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Analog Signals:
The signals were talking about are time-varying quantities which convey some sort of
information. Signals are passed between devices in order to send and receive information,
which might be video, audio, or some sort of encoded data. Usually the signals are
transmitted through wires, but they could also pass through the air via radio frequency (RF)
waves. An Analog signal should be smooth and continuous.
Digital Signal:
Digital signals will be one of two values like either 0V or 5V. Timing graphs of these
signals look like square waves.
n Negative logic representation Bit 1 represents logic low and Bit 0 represents logic high as
shown in Fig 3 a and b. In terms of voltage level, bit 1 can be represented as +5V and bit 0
can be represented as 0 V or -5 Volts
Propagation delay, symbolized tpd, is the time required for a digital signal to travel from the
input(s) of a logic gate to the output. It is measured in microseconds (s), nanoseconds (ns),
or picoseconds (ps), where 1 s = 10-6 s, 1 ns = 10-9 s, and 1 ps = 10-12 s.
Fan-in is the number of inputs a gate can handle. For instance the fan-in for the AND gate is
3. Physical logic gates with a large fan-in tend to be slower than those with a small fan-in.
This is because the complexity of the input circuitry increases the input capacitance of the
device.
Fan-out is a term that defines the maximum number of digital inputs that the output of a
single logic gate can feed. Most transistor-transistor logic ( TTL ) gates can feed up to 10
other digital gates or devices.
Circuit noise immunity is the ability of a device or component to operate in the presence of
noise disturbance.
The following diagram shows a temperature control system that requires analog/digital
conversions in order to allow the use of digital processing techniques.