Signal Code Power

Received Signal Strength Indicator

The received code power of the pilot
The total in-band signal strength of the carrier
Ec/Io can be derived from these two items
256
UTRAN
UTRAN System Access Control
Admission control
Congestion control
System information broadcasting
257
UTRAN
Admission Control
If loading is allowed to increase excessively then the coverage

area of the cell reduces below that planned - Admission Control
aims to avoid this
Admission Control functionality is located at the RNC to take

the impact on multiple cells into account
The Admission Control algorithm estimates the impact of

adding an additional bearer on both uplink and downlink
Only if both pass is the call admitted
There are two broad categories of algorithm

Wideband Power Based Admission Control algorithms
Throughput based Admission Control algorithms
258
UTRAN
Wideband Power Based Admission Control
Uplink Algorithm:
Itotal_old +Itotal > Ithreshold
Interference
Ithreshold
Max Planned Noise Rise
Itotal_old
Itotal
L
load
Downlink Algorithm:
Ptotal_old +Ptotal > Pthreshold
259
UTRAN
Throughput Based Admission Control
Uplink Algorithm
UL+L > UL_threshold
Downlink Algorithm
DL+L > DL_threshold
260
UTRAN
Congestion (Load) Control
Admission control should ensure that the system is not

overloaded
If it is then congestion control returns the system back to the

targeted load
Possible actions include

Downlink fast load control (deny downlink power up commands)
Uplink fast load control (reduce uplink Eb/No target)
Reduce packet data traffic throughput
Handover to another WCDMA carrier
Handover to GSM
Decrease bit rates for real time users (e.g. AMR bit rates)
Drop calls in a controlled fashion
261
UTRAN
UTRAN Radio Resource Management
Radio bearer set up and release

Reservation and release of physical radio channels
Allocation and release of physical radio channels
Allocation of downlink channelisation codes
Packet data transfer over radio function
Radio channel coding and control
Initial access detection and call handling
Power control
262
UTRAN
Packet Data Transfer
Packet Access is controlled in UMTS by a Packet Scheduler

(PS)
The tasks of the PS are to:
Divide the available air interface capacity between packet users
Decide which transport channels to use for each users packet data
Monitor the packet allocations and the system load
The PS is typically located at the RNC
263
UTRAN
Common Transport channels for packet

data
The Common Transport channels that

can be used for packet access are:
RACH
FACH
SMS
Text only email
Web Page request
User 7
User 6
User 5
User 4
Most Suitable for small individual

packets
User 3
Link level performance worse than that

of dedicated channels due to lack of
closed loop power control and soft
handover
User 2
Low setup time
User 1
Bitrate
Time
Time based packet scheduling is
the mechanism employed when
using the common and shared
channels
264
UTRAN
Dedicated Transport channels for packet

data
Slow setup time
Link level performance better than
Bitrate
that of common channels due to

fast closed loop power control and
ability to use soft handover
User 5
User 4
Most Suitable for medium or large
User 3
amounts of data
User 2
User 1
Time
Code/Transmit based packet
scheduling is the mechanism
employed when using the
dedicated channels
265
UTRAN
Shared Transport channels for packet data
The shared Transport channels that can be used for packet

access are
DSCH
CPCH
Targetted at bursty packet data

Share a code amongst many users
Can use fast power control
Cannot use soft handover
Suitable for medium amounts of data
266
UTRAN
Packet scheduling in UMTS

In reality the packet scheduler
users a combination of time and
code based packet scheduling
Bitrate
User 7
User 6
User 5
User 4
User 3
the admission control algorithm to

achieve the target load at a cell
User 2
User 1
The packet scheduler will work with
User E
User D
User C
User B
User A
Load
Time
Target Load
Free
Capacity
Non Controllable Real Time Load
267
UTRAN
Downlink Multiplexing and Channel Coding

Chain
CRC Attachment
Insertion of DTX
Indication (fixed
Positions only)
Insertion of DTX
indication (With Flexible
Positions only)
Transport Block
Concatenation/ Code
Block Segmentation
First Interleaving
(20, 40 or 80ms)
Physical Channel
Segmentation
Channel Coding
Radio Frame
Segmentation
Second
Interleaving
(10ms)
Transport Channel
Multiplexing
Physical Channel
Mapping
Other
Transport
Channels
Rate Matching
DPDCH DPDCH
#1
#2
DPDCH
#n
268
UTRAN
Uplink Multiplexing and Channel Coding

Chain
CRC Attachment
First Interleaving
(20, 40 or 80ms)
Transport Block
Concatenation/ Code
Block Segmentation
Radio Frame
Segmentation
Physical Channel
Segmentation
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Second
Interleaving
(10ms)
Transport Channel
Multiplexing
Physical Channel
Mapping
Radio Frame
Equalisation
Other
Transport
Channels
DPDCH DPDCH
#1
#2
DPDCH
#n
269
UTRAN
CRC Attachment
The Cyclic Redundancy Check is used to detect errors in the

transport blocks at the receiving end
There are five lengths of CRC that can be inserted

0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits
The more bits the CRC contains the lower the probability of
undetected error
270
UTRAN
Code Block Concatenation/Segmentation
The received transport block is either concatenated to other

transport blocks or segmented to allow it to fit into an
appropriate block size for the channel coding scheme chosen
It is typically better to concatenate as:

It reduces the encoder tail bits overhead

It can improve the performance of channel coding to have larger block
sizes
However over a certain limit segmentation is required to limit

complexity
271
UTRAN
Channel Coding
In UTRA two channel coding method are used

1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional coding
1/3 turbo coding

8 state Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code
272
UTRAN
Interleaving
Two different levels of interleaving are used:

Inter Frame interleaving

When the delay budget allows more than 10ms of interleaving
It is possible to have interleaving over 20, 40 and 80ms time periods
Intra Frame Interleaving

Over a 10ms time period
273
UTRAN
DTX Indication for Fixed and Flexible

Positions
The use of fixed positions means
that a given transport channel
always occupies the same
positions when multiplexed with
others
If there is no data DTX indication

symbols are inserted
Fixed Positions: A and

B Full Rate
TFCI
TrCH A
TrCH B
Pilot
Fixed Positions: B Full

Rate and A 1/3 Rate
TFCI
DTX
TPC
TrCH B
Pilot
Flexible Positions
Positions: A Full Rate
and B 1/3 Rate
The use of flexible positions means

that bits unused by one service can
be used by another
TPC
TFCI
TrCH A
TPC
Pilot
Fixed Positions: A 1/3

Rate and B 2/3 Rate
TFCI
DTX
TPC
TrCH B
Pilot
274
UTRAN
Downlink Transmit Diversity

UMTS explicitly allow the use of transmit diversity from the base station
However it is not possible to simply transmit simultaneously form two close
antennas as this would cause an interference pattern - the following
methods negate this issue
Transmit Diversity
Method
TSTD
STTD
Closed Loop Mode 1
Closed Loop Mode 2
Description
Time Switched Transmit antenna
Diversity (open loop)
Space Time block coding Transmit
antenna Diversity (open loop)
Different Orthogonal Pilots
Same Pilot
275
UTRAN
Channels Using Downlink Transmit

Diversity
Physical channel
type
P-CCPCH
SCH
S-CCPCH
DPCH
PICH
PDSCH
AICH
CSICH
Open loop mode

TSTD
STTD
Closed
loop
Mode
X
X
X
X
X
X
276
UTRAN
Time Switched Transmit antenna Diversity

(TSTD)
Even numbered slots transmitted on Antenna 1, odd numbered slots on Antenna 2
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #14
P-SCH
P-SCH
P-SCH
S-SCH
S-SCH
S-SCH
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Slot #2
P-SCH
S-SCH
277
UTRAN
Space Time block coding Transmit antenna

Diversity (STTD)
STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD support is mandatory at the UE
Channel coding, rate matching and interleaving is done as in the nondiversity mode.
STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive channel bits

The bit bi is real valued {0} for DTX bits and {1, -1} for all other channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b3
Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
278
UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode
Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in nondiversity mode
The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna

branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1
and w2
The weight factors are complex valued signals in general.

The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled
using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH.
279
UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

w1
Tx
Spread/scramble
DPCCH
Ant1
CPICH1
DPCH
Ant2
DPDCH
Tx
w2
CPICH2
Rx
w1
w2
Weight Generation
Rx
Determine FBI message

from Uplink DPCCH
280
UTRAN
Cell Search and Synchronisation

In UMTS base stations are not tightly synchronised (s-level) to a common
reference, e.g. GPS
Makes for easier deployment, e.g. in indoor environments

All cells transmit different scrambling codes plus common

synchronisation code
UE searches for primary synchronisation code with matched filter

Synchronises to new cell and acquires time slot clock
UE decodes secondary synchronisation code

Identification of new cell
Radio frame synchronisation
Can now find cells scrambling code from the CPICH to decode the Primary
CCPCH
281
UTRAN
Power Control
Two Levels of Power Control

Outer Loop
The RNC sets the target Eb/No based upon the BER of the received data
Inner loop
Open loop based upon estimating the path loss from the pilot
Fast closed loop Power control on both the uplink and the downlink
Based upon TPC bits
2 algorithms
Every received bit causes an adjustment in transmit power, either up or down

A set of commands is sent starting with a sequence of 4 0s. Only if all 5 command
the bits indicate up is the power increased, all the bits down is the power decreased.
Otherwise power remains the same
282
UTRAN
Power Control in Soft Handover
In Soft Handover multiple power control measurements might

be received
In this case a simple rule is used

If any command says power down, then power down
If all commands say power up, then power up
283
UTRAN
Questions
What is the difference between load control and congestion

control?
How does handover for UMTS differ from that in cdmaOne?

If we are continuously receiving data, how do we take
measurements for MAHO?
284
UTRAN
Session Summary
In this session we have discussed the major elements and

procedures for UTRAN
In the next session we are going to look at the Core Network
285
UMTS Core Network
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
286
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Core Network
287
UMTS Core Network
Contents
Core Network Overview
Entities in the Circuit Switched Domain
Entities Shared between the Circuit Switched Domain and the

Packet Switched Domain
Entities in the Packet Switched Domain
288
UMTS Core Network

This session aims to go into more
The CS and PS Domains
detail about the entities in the Core

Network
It contains:
Shared Entities
Entities in the CS Domain
Entities in the PS Domain
A revisit of the core network

overview
Entities in the different core
network domains
Areas in UMTS
UMTS System Areas
289
UMTS Core Network
Core Network (CN)
The Core Network consists of:

A Circuit Switched Domain
A Packet Switched Domain
Some CN entities may belong to both domains
CS Entities
Common
Entities
PS Entities
290
UMTS Core Network
General Core Network Architecture

Other MSC
CS Entities
UTRAN
Iu-cs
Mobile
Switching
Centre
GMSC
MSC/VLR
Common Entities
Equipment
Identity
Register
Gs Home LocationAuthentication
Centre
Register
Gr
Iu-ps
Gc
Gateway
GSN
Serving GSN
UTRAN
AuC
HLR
EIR
PS Entities
External Circuit
Switched
Networks
Gateway
MSC
SGSN
Gn
IU
Gn
GGSN
CN
Gi
External Packet
Switched
Networks
Other SGSN
291
UMTS Core Network
Why Separate CS domains and PS

domains?
Advantages of separation
Disadvantages of separation
Simple evolution from GSM/GPRS
Low Risk
Early Availability
Service Continuity
Build and manage 2 networks

Separate engineering and
dimensioning
Greater Infrastructure Cost
Duplicated Functions
MM in VLR and SGSN
292
UMTS Core Network
Shared Entities in the Core Network
All other entities are shared between the CS and PS domains

Home Location Register
Authentication Centre
Equipment Identity Register
SMS-Service Centre
293
UMTS Core Network
Home Location Register
A data base in charge of the management of mobile

subscribers.
A PLMN may contain one or several HLRs: it depends on the

number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment
and on the organisation of the network
Contains:
Subscription information;
Location information enabling the charging and routing of calls towards
the MSC where the MS is registered
294
UMTS Core Network
Equipment Identity Register
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is the logical entity which

is responsible for storing in the network the International Mobile
Equipment Identities (IMEIs)
The equipment is classified as "white listed", "grey listed",

"black listed" or it may be unknown
The white list is composed of all number series of equipment identities

that are permitted for use
The black list contains all equipment identities that belong to equipment
that need to be barred
Equipment on the grey list are not barred, but are tracked by the
network (for evaluation or other purposes)
295
UMTS Core Network
Authentication Centre
The Authentication Centre (AuC) is associated with an HLR,

and stores an identity key for each mobile subscriber registered
with the associated HLR. This key is used to generate:
data which are used to authenticate the International Mobile Subscriber

Identity (IMSI);
a key used to cipher communication over the radio path between the
mobile station and the network.
296
UMTS Core Network
SMS Service Centre
The SMS-SC deals with the transfer of short of short text

messages
This works on a store and forward basis
297
UMTS Core Network
Circuit Switched Domain
The CS domain deals with circuit switched type connections

and the associated signalling
i.e. those connections that require a dedicated resource
Entities specific to the CS domain are:

MSC
GMSC
VLR
298
UMTS Core Network
Mobile Switching Centre
The Mobile-services Switching Centre (MSC) constitutes the

interface between the radio system and the fixed networks.
The MSC performs all necessary functions in order to handle

the circuit switched services to and from the mobile stations
UMTS MSCs can be expected to be identical in hardware to

latest generation GSM MSCs, although with a different software
version
299
UMTS Core Network
Gateway MSC
If a network delivering a call to the PLMN cannot interrogate the

HLR, the call is routed to an MSC.
This MSC will interrogate the appropriate HLR and then route
the call to the MSC where the mobile station is located.
The MSC which performs the routing function to the actual

location of the MS is called the Gateway MSC (GMSC).
300
UMTS Core Network
Visitor Location Register
A mobile station roaming in an MSC area is controlled by the

Visitor Location Register in charge of this area.
When a Mobile Station (MS) enters a new location area it starts

a registration procedure.
The MSC in charge of that area notices this registration and

transfers to the Visitor Location Register the identity of the
location area where the MS is situated.
If this MS is no yet registered, the VLR and the HLR exchange

information to allow the proper handling of calls involving the
MS.
A VLR may be in charge of one or several MSC areas.
301
UMTS Core Network
Packet Switched Domain
The PS domain deals with packet switched type connections

and associated signalling
i.e. those that are comprised of concatenations of bits formed into

packets, each of which can be routed independantly
Entities specific to the PS domain are:

SGSN
GGSN
302
UMTS Core Network
Serving GPRS Support Node
Essentially a router supporting packet data transfer within

UMTS
For packet switched data performs additionally the role of the

VLR and contains:
Subscription information:
The IMSI;
One or more temporary identities;
Zero or more PDP addresses.
Location information:
Depending on the operating mode of the MS, the cell or the routeing area where the
MS is registered;
The VLR number of the associated VLR (if the Gs interface is implemented);
The GGSN address of each GGSN for which an active PDP context exists
303
UMTS Core Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node
Acts as a gateway into the packet switched network much as

the GMSC
subscription information:
the IMSI;
zero or more PDP addresses.
location information:
the SGSN address for the SGSN where the MS is registered.
304
UMTS Core Network
UMTS System Areas
Location Area
UEs registered on the CS domain report their position in terms of LA
UEs in idle mode monitor Location Area Identities (LAIs) and report changes
Stored in the VLR
Routing Area

UEs registered on the PS domain report their position in terms of RA

UEs in both idle and connected mode monitor Routing Area Identities (RAIs) and support
changes
Stored in the SGSN
UTRAN Registration Area

Used once a signaling/traffic connection is established
A subset of a RA
Only relevant to PS mode of operation
Used by the RNC (not really relevant to the CN)
305
UMTS Core Network
Questions
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having

separate CS and PS Domains in the core network?
Which entities are involved in Mobility Management of visiting

users?
306
UMTS Core Network
Session Summary
In this session we have looked at the major UMTS CN entities

in:
The CS Domain
The PS Domain
Shared entities
In the next session we shall look at the fixed network interfaces

in UMTS
307
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
308
309

General Protocol Model
IP vs ATM
ATM
This session aims to explore the

Fixed Network Interfaces in UMTS
in more detail
A general model for the interfaces
ATM in UMTS
The Fixed Network Interfaces
Iub
Iur
Iu
310
General Protocol Model for UTRAN

Terrestrial Interfaces
Radio Network
Layer
Transport
Network Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
Application
Protocol
Data Stream(s)
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
311
Horizontal Layers in the General Protocol

Model
All UTRAN related issues are only visible in the Radio Network
Layer
The Transport Layer simply represents standard transport

technology for use in UTRAN
e.g. ATM and appropriate adaptation layers
312
Vertical Planes in the General Protocol

Model
The Control Plane is for all UMTS specific control signalling including:
Application Protocol
Signalling Bearer
The User Plane is for all data sent and received by the user including:
Data Streams
Data Bearers
Transport Network Control Plane contains all signalling within the Transport
Layer
Transport Network User Plane contains the Signalling and Data Bearers for
the Radio Network Layer Protocols
313
IP vs. ATM
One of the major uncertainties over the fixed network interfaces

in UMTS is whether IP or ATM will be used
ATM is a mature technology and specified in the release 99 of

the 3GPP standards
IP v6 is required, if IP is to be used by UMTS, due to its QoS

improvements
314
ATM
ATM is the default transport network layer for a UMTS network

There are two types of ATM interconnections defined
NNI
Network-Network Interfaces
Interfaces between two ATM switches

UNI
User-Network Interfaces
Interfaces between a user terminal and an ATM switch
315
ATM Layer
ATM provides the data link
connection across a network
An ATM cell consists of:

A five octet header containing:

Virtual Path Identifier
OSI
3
Virtual Channel Identifier

A 48 octet payload
Higher Layer
Protocols
ATM Adaptation
Layer
Data Link Layer

ATM Layer
Physical
Physical Layer
316
ATM Service Classes

ATM Adaption Layer
Bit Rate
Example Use
Constant
Digital voice
Variable
AAL 3
Connection
Mode
Connection
Based
Connection
Based
Connection
AAL 4
AAL 5
Connectionless
Connectionless
Variable
Variable
Variable rate
video
X.25, Frame
Relay
TCP/IP, SMDS
TCP/IP
AAL 1
AAL 2
Variable
UMTS uses:
AAL2 to provide a synchronous connection based service
AAL5 to provide an asynchronous connectionless service
317
Major Interfaces in UMTS

There are four major new
CN
interfaces defined in UMTS

Iu
The interface between UTRAN
and the CN
RNC
Iur
The Interface between different
RNCs
Iub
The interface between the Node B
and the RNC
Iu
Uu
The air interface
Iur
RNC
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
318
Iub
The Iub is the interface between the RNC and the Node-B
Thus the Iub needs to carry:
The Node B effectively performs a relay function between the

Iub and the Uu
Layer 2+ signalling between the UE and the UTRAN
Signalling directly to the Node B

To control radio resource allocation
General control of the Node-B
O&M Functionality
319
Iub Protocol Stack

In the Iub the Application Protocol is
Service Specific Connection

Orientated Protocol (SSCOP)
AAL5
A dedicated AAL2 connection is
Transport Network
User Plane
PCH FP
Service Specific Co-ordination

Function - UNI (SSCF-UNI)
NBAP
FACH FP
Transport
Network Layer
User Plane
RACH FP
ATM Adaptation Layer UNI (SAALUNI) which itself comprises
Control Plane
DCH FP
This is carried over the Signalling
Radio Network
Layer
DSCH FP
the Node B Application Protocol

(NBAP)
Transport Network
User Plane
SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
reserved for each User Plane

service
320
Iub Radio Network Layer User Plane
The DCH Frame Protocol (FP) consists of:

Iub DCH Data Frames

The Iub interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink DCH
Iub frames between RNC and Node B.
The DCH Iub frame header includes uplink quality estimates and
synchronisation information
Iub DCH Control Frames

These are used to carry control information such as power and timing
control
Iub RACH FP, FACH FP, PCH FP and DSCH FP carry the
equivalent channels
321
Iub Radio Network Layer Control Plane

The Iub interface allows the RNC and the Node B to negotiate about radio resources
The protocol used is the Node B Application Part (NBAP)
Main Functions
Radio Channel Management
Radio Resource Management
Radio Network Performance Measurement
Cell Configuration Management
Operations and Maintenance
Iub Link Management
Example NBAP messages are:

measurement request
radio link set-up
cell set-up
cell delete
322
Implementation of the Iub
Transmission sharing between the GSM/GPRS Abis interface

and the Iub interface is allowed
The functional division between RNC and Node B has as few

options as possible
Neither the physical structure nor any internal protocols of the

Node B are visible over Iub and are thus not limiting factors, e.g.
When introducing future technology
In multi vendor networks
323
Iur
The Iur is the interface between two RNCs
Thus the Iur needs to support:
It enables the transport of air interface signalling between an

SRNC and a DRNC
Basic Inter RNC Mobility
Dedicated Channel Traffic
Common Channel Traffic
Global Resource Management
324
Iur Protocol Stack

In the Iub the Application Protocol is the Radio
Network Subsystem Application Protocol (RNSAP)
This is carried over the Broad Band SS7 (BB SS7)

Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b)

Service Specific Co-ordination Function - NNI

(SSCF-NNI)
SSCOP
AAL5
An alternative IP based signalling protocol can be

used comprising
SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA)
Simple Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
A dedicated AAL2 connection is reserved for each
Transport
Network Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
RNSAP
Transport Network
User Plane
CCH FP
Radio Network
Layer
DCH FP
protocols comprising
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
MTP3-B
M3UA
SSCF-NNI
SCTP
SSCOP
IP
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
User Plane service
325
Iur Radio Network Layer User Plane
The DCH Frame Protocol (FP) consists of:

Iur DCH Data Frames

The Iur interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink DCH
Iur frames between RNCs.
The DCH Iur frame header includes uplink quality estimates and
synchronisation information
Sometimes called Iur/IubDCH Data Frames as they are the same as on the
Iub
Iub DCH Control Frames

These are used to carry control information such as power and timing
control
Sometimes called Iur/IubDCH Control Frames as they are the same as on
the Iub
Similarly for CCH FP
326
Iur Radio Network Layer Control Plane
The Iur interface allows the RNCs to communicate regarding the

The protocol used is the Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP)
Split into 4 parts

Iur1: Basic Inter-RNC Mobility

SRNC Relocation
Inter RNC cell and URA Update
Inter RNC Packet Paging
Reporting of Protocol Errors
Iur2: Dedicated Channel Traffic

Iur3: Common Channel Traffic

Support of DCH transfer across the Iur

Transport of CCH transfer across the Iur
Iur4: Global Resource Management

Transfer of Cell Measurements
Transfer of Node B Timing Information
327
Implementation of the Iur
Some Vendors are suggesting collocated RNCs to rmove the

necessity for high data rate Iurs
328
Iu
The Iu is the interface between the Core Network and the

UTRAN
There are two instances of the Iu:

The Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the Packet Switched Network
The Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the Circuit Switched Network
329
Iu-ps Protocol Stack

In the Iu-ps the Application Protocol is the Radio
Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP)
This is carried over the Broad Band SS7 (BB SS7)

SCCP
MTP3-b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
An alternative IP based signalling protocol can be

used comprising
M3UA
SCTP
IP
A User Plane Protocols are carried over

GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User Plane (GTP-U)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
IP
AAL2
Radio Network
Layer
Transport
Network Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
RANAP
Iu User Plane
protocol
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
MTP3-B
M3UA
SSCF-NNI
SCTP
SSCOP
IP
GTP-U
UDP
IP
AAL2
AAL5
ATM
Physical Layer
330
Iu-cs Protocol Stack

In the Iu-cs the Application Protocol
is the RANAP
This is carried over the BB SS7
Radio Network
Layer
SCCP
MTP3-b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
A User Plane Protocols are carried

over AAL2
Transport
Network Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
RANAP
Iu User Plane
protocol
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
AAL5
AAL2
ATM
Physical Layer
331
RANAP Protocol
The RANAP functions are:

SRNS Relocation and Hard Handover
Radio Access Bearer Management
Reporting Unsuccessfully Transmitted Data
Common ID Management
Paging
Management of Tracing
UE-CN signalling transfer
Security mode control
Management of Tracing
UE-CN Signalling Transfer
Security Mode Control
Management of Overload over the Iu interface
Reset of the Iu interface
Location Reporting
332
Questions
What functions does the Iur have other than transporting data
and control channels to the SRNS?
What are the two horizontal layers of the General Protocol

Model and how do they differ?
Which ATM Adaptation Layers are used in UMTS and what are
their properites?
333
Session Summary
In this session we have looked at the major UMTS interfaces

Iu
Iub
Iur
We have also seen how these interfaces are split into a general
model and how this applies to specific instances
334
UMTS Mobiles
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
335
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Mobiles
336
UMTS Mobiles

This session aims to explore the
UE Service States
Idle Mode Processes
UE Measurements
UTRAN Measurements
functionality of the UE and the

processes that it directs
UE States and Idle Mode

Processes
UE measurements
Mobile Trends
Phones of the Future

Mobile Trends
337
UMTS Mobiles
UE Power Classes and Modes

Power Class
Maximum output power

TDD
Maximum output power

FDD
[+33] dBm
+33 dBm
[+27] dBm
+27 dBm
[+24] dBm
+24 dBm
[+21] dBm
+21 dBm
[+10] dBm
[ 0 ] dBm
338
UMTS Mobiles
User Equipment Service States
The UE operates in one of three basic

states
Detached
Detached
Not registered to the network
Idle
Registered to the network and
performing both LA and RA updates
CS-Connected
PS-Connected
Connected
CS-Connected
Does not perform LA updates

CS Signalling/Traffic Link
Established
Idle
PS-Connected
PS Signalling/Traffic Link
Established
RA updates for boundary crossings
339
UMTS Mobiles
Idle Mode
Idle mode is when the UE has:
Selected a PLMN
Selected a cell
Carried out Location Registration
Once in Idle mode the UE continually reassess its serving cell

Monitoring the serving cells and neighbouring cells radio performance

The UE should be served by the most reliable cell
Monitoring signalling information

P-CCPCH for cell and system parameters which could provoke cell reselection
S-CCPCH for paging or notification resulting in connection establishment
340
UMTS Mobiles
Synchronisation
In order to select a PLMN or cell the UE must first be

synchronised to the network
As we discussed earlier the procedure for this is:
Derive timing from P-SCH
Derive scrambling code group from S-SCH
Derive scrambling code from CPICH
Once the UE has this information it can then decode the PCCPCH since it already knows it s rate and channelisation
code which are fixed
341
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Selection
There are two possibilities for cell selection procedures:

Initial Cell Selection

The UE has no knowledge of which radio channels th ePLMN is using.
The UE scans all channels within the UMTS band
Once a carrier belonging to the required PLMN is found the UE will begin
cell selection
Stored Information Cell Selection

The UE has previously stored information on the carrier frequencies of the
required PLMN
342
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Selection Criteria
Cell Selection is based upon S where

S = Qmeas - Qmin - Pcompensation

Q meas is the Signal to Interference Ratio for the candidate cell
Qmin is the minimum required SIR
Pcompensation is a correction value for different power classes of mobile
If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate
The UE will camp on the cell with the highest S
343
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Reselection
The causes for cell reselection are:

A better cell has been found
S has fallen below 0
Communication with the serving cell has failed
The serving cell has become barred or forbidden
344
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Reselection Criteria

Cell Reselection is based upon R where:
Rs = Qmaps + Qhysts
Rn = Qmapn - Qoffset - TOn.(1-Ln)

Rs is the rank for the serving cell
Rn is the rank for a neighbouring cell
Qmaps is the quality measurement from the serving cell
Qmapn is the quality measurement from a neighbouring cell
Qhysts and Qoffset are broadcast by the serving cell and used to control the traffic
distribution in the system
TOn is a tempory offset present until a timer expiry to prevent short term reselection
Ln determines whether TOn is used
The cell with the highest ranking is selcted

If this is a neighbour cell this is only occurs if this status is maintained for a
period in time
345
UMTS Mobiles
Immediate Cell Evaluation
Just prior to a RACH the UE will perform a search to ensure

that it is using the correct cell
Cell reselection occurs if

Sn > 0
Qmapn > Qmaps + Qoffset
346
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UE
UTRA carrier RSSI

CPICH RSCP
Received Signal Strength Indicator, wideband received power within the channel bandwidth
CPICH Received Signal Code Power, received power on CPICH after despreading
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH Energy/chip to Noise power spectral density,

(CPICH Ec/Io) = (CPICH RSCP) / RSSI
CPICH ISCP
CPICH Interference on Signal Code Power, interference on received signal after

despreading
CPICH SIR
CPICH Signal to Interference Ratio,

(CPICH SIR) = (CPICH RSCP) / (CPICH ISCP)
347
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UE
SIR
Signal to Interference Ratio,

SIR = (DPCCH RSCP) / (DPCCH ISCP)
Transport channel BLER

Estimation of transport channel block error rate
UE transmitted power
Total transmitted power of the UE measured at the antenna

connector/indication of TX power reaching threshold
348
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UTRAN
Transport channel BLER

Physical channel BER

Estimation of transport channel block error rate
Physical channel BER measured on control part after RL combining
Transport channel BER

Transport channel BER measured on data part after RL combining
349
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UTRAN
RSSI
Transmitted carrier power

Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wideband received power within

the UL channel
The transmitter carrier power is the ratio between the total transmitted
power on one DL carrier and the maximum power to use on that carrier
Transmitted code power

The transmitted power on one carrier, scrambling and channelisation

code combination
350
UMTS Mobiles
Some UMTS Options

Information
Manager
384 kbits/s data

Phone
Voice + low data
3G
Core
PC Card
2 Mbits/s data
351
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the Future: DoCoMo
352
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the Future: Ericsson
353
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the future: Panasonic
354
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of Today: Nokia
355
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of Today: Ubinetics
356
UMTS Mobiles
Handheld Products: Small Runs...
1998 figures:
3 m total PDA sales (US)
62 models in the marketplace!
Average product lifetime ~1 year
A successful GSM phone model might sell 10 m

Quite a difference in volume

Which will model UMTS follow???
357
UMTS Mobiles
PA Technology Predictions
Vast range of products by 2005, changing fast

Some will be palmtops, most will not

Diverse range of services, using GSM, GPRS, UMTS, fixed line or a
combination
UMTS needs to accommodate the take up of services which are starting
now over 2G and 2.5G technologies
Most of the UK may never have UMTS coverage

UMTS is just another modem

Should be product independent
Must be cheap for consumer products
GSM/GPRS multi-mode is vital
358
UMTS Mobiles
Terminal Types
Source: UMTS Forum
359
UMTS Mobiles
Parts Cost: 3G PDA

$ 300.00
$ 250.00
$ 200.00
$ 150.00
Sundry
Keypad
LCD screen
WinCE license
CPU
8 Mbyte ROM
8 Mbyte RAM
Baseband
RF
UMTS Inside becomes a small part of

product parts cost, compared with eg
B&W LCD screen (~ $80)
WinCE CPU (eg MIPS, ARM ($5 - 15)
Pentium II ($500)
Other
Items
$ 100.00
UMTS
Inside
$ 50.00
$ 0.00
GSM
UTRA
UTRA PDA
360
UMTS Mobiles
Questions
What does the UE do before making a random access attempt?

What are the four UE Service States?
What are the major components of cost for a PDA style mobile?
361
UMTS Mobiles
Session Summary
In this session we have investigated some of the UE processes

an the future evolution of mobiles
In the final session we shall look at some of the services that

can be carried by the UE in UMTS
362
UMTS Services
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
363
UMTS Services
UMTS Services
364
UMTS Services

UMTS Services and
Applications
In this session we shall look at

services and QoS issues in UMTS
Architecture of a UMTS
Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Attributes
UMTS services
QoS Bearer Architecture and
Attributes
Service Classes
Major Service Types
UMTS QoS Classes

Example UMTS Services
365
UMTS Services
UMTS Services and Applications

Office Information
Information
Virtual Working Groups

Tele-working
Schedule Synchronisation
Intelligent Search and Filtering agents

Internet Surfing
On-line media
Special Services
On-line translation
Security Service
Local information
Hotline
Booking & Reservation
Tele-medecine
News
Communications
Financial Services
Video Telephony
Video Conferencing
Speech
Email
Announcing Services
SMS
Electronic Postcards
On-line banking
Universal SIM & Credit Card
Home Shopping
Stock Quotes
Telemetric Services
Machine-Machine Services
Location Based Tracking
Navigation Assistance
Education
Travel Information
Virtual School
Fleet Management
On-line Laboratories
Remote Diagnostics
On-line Library
On-line Training
Remote Consultation
Public Services
Public Elections/Voting
Public Information
Help
Broadcast Services
Yellow Pages
Leisure
Virtual Book Store

Music on Demand
Games on Demand
Video-clips
Virtual Sight Seeing
Lottery Services
366
UMTS Services
Architecture of a UMTS bearer service

TE
UE
UTRAN
CN
CN
edge node
gateway
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/UE Local
Bearer Service
External Bearer
Service
UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service
Radio Bearer
Service
Iu Bearer Service
UTRA FDD/TDD
Service
Physical Bearer
Service
CN Bearer
Service
Backbone Network
Service
367
UMTS Services
QoS Bearer Attributes
Maximum bitrate (kbps)

Guaranteed bitrate (kbps)
Delivery order (y/n)
Transfer delay (ms)

Traffic handling priority
Allocation/Retention Priority
Maximum SDU size (octets)

SDU format information (bits)
SDU error ratio

Residual bit error ratio
Delivery of erroneous SDUs
(y/n/-)
368
UMTS Services
Maximum bitrate
Maximum bitrate (kbps)

Maximum bitrate can be used to make code reservations in the downlink

of the radio interface
Its purpose is
to limit the delivered bitrate to applications or external networks with such
limitations
to allow maximum wanted user bitrate to be defined for applications able
to operate with different rates
369
UMTS Services
Guaranteed bitrate
Guaranteed number of bits delivered by UMTS within a time

period
Guaranteed bitrate may be used to facilitate
admission control based on available resources and
resource allocation within UMTS.
Quality requirements expressed by e.g. delay and reliability

attributes only apply to incoming traffic up to the guaranteed
bitrate
370
UMTS Services
Delivery order
Indicates whether the UMTS bearer shall provide in-sequence

SDU delivery or not.
The attribute is derived from the user protocol (PDP type) and
specifies if out-of-sequence SDUs are acceptable or not.
This information cannot be extracted from the traffic class.

Whether out-of-sequence SDUs are dropped or re-ordered
depends on the specified reliability
371
UMTS Services
Maximum SDU size
The maximum allowed SDU size

The maximum SDU size is used for admission control and
policing.
372
UMTS Services
SDU format information
List of possible exact sizes of SDUs
Thus, if the application can specify SDU sizes, the bearer is

less expensive
UTRAN needs SDU size information to be able to operate in

transparent RLC protocol mode, which is beneficial to spectral
efficiency and delay when RLC re-transmission is not used.
373
UMTS Services
SDU error ratio
Indicates the fraction of SDUs lost or detected as erroneous.
Used to configure the protocols, algorithms and error detection

schemes, primarily within UTRAN.
Note that by reserving resources, SDU error ratio performance

is independent of the loading conditions, whereas without
reserved resources, such as in Interactive and Background
classes, SDU error ratio is used as target value.
374
UMTS Services
Residual bit error ratio
Indicates the undetected bit error ratio in the delivered SDUs.
Used to configure radio interface protocols, algorithms and

error detection coding
If no error detection is requested, Residual bit error ratio

indicates the bit error ratio in the delivered SDUs.
375
UMTS Services
Delivery of erroneous SDUs
Indicates whether SDUs detected as erroneous shall be

delivered or discarded.
Used to decide whether error detection is needed and whether

frames with detected errors shall be forwarded or not.
376
UMTS Services
Transfer delay
Indicates maximum delay for 95th percentile of the distribution of delay for
all delivered SDUs during the lifetime of a bearer service
Delay for an SDU is defined as the time from a request to transfer an SDU at
one SAP to its delivery at the other SAP.
Used to specify the delay tolerated by the application.

It allows UTRAN to set transport formats and ARQ parameters
Transfer delay of an arbitrary SDU is not meaningful for a bursty source,
since the last SDUs of a burst may have long delay due to queuing, whereas
the meaningful response delay perceived by the user is the delay of the first
SDU of the burst.
377
UMTS Services
Traffic handling priority
Specifies the relative importance for handling of all SDUs

belonging to the UMTS bearer compared to the SDUs of other
bearers.
Within the interactive class, there is a definite need to

differentiate between bearer qualities.
This is handled by using the traffic handling priority attribute, to

allow UMTS to schedule traffic accordingly.
By definition, priority is an alternative to absolute guarantees,

and thus these two attribute types cannot be used together for
a single bearer.]
378
UMTS Services
Allocation/Retention Priority
Specifies the relative importance compared to other UMTS

bearers for allocation and retention of the UMTS bearer. The
Allocation/Retention Priority attribute is a subscription
parameter which is not negotiated from the mobile terminal.
Priority is used for differentiating between bearers when

performing allocation and retention of a bearer.
In situations where resources are scarce, the relevant network

elements can use the Allocation/Retention Priority to prioritise
bearers with a high Allocation/Retention Priority over bearers
with a low Allocation/Retention Priority when performing
admission control
379
UMTS Services
Asymmetric Bearers
Uni-directional and bi-directional bearer services are supported.

For bi-directional bearer services, the attributes Maximum
bitrate and Guaranteed bitrate can be set separately for
uplink/downlink in order to support asymmetric bearers.
380
UMTS Services
UMTS QoS Classes
UMTS attempts to fulfil QoS requests from the user

Four traffic classes have been identified
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Main distinguishing feature is delay sensitivity
381
UMTS Services
Conversational Class
Preserve time relation between information entities of the

stream - transmission and reception in the same order
Conversational pattern - symmetric

Real time - low delay required
Typically between peers
Example Applications:
Voice
Videotelephony
Video Games
382
UMTS Services
Streaming
Preserve time relation between information entities of the

stream - transmission and reception in the same order
Highly asymmetric
Real time - relatively low delay required
Typically between server and client
Example Applications
Web broadcast
Video on demand
Miscellaneous streaming multimedia
383
UMTS Services
Interactive
Request response pattern

Preserve data integrity
Relatively delay sensitive but not real time
Treated as non-real time packet based
Example applications:
Web browsing
Network games
Location based services
Database retrieval
384
UMTS Services
Background
Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time

Preserve data integrity
Treated as non-real time packet based
Example Applications
Download of emails
SMS
Reception of measurement records
385
UMTS Services
UMTS Circuit Switched Bearer Services
Five Circuit switched bearer services have been defined:

Speech
Adaptive Multi Rate
Transparent Data (Unrestricted Digital Information)

32kbps, 56kbps, 64kbps
Transparent Data (Audio)

28.8kbps, 33.6 kbps
Non Transparent Fax

28.8kbps
Non Transparent Data

14.4kbps, 28.8kbps, 57.6kbps
386
UMTS Services
UMTS AMR Speech Codec
Standard codec likely to be the multirate coder developed for

GSM
provides EFR quality for good channel
provides good quality in poor conditions
The multirate codec has 14 combined channel and codec

modes
codec produces 8 source rates (4.75, 5.15, 5.9, 6.7(PDC-EFR), 7.4(IS641), 7.95, 10.2 and 12.2 kbps(GSM-EFR))
employs variable protection coding according to channel
coding rate between 1/2 and 1/5
puncturing used to match bit rate to channel
387
UMTS Services
Universal Personal Telecommunications
UPT means a user can be contacted wherever they are through

a single number
User mobility rather than terminal mobility
The number translation capability of IN can be used to route a

call to a convenient and suitably equipped local terminal
A number is associated with a person not a terminal or ID card
388
UMTS Services
Virtual Home Environment
The VHE means that a roaming user can access the services
that he would have access to on his home network
Ideally the user should not notice he is not in his home network
Again VHE can be implemented in UMTS through the inclusion of IN

functionality
389
UMTS Services
SIM Application Toolkit

SIM Application Toolkit Features include:
Profile Download
To verify support of the SIM Application Toolkit by both SIM and ME
Data Download
To enable SMS to transfer data directly to an application on the SIM
Proactive SIM
To allow the SIM to operate the call control functions of the ME
Menu Selection
To enable an application on the SIM to create and operate a menu on the ME
Call Control by SIM

All dialled digits may be passed to an application on the SIM which may bar, modify
or allow the call
390
UMTS Services
Location Based Services
In many regions a Location Function is a condition of the

license
Location information may be provided on request from a client

application (in either the UE or CN)
There are three main types of location derivation

Cell Identity Based

Giving a position within the cells coverage area
Timing Based
Derived from relative timing measurements made on radio transmissions
Network Assisted GPS

A UE is equipped with a GPS, whose performance may be improved by
the network
391
UMTS Services
Questions
What are the four UMTS QoS Classes?
What is the maximum and minimum rate of the AMR speech

codec?
How might location be determined for location based services

in UMTS?
392
UMTS Services
Session Summary
In this session we have investigated

QoS Architecture in UMTS
Bearer attributes
QoS Classes
Example services such as the AMR
393
Course Roundup
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview

UMTS Air Interface
Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
Course Roundup
394
Course Roundup
Course Roundup
395
Intentionally left blank
396

UMTS System Overview

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UMTS Network Systems

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Contents and Session Aims

This session is a get to know you

It aims to answer the following

Who are AIRCOM and why are

It also aims to cover the logistics of

Course Schedule and

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Whens the lunch/coffee/cigarette

This course is aimed at:

Engineers and technical specialists familiar with telecommunications and

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

An understanding of the basic concepts of:

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

To teach the student about

The background to UMTS

The basics of CDMA cellular technology

The elements and architecture of a UMTS network

Techniques specific to UMTS

The UMTS air interface

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

UMTS Core Network

UMTS Fixed Network

UTRA Air Interface

UTRA Air Interface

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

How the Sessions are Organised

To remind you where you are when you wake up!

Theres also a section title at the top left of the slide...

Contents and Aims

Questions to Me (if you dont understand or want to know more)

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

3rd Generation Drivers and

CDMA Mobile Technology

UMTS Architecture Overview

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Day 2 Introductory Session

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

3rd Generation Drivers and

CDMA Mobile Technology

UMTS Architecture Overview

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Day 2 Introductory Session

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

Contents and Session Aims

This is a background session to set

Firstly we will examine what we

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

We will look at different

This will allow us to see why 3G

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview

terrestrial mobile communications

Users are provided wide area

Users are provided limited mobility

Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview