.

. ,

:
ftp://ftp.nac.ua/wikner/sktintro.ps600-jan02

,
, ,
,
-1 Dhtu-p ha2 .

, ,
Devangar, :
-.

;
(
).
()
Devangar, ,
Devangar .
sandhi
.
-,

.

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass ()

Oxford University Press ():
, ,
.
2
Dhtu-Pha, , J.L. Shastri Motilal
Banarsidass. .

artha Dhtu-p ha
.
,
,

.
,
,

.
,
, .
,
:
.
, ,

sandhi.

, .
,
,
, . ,
, : ,
, ,
.

3
(. ),
,
Bhagavad-gt Upani ad.

.
.........................................................................................................
...................
,
:

. ,

.1.
.........................................................................................................
...................

.
.
wikner@nac.ac.za
1996.

(. .)

1
1..1
1..2
1..3 : a i u
1..4 :
1..5 : e ai o au
1..6
1..7 akti: a a
1..8
1..1 dhtu
1..2
1..3
1..4 -

2
2..1
2..2 : ka ma
2..3
2..4 Devangar
2..1

2..2

3
3..1 : ya ra la va
3..2 : a a sa
3..3 : ha
3..4
3..5
3..6 Devangar
3..1
3..2
3..3

5
4

7..5 ja
7..6

4..1 Devangar
4..1
4..2
4..3

7..1
7..2

8
5
5..1 Devangar
5..1
5..2

8..1
8..2 Savar a
8..3 anusvra
8..4. Devangar
8..1
8..2
8..3
8..4
8..5

6..1
6..2
9
6..1
6..2
6..3
6..4

7
7..1 Halanta-
7..2
7..3 k a ja
7..4 k a

9..1
9..2 Devangar
9..3 sa yoga
9..4
9..1
9..2 iti
9..3

10

6
13
10..1 sandhi
10..2 Gu a v ddhi
10..3 Sandhi
10..4 sandhi
10..5 Samprasra a
10..1
10..2
10..3

11
11. .1 Visarga-sandhi
11..2 Sandhi
11..3 sandhi
11..1 Dvandva-samsa
11..2 Tatpuru a-samsa
11..3 Avyaybhva-samsa
11..4 Bahuvrhi-samsa
11..5.

12
12.1 -
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

13.1 , sa13.2 Devangar

13.3 -dhtu
13.4
13.5 :
13.6
13.7
13.8

14
14.1 dhtu
14.2 , dhtu
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
15
15.1 Dhtu-p ha
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5 dhtu
15.6 Dhtu-p ha
15.7
15.8
1.

7
2.

:
( DakimrtiUpaniad, A.M. Sastri)
(

tejas sharp (edge of a knife); point of top of flame or ray,

glow, glare, splendour, brilliance, light, fire ( (
); , , ,
, , , ).
tij MW446a to be or become sharp (
).
Dh.P.
nina MW561a n. sharpening, whetting; observing,
perceiving (; , ).

Kaha-Upaniad, Svm arvnanda)

. ( Kaha-Upaniad,
Svm Gambhrnanda)
. (
Taittirya 2.t, Svm arvnanda)

: tejas ,
.
,
.

. ( Taittirya 2.t, Svm

Gambhrnanda)
. (First Lessons of Sanskrit,

, "",
" " ( ), "".

Judith Tyberg).

, ,
adhta ( ,
).
, ,
adhta MW220 mfn. attained, studied, read, well-read,
tejasvin.
learned (, , ).
tejasvin MW454c mfn. brilliant, splendid, bright, energetic
adhi-i to turn the mind towards, observe, understand
(, , , ).
( -, , ).
[Pini: -vin
adhi MW20b , ,
-
, , .
matup (" ",
i to go, walk; to flow; to blow; to advance, spread, get
" ")]
about; to go to or towards, come; to succeed, to arrive at,
reach, obtain, to undertake anything; to be employed in,

9

go on with , continue in any condition or relation (,
, :
; ; , , , ; ,
-, , , " * ".
; ,
-, -

Dh.P.
smaraa MW1272b n. the act of causing to remember,
reminding, calling to mind ().
Dh.P.
adhyayana MW22c n. reading, studying, especially the
Vedas (, , ).
Dh.P.
gati MW347c f. going, moving, gait, deportment,
motion in general (, ,
).
, as
(), " ", "!"
as MW117a to be, live, exist, be present, take place, happen
(, , , , ,
).
Dh.P.
bh MW760c f. the act of becoming or arising (
).
adhtam ,
tejasvi ,
, " ".

, , .

10

1.
Devangar.
Devangar " " (
, deva-nagara
" "). Devangar
.
. "a"
(, fat, fate, fare, far),
.
Devangar
.
,
.

, .
: (svara)
(vyajana). svara
, , ; vyajana (),
( ).

1..1
(hrasva), (drgha)
(pluta). (mtr),
, .

(, , , )
,
, ,
).
;
( )
. , ,
Devangar, ,
3. (
).

11

1..2
:
.

.
, , ,
,
, , ,

. ,
,
.

.
?
;
,
.

,
a "but",
"bat". ,
"harm", "ham".
a ;

a3. a ,


, sandhi ( ).
!
, 6 ( ); i3, a3

(
! : ,
).
a3, ,
,
,
a3
, .
.
, ,
! , .
u3, ,
(, ,
, );
1..3 : a i u
,
, .
a3 : , , i3.
, ,

12
i "pink",
"pin",
"peep" "seat"; u "put"
"soot", "boot"
"suit".

13

1..4 :
, 3,
i3,
, ,
, .
i3,
:
, ,
.
, 3,
3
.

,
(k p - ,
).
, ,

, -
i, , k
ik. K a
.

1..5 : e ai o au
, 3,
i3,
, .
, 3.
, , ,
.
pa ita ri,
, r. ,
lri lr.
, . ,
,
Przybylski.
, "interesting"
"int'r'sting" "int sting",
"p dy" "pretty".

,
. a,
u i,
, i
.
(samnk ara),

,
,
.
a
i u,
(sandhyak ara).

14
e , a
,
i. , a
,
i
. ,

e.
e "fair"
"eight".
ai , e
a,
.
e a
, , e a,
,
i e
,
a.
ai
"aisle" "pie";

a i.

, o
, a
, u,
,
, u,
,
a.
o -
"awe" "owe" (
"corn" "cone");
,

.
, , au , a
o,

,
u
a,
.
au
"down" "hound",

a u.

15

1..6

ai

u / a.
,
,

o

, :
.
au

, e ai o au
,

(drgha),/ ,
(pluta), .

aisle pie

put/boot

owe
awe

down
hound

(acre)

(table)

but, bat

harm, ham

i/

pink/peep

fair eight
anusvra

1..7 akti: a

visarga, mt k
( ) akti ( ). Anusvra ( )
"", ,
. ,
*
,
. . , anusvra
.

16

. Visarga ( ) visarjanya
.
, a a a, i i i,
u u u,
, e e i, ai ai i, o o u,
au au u.

.
, . -
, :
. ,
,
,
.
,
.

, anusvra visarga
,
sandhi ( ). anusvra
visarga ,
Devangar
a akti, ( ,
:
). : ,
a i u
e ai o au a
a
Devangar, . ,
:

,
, ,
.
,
.

, , ( 15-20 , 15-20
) (drgha) .
- .

1..8
,
. ,
.

17

,
,

(Schaeffer, Platignum ..)
22, .

"" 1000-

.
, (2,5 )

,
(0,6 ) .

1/8
,
1/6 .

Devangar .
(hrasva) (drgha)
.
a , i ,
u .

18

1.
:

( ):

.

1..1 dhtu
Dhtu ,
: ,

.

,
.
, "stand" ()
"state" (),
,
- () st,
", ".
st
, stay, stow, stack, stem, stammer
(, , , ,
).

,
,
dhtu ,
"to stand" (). .
, ,
"misunderstand" ( ), ,
st
, "standard" dhtu sth, "
(, ). , "stand"
". , ,
: constant, constitution, stagnant, instant, static,
dhtu sth, "".
estate, extant, ecstatic (, , ,
-
, , , ,
,
) ..
: stand, remain, continue, be intent upon, make a
practice of, keep on, persevere, endure, last, adhere to, stand still,
dhtu , . stay quiet, remain stationary, stop, halt, wait, tarry, linger, hesitate,
dhtu , .
rely on, confide in, desist, be left alone (, ,
, ,
(), ,
, , , , ,

19
, , -, ,
, ) ..
" ",
dhtu sth,
Dhtu-p ha (" "). Dhtu-p ha
2 000 ,

.

"".
(ekavacana),
puru a:
prathama-puru a
madhyamapuru a
uttama-puru a

dhtu
()
a ga
()

"
ti ha "

ti ha
ti
//
sth

kriy
()
,
(puru a): (prathama-puru a), (madhyamapuru a) (uttama-puru a). uttama
ud- () -tama (
) ", "
"", uttama-puru a
" "; , , ,

//

ti has

i
i

ti h
mi

1..2
dhtu (
"") (a ga), ,
(kriy)
(ti -vibhakti). :

ti hat

,
.
(a ga) dhtu
, sth.
, vad vadati "//
".
, ,
; (avyaya).
ca (", "),
.

:
vadmi
ti hati vadmi
ca

.
, .

20
ti hasi vadasi
ca

4. ti hmi vadati ca
5. vadasi ti hmi ca
6. ti hmi vadmi ca

1..3
,

: , .
:
,
.

.
) mt k

.
)
Devangar.
) "stand"
.
) :
1. ti hasi vadmi ca
2. ti hati vadasi ca
3. vadmi ti hasi ca

) :
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , .
6. , .

1..4 -
-
.
. -
.
- (, :)
.
( -
.)

21

2.

(o hya),
u.
: e
ai
(ka hatlavya), o au
(ka ho hya).

(sthna), (svara),
(vyajana).

(bhyantara-)
(bhya-)
(prayatna).
, ,
.

.

ka hy

mrdhanya

tlav
ya

2..1

dant
ya

o hy
a

.
, ,
, ,

(ka hya): a.
, ,
,
(tlavya),
i.
(mrdhanya),
,
(dantya),
. , ,

2..2 : ka
ma

(spara),
(sp a) ,
( ).
(varga)
. ,
. ,
(ka-varga) ,
, (pavarga) .

22
a
, , ,
.
, , "bc-d" "bee-cee-dee". ,
"consonant" "cum" (
) "sonre" ().
ka hy
a

tlavya

mrdhanya

danty

o hy

ka

ca

ta

pa

kha

cha

ha

tha

pha

ga

ja

da

ba

gha

jha

ha

dha

bha

na

ma

: ,
, ka ca a ta pa.
,
(alpapr a),
(mahpr a).

(gho a),
, ,
(agho a).
(anunsika),
.
ka-varga pa-varga
mt k:
aiu
e ai o au a a ka kha ga gha a ca cha ja jha a
a ha a ha a ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ...

2..3
(2..2)
,
.
(agho a)
, (gho a)
;
:
ka ga a.
(anunsika)
,
.
(pr a)
, -.

23


, ,
, , pa pha:
p, "pick" "peek"
,
. alpapr a
mahpr a , ,

, ,
gho a ,
. , bha
"baha".

, ,
.
,
d t - (dantya)
(mrdhanya) ;
,
(tlavya) ,
ca "tsha", ja "dza".
,
, ca
ka, ja ga, ..


. ,
, (dantya)
(mrdhanya) .

k kiss, kiln, back

kh bunkhouse ("bungkhouse")
g good, give, bug
gh loghouse ("log-ghouse")
sing, long, tongue
c cello, chair, church
ch coach-horse ("coachhorse")
j just, jolly, joy
jh hedgehog ("hej-jhog")
enjoy, canyon, pinch

/t tub, tap, cart

h/th anthill ("an-thill")
/d day, dog, god
h/dh redhead ("reddhead")
/n gentle, hand, gain
p pick, pat, tap
ph uphill ("up-phill")
b be, cab, imbibe
bh clubhouse ("clubbhouse")
m amble, mumble

,
.
pha
"fa", , (danto hya):
,
pha (o hya).

2..4 Devangar

Devangar; mt k .

:

24

o a
u

i
a

25

2.
Dhtu (ga a);

(a ga) dhtu. ,

, (bhvdi-ga a).

2..1

puru a
(), (vacana):
,
: , (eka-vacana), (dvi-vacana) ,
(bahu-vacana).
(, , ) :
(, , , ..).
,

:
(might, ought, should, had
..),
eka-vacana
dvi-vacana
bahu-vacana .
. lakra l-,
prathamati hati
ti hata
ti hanti
l.
puru a

//
()

, la .

madhyamapuru a

ti hasi

uttamapuru a

ti hmi

ti hatha
()

ti hva
()

ti hatha

ti hma

,
.

26

2..2
) mt k
.

5. .
6. () .
7. () .
8. .

) mt k
Devangar.
) :
1. ti hanti vadata ca
2. ti hatha vadva ca
3. vadma ti hata ca
4. ti hasi vadatha ca
5. ti hatha vadatha ca
6. vadata ti hma ca
7. ti hati vadanti ca
8. ti hasi vadva ca
) :
1. () .
2. () .
3. () .
4. .

27

3.

ka kakra ("ka-"),
ga gakra, .
/, (, akra),
ra, repha ("" "")
"ra", rakra. Anusvra visarga (
visarjanya), sandhi
( ) , ,
,
-kra.

ya

ra

la

va

(vyajana).

, ya, ra la,
"yum", "rum" "luck",
.
(anta stha), va,
"wa":

sandhi.
"va",
, ,
danto hya.

3..1 : ya ra la va

(anta stha) ,
a: i a,
ya, , a, ra,
a la, u a va.
a a ,
.
, anta stha
(" "). anta stha
(gho a).
( atsp a), ,
.
ka hy
a

tlavya

mrdhanya

danty

... pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va ...

3..2. : a a sa
man ("").
adviv ta ( ) ardhasp a
(),
() .
(agho a)
(mahpr a).

o hy
a

ka hy

tlavya

mrdhanya

danty

o hy

28
a
a

(k )

sa

:
... ya ra la va a

a sa ...

(p )

3..3 : ha

sa
"seek" "kiss", a "sh" "ship"
(mahpr a) (
"wish", a
) man
"ich". :
("") .

, gho a ("")
.
"" "". , ha
(agho a) ""

"".*
, jihvmlya upadhmnya.
ardha-visarga ("-visarga")
ha
visarga ka/kha pa/pha.
:
Jihvmlya ka kha
visarga k ,
... a a sa ha
"",
"h" "home". Upadhmnya
pa pha visarga
*
, ha anta stha (y r l v)
p ""
ka tha (, ),
( ), "f"
(anta -stha) gho a ,
"ph". jihvmlya upadhmnya
ka tha (sa vra) agho a,
visarga (vivra). , , alpapr a,
sandhi ( ), mahpr a, ( ,
. ,
, , ). ivastr i (-) ha :
(hayavarat) (aasar hal).
.*
, ha man bhyantara-prayatna (
adviv ta), anta stha bhya-prayatna
( ka ha).
*
"" ""
man upadhmnya (k ).
. . .

29

3..4

:
ka hy
a

ka

tlav
ya

ca

mrdha
nya

dant
ya

o h
ya

ta

pa

kha

cha

ha

tha

pha

ga

ja

da

ba

gha

jha

ha

dha

bha

na

ma

ya

ra

la

va

,
,

,

,
,

,

,
,

,
,

,

sa

ha

3..5
, Devangar
,
.
, :

a i u

e ai o au a
k
a
c

k
ha
ch

g
a
j

g
ha
jh

30
a

ha

h
a

a
t

th
a

p
a

p
ha

d
a
b
a

ya ra la va
a a sa
ha

d
ha
b
ha

n
a
m
a

31

3..6 Devangar

kha ga :

devangar.
a, ,
ka, k.
i jha.

,
,

ga, , ,
kha, ,

!
ka kha ga gha a
ca cha ja jha a

32

3.

parasmai-pada

3..1
, ,
parasmai-pada ("- "),
,
.
.
tmane-pada ("- "),
, ,
:
1.
.
, "I married her"
tmane-pada, (
), parasmai-pada,
( "" ).

ekavacana

prathama
-puru a

dvivacana

nayat

tmane-pada
bahuvacana

nayata

nayanti

ekavacan
a

dvivacana

naya

bahuvacana

nayete

nayante

nayeth

nayadhv

te

madhyam
a-puru

nayas
i

uttamapuru a

nay
mi

nayath
a

nayath
a

nayva

naym
a

naya
se
naye

nayva
he

nayma
he

. ,
,
:

pada,
n nayate
, , ,
pada.
dhtu eka-vacana prathama-puru a,
. ,
.
,
parasmai-pada (- )
, ,
tmane-pada (- ).
pada, ,
,
pada: , dhtu n
1
, , ( )
tmane-pada.
pada "", , "" (Parasmaipada
) "" (tmanepada
). "",
"" "".(. )

33

3..2
( ), ,
dhtu (); dhtu ,
(prtipadika),
(li ga): (pu li ga), (str-li ga) (napu saka-li ga).
prtipadika (supvibhakti), .
;
, (ekavacana), (dvi-vacana) (bahuvacana). (pratham)
.
( ) ,
. (dvity) ,
, ,
() .
nara ( prtipadika-,
-), ", ".
(sup-vibhakti),
:
ekavacana
pratha
m
dvity

dvivacana

bahuvacana

nara

narau

nar

naram

narau

narn

ava ("") v k a ("").
ti hanti " " (
"" ,

. ,
, " ",
,
"nar ti hanti".
(
", , ") dvity ()
. ( n)
,
, dvity
vibhakti. :
nara avam v k am nayate
.

, (
), , , ,

. ,
() ()
, .

34

3..3
) ,
3..5.
)
(vyajana),
Devangar.
) :
1. ava naram nayate
2. nara avau ca ti hanti
3. avau naram v k n nayete
4. ava ti hati ca nara vadati ca
5. nara ava ca nayete
6. narau v k n naymahe
) :
1. .
2. () .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .

35

: , ,
!

36

4.
4..1 Devangar
Devangar.
a: ,
a, .
a a, gha
dha; ha da.
, :
a ha

ha

ta tha da dha na

(1/3 2/3 ).
,
,

, (,
"p" "h"). , Devangar
,
"" :
1/3 2/3,
"" .

4.
4..1
ti -vibhakti ( )
. , vibhakti
vacana. vibhakti pada.
dhtu n,

37
vibhakti,
pada. :

nayati-nayata -nayanti (), nayasi-nayatha -nayatha

(), naymi-nayva -nayma ( ),
nayate-nayete-nayante (), nayase-nayethe-nayadhve
(), naye-nayvahe-naymahe.
,
,
.

nayate

lab
labhat
h
e

va
d

vadati

va
h

vahati

ti hat

sth

dhtu n, ,
.
parasmai-pada

tmane-pada

eka-

dvi-

bahu-

vacana

vacana

vacana

eka-

dvi-

vacana

vacana

rathama-puru a

nayati

nayata

nayanti

nayate

madhyama-puru a

nayasi

nayatha

nayatha

nayase

naymi

nayva

nayma

naye

ttama-puru a

ga
m

gaccha
ti

nayete

4..2
( ty) ", "
, : , " "
bahu
. , " ", "
vacana ".

nayante

(caturth)
,
nayethe
nayadhve , : , "
" " " . , "
nayvahe
naymahe
", " ", "
( )".
(pacam) ,
. , " ", "

38
". ,
: " ( ) ".
ekavacana
pratha
m

bahuvacana

) :

nara

narau

nar

nara

narau

narn

1.

ava naram v k am vahati

narbhy
m

narai

2.

nara v k am avena gacchati

narebhya

3.

v k n avt labhadhve

narbhy
m

narebhya

4.

ava v k am narya vahati

5.

nara ava ca v k t gacchata

6.

avam v k t narya nayate

dvity

nare a*

t ty

narya

caturth

dvivacana

)
(vyajana)
Devangar.

nart

pacam

narbhy
m

) :

4..3
1.

) ,
3..5.

2.

() .

3.

)
dhtu n , 4..1.

4.

5.

() .

6.

(t ty) -ena,
-e a sandhi,
( 11..3).
, n
"r" " ". ava
avena, v k a v k e a.

5.

39

5..1 Devangar
Devangar.
a: , pa,
p.
ba va; tha
ya; pa a; la; bha, ma sa; kha, ra va.
Devangar :
pa pha ba bha ma
ya ra la va
a a sa ha

5.
5..1
, ( a h)
,
.
"of" , :
"he talks to the son of John" (" "),
"he drives John's car" (" "*).
:
*

(.
.).

40
, .
. ,
"John's book" (" ") ,
. a h
, .
(saptam) ,
,
"in", "on", "at", "among" .., , "he stands on
the table" (" "), "it is hot in summer" ("
"). saptam ,
.
, ,
,
sambodhana, ,
, "Oh Lord, hear my prayers!" (" ,
!"), "John, where are you?" (", ?").
, sambodhana
pratham () .
nara:
ekavacana
pratham
sambodhanapratham

dvivacana

bahuvacana

nara

narau

nar

he nara

he narau

he nar

dvity

naram

t ty

nare a

narbhy
m

narai

caturth

narya

narbhy
m

narebhya

pacam

nart

narbhy
m

narebhya

narasya

narayo

nar m

nare

narayo

nare u

a h
saptam

narau

narn

he
:
"" "". ,
sambodhana ,
"sambodhana",
he .
n sandhi,
eka-vacana t ty, bahu-vacana a h,
ava avnm,
v k a v k m.
, vibhakti
.
, ,

41
: nara narau nar (), he nara he narau he
nar (), naram narau narn () ..

) :
1.

() .

2.

3.

() .

) ,
3..5.

4.

5.

() .

)
nara , 5..1.

6.

, .

7.

8.

() .

5..2

)
(vyajana)
Devangar.

6.

) :
1.

nara ave ti hasi

2.

nar m av ti hanti

3.

nara v k am avt labhate

4.

v k e u narasya av ti hanti

5.

avau v k n narya vahata

6.

naram v k t avai labhate

7.

ava naram v k t gacchati

8.

ave ti hati ca vadati ca

a,
, (ba) b
(hrasva) a. bala
() . ,
, ,
.

6..1
a ()
,
; , abala () .

42
( "a-" , "-"
).
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
:

ba

bi

bu

be

bai

bo

bau

ba

ba

( ka
ha), :

r
u

(
),
i - , - , e - , o - , ai - , au ,
( ),
,
,
( ). :

k
i

,
:
.
:
,
, .
. :
Devanga
r
mt k

43
vadmi

veda

gt

guru

,
!

6.
6..1

6..2
,
, , ki (), i
.
i
, ki ke kai :

k
i

k
ai

. ,
:
Desire limits mind.
( .)
, ,
.
:

(
)
(
, ).

, -,
ki ke, , .
, , ,
.
: .
() , .
, , ki
( ,
.
: "The mind is limited by desire" ("
")).

44

, :
Desire limits the mind by attachment.
( .)
, ( ,
"by"), "attachment"
.
, pre-position (-)
, "" ("pre") ,
, .
,
, :
In the waking state desire limits the mind from the
universal to the particular by attachment.
(
.)
,
, ,
:
In the waking state | desire limits the mind | from the
universal | to the particular | by attachment |.
( |
| | |
|.)

, . ,

,
, :
From the universal | to the particular | desire limits
the mind | in the waking state | by attachment |.
( | |
| |
|.)
,
, (
), . ,
, ,

, .
: from the universal | to the
particular | ( | |)

"mind" ("").
"from
gods to dogs" (" ").

"desire" (""),
, " ".
,
,
,
"attachment" ("") ,
, ,
"mind" (""), " "
, .

45
(,
),
, ,
- :
| waking statein | desiresubject limitsverb mindobject |
universalfrom | particularto | attachmentby |.
(| |
| | |
|.)

(| 7 | 1
2 | 5 | 4 |
3 |.)
,
,
:
,
,
, . ,
,
:

, : , ,
desire1 limits mind2 ("
; -,
.
").

mind1 limits desire3 ("
( ),
").
( ) .
, ,
, ,
,
, , , .
.
, "1"
:
,
() ;
,
.
pratham vibhakti ( ). ,
(kart ) ,
, : kart
,
pratham () , kart
.
t ty () . ,
,
karman ( kart ()) dvity
:
() , pratham
() . , kart
| waking state7 | desire1 limitsverb mind2 | universal5 | karman ,
particular4 | attachment3 |.
pratham dvity ( "")

46
. Vibhakti ,
, .
, , .
,
,
. :
Scripture says desire limits the mind. (
, .)
Scripture, says desire, limits the mind. (,
, .)

, , :
.

;
: virma ( ) pr virma ( ),

. , ,
.

47

6..2

(pu -li ga).
(napu saka-li ga)
phala ("") (str-li ga)
bl "".
ekavacana

dvi-vacana

bahuvacana

pratham

blm

ble

bl

dvity

blay

blbhym

blbhi

t ty

blyai

blbhym

blbhya

caturth

bly

blbhym

blbhya

pacam

bly

blayo

blnm

blym

blayo

blsu

a h
saptam

phalam

phale

he phala

he phale

phalam

phale

, sandhi
napu saka-li ga bahu-vacana pratham dvity
he phalni -ni - i, "r"
" ".
phalni

dvity

phalena

phalbhym

phalai

t ty

phalya

phalbhym

caturth

phalt

phalbhym

pacam

phalasya

phalayo

phale

phalayo

pratham
sambodhanapratham

a h
saptam

ekavacana

dvi-vacana

pratham

bl

ble

sambodhana-

he ble

he ble

phalni

sandhi, :
phalebhya saptam bahu-vacana -su - u
a . - u
phalebhya , bl
-su. sandhi

phalnm (11..3).
phale u

bahuvacana

bl

he bl

6..3

48
pratham

Nominativus

sambodhana

Vocativus

dvity

Accusativus

t ty

caturth

pacam

?
?

, ,
6..4
,

?
?

devangr.

Instrumentalis

?
?

Dativus

?
?

Ablativus

?
?

a h

Genitivus

?
?
?

saptam

Locativus

?
?
?
?

)
,
bl phala.
,

) :
(),
()
1.

2.

bl avam v k am phalya nayate

ava naram ca blm ca v k am vahati

3.
narasya ava phalam bly labhate
,
,
4.
narau v k m phalni avam labhete
,
5.
bl narn phalni avena nayante

6.
ble v k e u ti hata vadata ca
,
7.
v k au gacchmi ca phalni labhe
,
nara phale v k t blyai vahati
( 8.

)
9.
ble phalni narasya v k t labhete
10. bl nara ca v k am avam vahata
,

) :
1.

2.

() , .

49
3.

() .

4. ()
.
5.

6.

() .

7.

8.

( ).

9.

10. () .

50

7.
(sa yoga,
"") ,
. ,
.

,
.

, sa yoga
. ,
. :
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .

7..1 Halanta-
halanta hal (
) anta ()
" ". , pa
a "halanta pa". Devangar
( ).
virma ("")
. :
halanta
pa

halanta
ka

halanta
a

,
;
:

,
. virma .
halanta ,
s svara, ""
, ,
.

7..2

+ > tma
+ >

ya

+ + > ntya
, ;
:
+ > mna

51
+ > ca
+ >

,
:

,
:

+ > ya

+ > hma

+ > ka

, :
+ + > snya
+ + >

hya

+ + > kya

, :
+ > dda

+ > ddha

+ > kma

+ > hna
+ > dya

+ > dga
+ >

+ > tta

(ka) ,
:
+ > kka

+ > kma

+ > kta

(a)
, :
+ > va

+ > ca
-:
+ > ca

52
+ + > ktva
+ > pla
+ > cca

+ > lla

, .
, ,
, : ,
.
ra
. ,
. ra
, ( ,
drgha ).
. :
+ > rpa

+ + > rdhva
, , ra
,
:
+ > r

+ > r

ra ,
:
+ > pra

+ > dra
+ > ra

+ > tra (, )

ra
:
+ + >

grya

+ + > mrya

7..3 k a ja
, sa yoga,
, ;

. ,

:
+ > k a

53
+ > ja

k a
halanta ka a (k + a > k a)
sa yoga , ,
, , , ,
k
: ( / ) + + a,
.
, k a ja, ,
, .

.

7..4 k a
, , :
halanta a .
halanta ka halanta a
halanta a halanta ka;
,
mrdhanya. halanta ka
ka hya ,
ka. k a
,
mrdhanya halanta ka. ,
halanta k a ,
mrdhanya. ( ,
,
.)

7..5 ja

"j" "Jean-Jacques", "z"
"marriage", "rouge", "measure" "vision",
ja tlavya
.
,
"hiss"

halanta sa.
"his",
. :
, "his" ,
"hiss" .
, tlvya,
halanta sa. ,
,
halanta ja, , ,
. ,

54
. , , ,
halanta ja.
,
ja. -, halanta ja
(.. j + + a)
halanta ja .
:
, aja,
, a .
ja
halanta ja a (j + a > ja),
,
, ,
: (j/) + a,
.

55

7..6

ccha

,
:
, .

kka
ktra

kra

ka

k ma

gya

gra

ja

jra

jva

ca

ja

hra

ga

gha

ma

ya

ya

va

tka

tkra

tta

ttya

ttra

ttva

ttha

tpa

tpra

tma

tya

tra

trya

tva

tsa

tsna

dga

dgra

kna

kma

cma

kla

kva

khra

ktva

krya

k ya

k a

k va

knya

khya

kvya

cya

ya

ghra

ka

kta

kya

k a

ga

gya tna

gha

na

ma

ya

cca

grya

kha

ghra

khya

ghnya

ktya

ca

ghma

ha

cma tsnya

cha

hya

ghra

ghya

jya

jma

ghna

k va

chya

jya

ghya

jja

ktya

kya

chra

kta

kca

ktrya

kkha

cya

cchra

ha

ha

tnya

thya

ma

ya

jjha

jya

gya

hya

ra

dgha

hra

rya

tmya

dghra

56

dda
dbha
dva
dhra
nda

npra

ptya
pla
bda

ddya

ddha

dna

dba

ddhya

bhva

mla

yva

lka

lpa

yya

lya

lla

lva

lha

vna

vya

vra

vva

ca

na

ya

ra

rya

la

va

va

ma

ya

va

ska

sta

stra

stha

sna

spa

sya

sra

sva

ssa

h a

hma

hya

hra

hla

hva

dra

drya mma

dhrya

dhva

ndra

nma

pna
pva

bdha

ndha

nya
ppa
psa
bna

bya

bra

bva

mna

dhma

nta

ndhra

nra

pma

psva

bba

dhna

ntya

nna
nsa
pya

bgha

bbha

dhya

ntra
npa
pta
pra
bja

mya

ra

pa

skha

bbhya

bhna

bhya

bhra

mbha

dya

dhnya

mba

mra

dma

dvya

mpra

dbhya

mpa

cya

rya

pra

snya

vya

stya

lma

ha

spha

mva

stva

sma

ya

ya

smya

hna

57
")

, , ,
, .
, ,
sa yoga.

;
(krtsnya).

7.
7..1
"to tend"
TEN (""):
.
:
attend " ,
"

(at-, "-")

contend ""

(con-, "-")

distend "(), ()"

(dis-, "-")

extend "()"

(ex-, "-")

intend ", "

(in-, "-")

portend ""

(por-, "-

pretend ""

(pre-, "-")

subtend ""

(sub-, "-")

,
(-) ,

. ,
, ,

,
; ,
:
,

.
:
( ) ,

,
, dhtu.
,
, dhtu.
, , , "attend"
( ) attention (""),
attentive (""), attendance (",
"), attendant ("") ..

upasarga.

58
upasarga.
:
atiadh
ianu

, , , ,
,

par
-

, , ,

abh
i-

, ,
, , , ,

, ,

pari

pra-

, , ,

prat
, , , , , ,
i

api-

, ,

, , , ,

apa

nis-

vi-

, , , ,

sam

, ,

su-

, ,

ava-

, ,

ud-

upa

, , , , ,

dur-

dus

ni-

, , ,

dhtu
h

nir-

, ,

pra-h

,
;
.
Upasarga
dhtu,
;
, dhtu
, :

59
-h

3.

sam-h

4.

vi-h

pari-h

5.
6.

) () .

7..2
) ,
3..5.

) ,
:
1.

) devangar:
,
(. 4..1).

2.

() .

3.

() .

4.

) (),
Devangar:

5.

6.

) "attend"
(7..1), ,
.

) () Devangar.

)
:

8.

1.
2.

8..1

60
, , ,

:

da a

.

, dvida a,
.

avagraha
.
,

(, ). ,
a
sandhi, ,
, ,
.
, ..: te'pi.
,
avagraha
().

candrabindu
(: "/ ")

anunsika ("")
, .
,
.
, a
anusvra, bindu
() ,
.
Anta stha y, l v
.

anusvra,
man repha
gn ().
.

O
pra ava abda ("
").

, .
jihvmlya
.

61
ardhavisarga,
sandhi k
kh [].
,
.
upadhmnya
.
ardhavisarga,
sandhi p ph
[f].
,
upadhmnya jihvmlya
,
.

8..2 Savar a
,
(..
. 3..4), savar a
(""). , ka-varga (k, kh,
g, gh , . 2..2) savar a;
varga savar a 5
. , ()
,
, .

savar a,
.

8..3 anusvra
Anusvra (. 1..7)
sandhi: , m
.
anusvra:
anusvra (
m ); anusvra
, savar a
. ..,
spara (
ka ma), anusvra
,
sa kalpa
sa kalpa, sa j saj ..

62
- "n"
: "wink", "winch"
"wind" ,
,
.
ya, la va anusvra
.
, .
-
anusvra savar a spara ( ka
ma), anta stha. , ,
.

8..4. Devangar

eka dva tri

catur pacan a saptan, a an navan, daan;
nya, ", ".
.
, 0123456789 devangr
.
c Devangar
:

63

8.
8..1
prtipadika -a,
: ,
, ,
: agni (, pu -li ga,
-i), guru (, pu -li ga, -u) nad (, strli ga, -).
,
.

- vie a a
:
alpa, mf()n. small ()
sundara, mf()n. handsome, beautiful, attractive (,
, )

"mfn." "masculine-feminineneuter", ..,

( vie a a), () ()
"f." str-li ga ( ).
, alp bl, sundar
sandhi, n
r , t ty eka- nad. :
vacana a h bahu-vacana.
alp sundar bl ti

8..2
(vie a a)
, .
, vie a a
, . ,
alpa (), :
alp nar alpam naram alpt nart vahanti

.

hati

.
, vie a a
.

64
nara

narau

nar

phalam

phale

agnnm

bly

blayo

phalbhy
agnau
phalai agnyo
m
, u
phalbhy
phalebhya
guru
gur
m

agni u

blym

blayo

gurava

nad

nadyau

he guro
he gur
phalbhy
phalebhya
m
gurum
gur

he gurava

he nadi

he nadyau

gurn

nadm

nadyau

, -a

, -a

he nara

he narau

he nar

he phala

he phale

he phalni

naram

narau

narn

phalam

phale agne

phalniagnyo

nare a

narbhym

narai

phalena

narya

narbhym

narebhya

phalya

nart

narbhym

narebhya

phalt

, -

narasya

narayo

nar m

phalasya

phalayo
guru

phalnm
gurubhym

gurubhi

nady

nadbhym

nare

narayo

nare u

phale

phalayo
gurave

phale u
gurubhym

gurubhya

nadyai

nadbhym

,
-
guro

gurubhym

gurubhya

nady

nadbhym

gur m

nady

nadyo

guru u

nadym

nadyo

, -i
agni

agn

agnaya

bl

he agne

he agn

he agnaya

he ble

agnim

agn

agnn

agnin

agnibhym

agnaye
agne

ble

bl

blm

guro
he ble
gurau
ble

gurvo
he bl
gurvo
bl

agnibhi

blay

blbhym

blbhi

agnibhym

agnibhya

blyai

blbhym

blbhya

agnibhym

agnibhya

bly

blbhym

blbhya

65

8..3
(kriy-vie a a) .
(avyaya).
. , , ghram ():

nara m.

phala n.

bl f.

vka m.

alpa mf()n.

sundara

vie a
a

nara ghram gacchati

.

8..4

mf()n.
avyaya

, :
kriy

agni m.

ava m.

guru m.

nad f.

nman

iti
ca
ghram

(.
9..2)

8..5
) ,
3..5.
)
Devangar.
)
:

66

9.

;
.

) .
) ,
:

9..1

3.

(svara). :
.
(udtta), (anudtta),
. (svarita).
, :
.

4.

1.
2.

5.

.
6.

.
) Devangar.

( ) anudtta,

( ) svarita, udtta .

67
, ,
.

, udtta acutus ( ), svarita
gravis ( ), anudtta . ,
:
saty

jnmnant

(, a a), devangar
: ,
, :

brhm

,
: -,
; -,
anudtta
; , -,
. (
:
ftp://ftp.nca.az.za.wikner/accent.ps)

( , "to"
"photograph" "photographer"),
(
);
,
ekaruti, .

9..2 Devangar

. ,
, ,
, ,
.

.

,
.

.
.

, , , .

68
anusvra
( ).

anusvra.

9..3 sa yoga
,
sa yoga. ,

:

9..4
,
.

: ,
,
.

69

a
i

a
u

70

71

9.
9..1

: kriy (), nman (), upasarga (
) nipta (). Nman kriy
"" "".
kriy kriy (,
dhtu) nma-dhtu (, nman),
puru a, vacana lakra, ,
(kriy-vie a a), avyaya
().
nman nman (
, dhtu), sa j (
,
), sarva-nman
() vie a a ():
li ga, vacana vibhakti.

Nipta () iti "": ,

, ,
: . :
avena gacchmi iti vadati
" " .
,
"
, ".
, iti

: avena, t tya
vibhakti kriy () vadati,
"gacchmi". iti

,
..

Upasarga ( ) 7..1,
9..3
nipta () .
nipta avyaya ().
, : ) (
) , ,
ca () he ( ).
73;
,
, 74.
9..2 iti

72

:
.
) ,
, 74 (
).
)
:

1. " ",
.
2.
" ",
.
3.

() .

4.

() .

5.

.
6.
.
) Devangar.

10.

10.. sandhi

Sandhi ("")
,

.
anusvra .
) . "n",
8..3.
) ,
:
sandhi :
, , "cats and dogs" ("
"), "cats and dogz". ?

73
sandhi ,
;
sandhi (
). ,
, ;
sandhi (
). sandhi
,
. sandhi,
sandhi, ,
sandhi : ,
"he is" "he's". .
,
:
10..2 Gu a v ddhi
, . ,
, .
gu a (" , ")
( avagraha ( ),
v ddhi (", ")
).
. P ini gu a ,
, v ddhi , ,
sandhi ,
.
: sandhi
. .
:

i
u/
/
,
1

/
. ,
gu a
a

e
o
a
al
!
r
sandhi ,
: , ,
( ),
.
1
, ,
. , ? ,

: "catz and dogs". , ? ,
sandhi,
,
(gho a).
.

74
v ddhi

au

l
1

gu a
(
), v ddhi
gu a .
1..5.

Sandhi (ac-sandhi) , ,
,
, .

, , .
, sandhi
: ,
, :
, .
1. (hrasva drgha)
(hrasva drgha) ,
(drgha) .

i/

i/

=
>

u/

u/

=
>

=
>

/ /

=
>

10..3 Sandhi

a/

>

a/

v ddhi .

savar adrgha-sandhi.
. ,
( 1..4), ,
/ / savar a ( 8..2).
.
2. / (hrasva
drgha) , /,
gu a .
a
/

i/

=
>

a
/

u/

=
>

75
a
/

a
/

=
>

a
r

=
>

4. ( /)
, anta stha
.

a
l

i/

=
>

y
S.

=
>

v
S.

=
>

r
S.

=
>

l
S.

.
gu asandhi.
3. / gu a
v ddhi, v ddhi
.

u/

+
.

/
a
/

a
/

a
/

a
/

=
>

=
>

a
u
a

=
>

a
u

=
>

a
u

v ddhisandhi.

+
.

S. (svara).
ya -sandhi
(ya anta stha
P ini).
5. (e, ai, o, au)
,
(a-i, -i, a-u, -u), anta stha
.
anta stha
:
, au.

76
e

=
>

a+i+
S.

=
>

ay
S.

=
>

a
S.

=
>

+i+
S.

=
>

y
S.

=
>

S.

=
>

a+u+
S.

=
>

av
S.

=
>

a
S.

=
>

+u+
S.

=
>

v
S.

.
a

.
o

+
.

a
u

+
.

S. (svara).
yntavnta-dea-sandhi (ynta ", y", vnta
", v", dea "").
6. ,
hrasva .
avagraha (
).

=
>
=
>

e
'
o
'

prvarpa-sandhi (prva-rpa "

").
sandhi
, , ,
,
.

77
*
ar - y -

a/
ee-

i/-

yay--

--

u/
vavviv-

/-

-e

ai

-o

-au

- -

- -

-a
-

-
-

-a
-

v -

- -

- -

-a
-

-
-

-a
-

v -

- -

- -

-a
-

-
-

-a
-

v -

v -

ar-

y -

v -

a-

al-

y-

v-

ye-

ve-

re-

le-

-a
e-

-
e-

-a
e-

ve-

e-

ai-

yai-

vai-

rai-

lai-

-a
ai-

-
ai-

-a
ai-

vai-

ai-

i-

ai-

yo-

vo-

ro-

lo-

-a
o-

-
o-

-a
o-

vo-

o-

au-

-a
yau- vau- rau- lau- au-

-
au-

-a
au-

vau-

au-

rarrir-

lallil-

-e
'-a
-a
i-a
-

-
a-
-
i-
-

-o
'-a
-a
i-a
-

vavviv-

o-

yu-

--

ru-

lu-

-a
u-

-
u-

-a
u-

vu-

u-

au-

o-

y-

--

r-

l-

-a
-

-
-

-a
-

v-

a,
, : mah + i => mahr i
maha i.

78
Samprasra a , anta stha
,
:
(sandhi-vigraha) sandhi .
: , 10..3. ijya dhtu
yaj, supta dhtu svap, ucyate dhtu vac, p cchati dhtu
a + a , sandhi-vigraha
prach.
,
( + )
,
(a + a).
"y" ""
, : "easy" "easily", "beauty"
"beautiful", "holy" "holiness".
10..4 sandhi

prag hya (", ").
prag hya, sandhi.
sandhi :
. , , ,
: ,
"Ah" "Oh".
. (,
), drgha
, .
. (pluta) .

10..5 Samprasra a

79

10.
10..1

"", (pratyaya),
, , , ,
:

Dhtu () ,
bedroom
,
. nman ()
vie a a () ,
"", blackbird
. ""
(pratyaya).
, , "attend" ("
, "),
breakfast
7..1, :
attendant

attendance

attention

attentive

attentivene
ss

daydream

dressmake

r

,
, ,
: "inattentiveness" (""). ,

,
"
"

,
"
"

fireside

gingerbre
ad

,
" "

,
" "

,
"
"

greenback

, "
"

,
"
"

haircut

, "
"

,
"
"

handwriti
ng

headache

"
"

screwdriv
er

housekeep
ing

,
"

sightseein
g

" "

, "
"

, " "

80
"

"
newspaper

paperback

rattlesnak
e

,
"
"

,
"
"
"
"

songwrite

" "

breakdown

,
""

gingerbeer

sunrise

" "

doubledecker

heartshaped

farfetched

"
"

hothouse

, "
"

,
"-"

lamppost

roofgarden

singleminded

storeroom

,
"
"

,
""

wholehearted

, "-"

,
"-"

worldwide

, "
"

wheelbarr
ow

, "
"

fire-fly

light , weight
, ,
old"gravestone" (" ") "stone for grave" ("
fashioned
), ,
, , "fireman" (", ""-pony-tail
"), ,
, , pigtail ("", . " ").
red-hot

(,
),
. :
rightbreadwinner

,
"

"

fullgrown

handed
,
"

81
devanagr (samsa)
, , , .
:
- prathama-puru a ("-")
Samsa prtipadika
(). sandhi.
: prtipadika
-an, n ,
:

( ); samsa
,
samsa.
:
dvandva ( " ", )
tatpuru a ( )
avyaybhva ( (avyaya),
)
bahuvrhi ( ,
)

tman () + jna () => tmajna ( )

vibhakti-pratyaya (
) samsa, ..
,
prtipadika .
:
tmane-pada parasmai-pada
.
a-luk-samsa.

samsa, .

.
samsa ,

samsa
.

10..2
,
:
sandhi , ,
, anusvra
visarga. :
=>
virma ( )
.

82

83

10..3
) ,
74.

,
.
sandhi.

,
) , : ,
!
74, .
) , sandhi
: , ..

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

+
+

+
+

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

+
+

84

27.
28.

29.
30.

85

11.
11. .1 Visarga-sandhi
sandhi :

-o

'-

S.r

S.r

a-

S.r

S.r

-o

S.3

S.r

S.r

gho a vyajana

S.

S.

c/ch-

S.

S.

/ h-

S.r2

a
a

S.s1

-a

-o

S.s

S.s

S.

S.

S.

S.

as

as

- S.

r-

S.s a s.
S.r r.
3
, , , ,
.
4
, , , ,
.

t/th agho a
vyajana
avasna ( )

1. avasna (,
) s r visarga (- ).
2. gho a vyajna ( ) svara
() visarga -r,
:
2.1. -a ( as) gho a
vyajna a- -o,
a- avagraha ()
Devangar (') .
-a -a.
: ("") ("")
.
,
visarga ( ).

2.2. - ( s) gho a
vyajana -.

2.3 2. Visarga ( ) ( r) r-,

, a, i u
.

86
3. c/ch, / h t/th visarga ( ) man
() ,
(, , s). , visarga ( )
man ()
man (,
, s), .
3.1. k/kh visarga ( ) jihvmlya (x ),
p/ph upadhmnya (p ), , ,
.
:
avasna , ,
.
sandhi padni
(). sandhi-vigraha. ,
,
,
, visarga-sandhi avasna
.

11..2 Sandhi
,
,

, (
avasna ) (k t p n m
) , . Sandhi ,
visarga ( ), 11..1,
.
alpapr a
agho a spara ( c),

. visarga-sandhi,
,
gho a agho a.
, agho a (k t p)
gho a alpapr a
, gho a,
, agho a.
n- m- agho a (k t p)
anunsika vyajana (
n m).
, -t,
tlavya mrdhanya ( gho a,
agho a), .
-t
l- ( + => ) - (
-cch- ).
h- ( gho a )
agho a (k t p) gho a
, h- mahpr a
gho a (, + =>
).
ka hya (- )
, dantya anunsika
-n ( -t), gho a
tlavya mrdhanya ,
(-, - ).
agho a tlavya, mrdhanya dantya
, -n anusvra
(- , - , - s).
-n
l- ( + => ), - ( +
=> ). -m anusvra

87
( anusvra
8..3).
sandhi
, : -,
,
ch-, c (-HS1. + ch=> -HS. cch-); -, - n, ,
( avasna)
,
:
-k
-t
-p
-HS. + S.- => -HS.

-n

-n3

S.-

-HS.n + S.- => -HS.nnS.-

-g

-d

HS. - hrasva svara ( ).

-b

-g

-d

-b

-n

g/gh-

-g

-j

-b

j/jh-

-g

-b

/ h-

-g

-d

-b

-n

d/dh-

-g

-d

-b

-n

b/bh-

2
1

- (- ), .
-n (-nn), .

88
-

-n

-m

-n

-d

-b

-n

y/r/v-

-l

-b

-l

l-

h-

h-

-k

n/m- -

bbh-

-n

h-

-t

-p

-n

k/kh-

-c

-p

c/ch-

-p

/ h-

-t

-p

-n

/s-

11..3 sandhi
sandhi,
, , vibhakti:
1. s k, r i, , u, ,
, , e, ai, o, au, .
, s ,
s r ( sr). ,
t, th, n,
, h ( , h, ).
:

-t

-p

- s

t/th-

-t

-p

-n

p/ph-

-cch-

-p

-2

n l l ( + =>
).
2
-n c - --,
-ch-.
1

2. n, ,
y, v n m, ,
, r, ,
ka-varga (k, kh, g, gh, ), pa-varga (p, ph, b,
bh, m), y, v h .
n n ( ).

89
( , r, , ) + (ka-varga, pa-varga, y, v, h, svara) + N +
(svara, anta stha, n, m) =>
:

, , , , r, , n
ca-varga (c, ch, j, jh, ), a-varga ( , h, , h, )
ta-varga (t, th, d, dh, n), , n
.
(

, r, ,

) + (ca-varga, a-varga, ta-varga, ) + N => N

90

11.
sukham ca du kham ca ("
") => sukhadu kham (
) = "--"

11..1 Dvandva-samsa
dvandva (< dva ca dva ca)
"". Dvandva-samsa
. Dvandva-samsa
,
(vibhakti), ("")1.
dvandva:
1. Itaretara
,
. itaretara (< itara ca itara ca)
samsa
" , ".
,
. :
rma ca k a ca (" ") =>
rmak au ( ) = "--".
2. Samhra
,
.
.
:

11..2 Tatpuru a-samsa

tat-puru a (< tasya puru a )
" ". Tatpuru a-samsa
,
2.
tatpuru a:
1. vyadhikara a
. vyadhikara a (<
vi-adhi-kara a) "-".
tatpuru a ,
vyadhikara a-tatpuru a.

, .. .
Samsa
(
dvity saptam). :

2
11

Udtta () dvandva-samsa
. (. .)

Udtta () tatpuru a-samsa

, .
(. .)

91
v k asya mlam (" ") => v k amlam
( a h-tatpuru a) = "-"
2. karmadharya
.

samndhikara a (< samna-adhi-kara a),
" ". samsavigraha ,
.
:
pr a candra (" ") => pr acandra
<= "-"
3. dvigu
. dvigu (< dve gvau)
" ". Dvigu-tatpuru a ,
, karmadhraya,
:

, ,
. ,
, upapada, .
:
svayam bhavati iti (" ") => svayambh =
""
5. na ,

. na
P ini (na-, an-, a-),

. an( ) a- (
) na1. :
na jnam (" ") => ajnam = ""

11..3 Avyaybhva-samsa
sapta aya (" ") => saptar aya "- ()"
4. upapada
,
dhtu
. upapada (< upa-pada)
" ". samsavigraha

avyaybhva ,
.
avyaybhva (< avyaya bhva )
" " " ".
(avyaya)
1

na ().
(. .)

92
.
( ),
nman ().
-am (
). :
krodhena saha ( ) => sakrodham = "
, "
yath raddh (" ") => yathraddham =
" "

11..4 Bahuvrhi-samsa
Bahuvrhi ,
(vie a a),
. bahuvrhi
(< bahu vrhi yasya sa ),
, ",---" "".
bahuvrhi ,
tatpuru a (vyadhikara a, samndhikara a, dvigu,
upapada, na)
. :
padmni iva ak i yasya sa ("
") => padmk a = ""
()

drghau bh yasya sa (,
) => drghabhu = ("")
tatpuru a bahuvrhi
, ,
.
. :
r ja putr (" ") => rjaputr = "" (tatpuru a)
rj putr yasy s (", ")
=> r japutra = ",---"
(bahuvrhi)

11..5.
) ,
74.
) ,
74, .
) Devangar,
(
!) sandhi,
.
:

93
nara ava ca alpn v k n labhete

.
1.

narau alpam v k am agnim avt vahata

2.

bl avam naram ca v k t labhate

3.

phalni avam vahati iti guru bl vadati

4.

gur alpam naram v k t ghram gacchata

5.

nara v k am agnim blyai avena vahati

6.

bl avam alpm nadm v k t nayate

7.

nara v k n phalebhya avena gacchati

8.

guru agnim nart gacchati iti alp bl vadati

9.

bl alpa ava ca agnim nart gacchata

10. alpebhya phalebhya sundare u v k e u

gacchva

94

12

"" ""; ,

Dhtu-p ha.

- ,
,
-, -.
,
:
, .

12.1 -

prtipadika (), .. ,
.

, -
, vibhakti.
,

.

.

: udtta
acutus ( ), svarita gravis ( ` ), anudtta
9..1.
xviii ,
"Then a third improvement", ,
. ""
"" ; ,

,
.

12.2
Devangar
, , ,
;
. ,
, Devangar,
,
,
(, ,
).

95
+ => (sa sra).
- (
).
,
anusvra.

12.3.

Devangar,
akti,
. ,

, anusvra,
. xxxvi
.
- "" anusvra ( ),
, dhtu
(, , (a sa)
(hi sa)), "" asnusvra ( ),
, ,

,
.
. -,
, dhtu
,
. -,
dhtu,
. ,
,
,
.
, , ,
.
:

Devangar, -
Devangar-
;
,

96
, Devangar. ,
:

Bila
Bilasa
Bilma
Bilmin
Billa
Bilva
Bilvaka
Bilvak
y
Bilvala

:
,
Devangar,
,

,
.
, ,
,


, Devangar (
).

:

, ,

, Devangar,
Bilasa
Bilma.

,



.
,
,
.
732.
:

.
, , ,
, .
.
,
Devangar ,
.
,
, : .
:
, Devangar

97
.
dhtu.
, dhtu, Buddha
( ), Buddhaka Buddhi (
). ,
, ,
bu- bo(, Bodha),
bau- (bauddha); ,
Devangar ().
. -,
, , ,
Devangar,
. -,
dhtu bu- bo-, bau- (
, gu a
v ddhi u)
.
733, Buddha
. 7,5
, -kaplin,
: . , kaplin
Buddha , samsa
( ) Buddhakaplin. ,
-kaplin , , kalpa, samsa Buddhakalpa.

,
,
(
): ,
.
: ,
,
( devangar,
).
.

,
.
, ( 8 . )
. ( )

; ,
, .
Buddhgama
, sandhi
a Buddha:
, Buddhgama (
drgha ) samsa -sena, ..
Buddhasena ( hrasva a). samsa
,
.
Buddhaka
.

98
, samsa Buddhgama
Buddhaka, ,
. ,

.

-kshetra ( 6 .
). ,
, -pariodhaka,
-vara-locana. samsa,
-k etra, .. Buddhak etranapari odhaka
Buddhak etravaralocana. , -,
-k etra,
: ( !)
.

12.4
, ,
Devangar,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
, ,

.

, , 732.
, (birla) Devangar,
(bjin) :

. , ,
,
.
, , 735-
,
, ,
Devangar. (
), ,
, .
, ,
( )
, Devangar.
,
, , .

, ,
, ,
(sa).

12.5

99
.
(
buddhi), ,
Devangar, .
,
, , :
,
, : buddhi 733b (..
733 , (b) ).
,

,
( ).

:

;
, , "a" "" ;
:
!
;

, Devangar ;
,
.
. ,
!
.

1.

tman

9. guru

2.

hetu

10. rajas

3.

yoga

11. citta

4.

prak ti

12.

5.

jna

13. vi

6.

nanda

14. h daya

7.

vykara a

15. puru a

8.

brahman

16. manas

i
u

100
17. arra

19. ananta

18. bhakti

20. k na

101

13
13.1 , sa sam- ("-") ",
, , ".
, .
-m anusvra,
,
anusvra .
anusvra, ,
anusvra savar a ,
,
. , anusvra
savar a , (
) ,
. ,
, ..
, . , , , anusvra savar a
spara ( ka ma).
-, ,
anusvra ,
!

, anusvra anta stha (

) : ,
anusvra ,
, anusvra
, , , ,
, , ,
, .
,
1125 :
, Devangar ,
,
!
,
anusvra, ,
sam-. , 124
, Devangar,
( )
aha ( anusvra). ,
aha (yti-, yu-, vdin- . .)
, , ,
spara (-kara a, -kartavya ..)
, anta stha man. ,
anusvra savar a
, , ,
( , ,
anusvra).

102

13.2 Devangar
, ,
Devangar,
dhtu,
,
(, samprasra a), ,
, dhtu .
733
, Devangar, .
Devangar
: ,
dhtu.
,
"cl. I", " ".
dhtu (..
),
. , ,
Devangar,
, dhtu.
,
, dhtu.
, dhtu. ,
dhtu bdh.
: , dhtu
( , -),

. (

). ,
, dhtu , ,
. dhtu :
vu g
(
). dhtu.
, 1-, 10 , 6- .
,
dhtu . , ,
:
Devangar
.

, , dhtu .
,
, Devangar.
,

Devangar. 672
: ,

dhtu prati-suc. , ,
: prati-sam-car.
, prati-sam--di.

.

13.3 -dhtu

103
nman (), vie a a
() avyaya ( , kriyvie a a ()) prtipadika,
.
nman li ga (),
"m", "f" "n" (masculinum, femininum,
neutrum). Vie a a, nman, ,
li ga.
vie a a "mfn.".
Buddha, 733,
: "mfn.",
vie a a; ,
"m. a wise or learned man" (".
"), Buddha nman
. ( -kaplin,
), "n. knowledge" (".
"), Buddha
.
, prtipadika
vie a a, nman,
"mfn.", "m." . .,
, .
"Buddha, m. a wise man",
"mfn.".
,
, (vie a a) (nman).

481,
:
1-
mf()n. long,
: lofty, tall

(",
")

vie a a

5-
(am) ind. long,
: for a long time

(".
")

avyaya

7-
m. a long
: vowel

("
")

() f. an oblong
12-
: tank

("
str-li ga
")
nman

14-
n. a species of
: grass

(" ")

pu -li ga
nman

napu sakali ga nman

.
733
Buddha: ( )
.
Buddhi
. , ,
,

104
: Dak a ( )
Buddhi (), , Dharma
() Bodha ().

13.4
-
, -
:
, , ,
, Bhag. Bhagavad-gt,
MBh. Mah-Bhrata.
,
: .
:
.
,
.
( ) (),

.

13.5 :
( )
Devangar,

, ,
. -
,
. :
conscious (""),

con c;
ly consciously
(""), a ness consciousness ("").

.

,
samsa. ,
samsa:
^

a+a
=>

a+
=>

+a
=>

+
=>

105
,
sandhi
, : a + => , a + => , ..

13.6
733- ,
, Buddha
( -kaplin -kalpa): ,
Buddha (. 12.3),
, kaplin kalpa ,
.
samsa -kya-var -parini patty-abhinirhr
(
, , kya var a
).
samsa , , ,
, ( Buddha-gama),

samsa, drgha .
, gama,
. , samsa,
buddha

1.
2.
3.

e ka, buddha-ai ka (
sandhi 10..3).
,
gu a, v ddhi i (.
10..2).
( ), (
, -mtr ).

13.7
,
, "
", 1308.

13.8
.

,
Devangar,
, , .

4.
5.
6.

106

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

(Vy-ajana mfn. , ... m.

.... n. , , ,
, , , ; ... ).

14
14.1 dhtu
, ,
,
dhtu.
: 1029- , ,
Vy-jana.
vy-ajana mfn. manifesting, indicating m. a
consonant n. decoration, ornament; manifestation,
indication specification; a mark, badge, sign, token;
a consonant

Devangar,
,
, Devangar (
). :
vy-aj to anoint thoroughly; to decorate,
adorn, beautify; to cause, to appear, manifest, display;
( vy-aj , ,
; , , ,
, ;)
kriy, nman vyajana.

, , vy-
dhtu aj. 1028, , :

107
vy, in comp. before vowels for 3. vi
( vy, in comp. 3. vi)
sandhi ,
. 949,
:
vi 3.vi, ind. used as a prefix to verbs and nouns
to express "division", "distinction", "distribution",
"arrangement"
(vi 3.vi, ind. ...
...
"", "", "",
"" ...)
upasarga vi-,
7..1. Dhtu vyajana
11, :
aj, to decorate to celebrate to cause to
appear, make clear
( aj, ... ... ....
, , ... )
vyajana,
.

,

:
, .
3,
, "Who could fool you?" ("
" - " ?"
u).
,
, , , ,
,
.
, ,
.

14.2 ,
dhtu
dhtu budh.
733, .
dhtu Devangar
, dhtu.
"1",
budh, ,
dhtu ( , vie a a,
).
"cl.1. P..", , dhtu
1- , parasmai-pada,

108
tmane-pada. Dhtu-p ha "(Dhtup.
xxi,11)". , "bodhati,
te" la , prathama-puru a eka-vacana,
bodhati parasmai-pada bodhate tmane-pada.
"cl.4. A"; ,
4-
tmanepada. "(xxvi, 63)" Dhtup ha; "budhyate" la
4- . "ep. also P. ti" ,
4 parasmai-pada;
budhyati. (,
, dhtu
4- , 1-
gu a).

dhtu lakra (
), ..
"to wake". , ,
"" (,
bubodha), "a"
(, abudhram).
, ,

.

.

dhtu- ,
, .
, , (,
1. k , 300-
). , .

14.3

;
: ,
, -
1, 2, 3 . 32-


1. anu-cita, mfn. (1. ci), set or placed along
or
2. an-ucita, mfn. improper, wrong, unusual,
strange
( 1. anu-cita, mfn. (1. ci)
...
2. an-ucita, mfn. ,
, , c ...)

, .

109
1. ci, ,
dhtu ci ( ).
uc, ,
ucita 172.

anucchindat, dhtu.
, ,
, . ,
,
: ,
,
.
,
;
, ,
.
662, pratip a
, "1. -p a m.
(for 2. see s.v.)". "s.v."
xxxv (
1). pratip a,
,
. ,
( Devangar):
667.
- ,
.

(
), - , ,
.
, ,

: , , cit
394-395, 398.
.
:
. ,
659- ,
, . ,
401
,
397, , ,
. ,
, .

14.4

,
. .
A ga 116:
, a ga .
,

110
a a,
a , a ga samsa.
-
samsa,
"a", : a ga
117 .
Vicra 950. ,
,
vicra . samsa
, .

:
samsa, ,
.
,
Devangar , ,
vicra. ,
Devangar 953b,
. vicra
Devangar. 958c,
vi-car.
, 958b.
Sattva 1138b,
1135-
: Sat-tva. ,
1138b,
, ,
. ,

1134c "see below" (".
"),
, .
,

, .
- , ,
,
:
,
.
,
, ,
Devangar.

14.5
-
.
, 12.5, 13.7
14.4 , :
) ( ) ,
:
, , ,

.

111
) ,
samsa, , sandhi, .
,
, .

:
Yattman samsa
, Yat.
: yat-atman,
yat-tman, yata-atman yata-tman.
, ,
Yat.
. : ,
. ,
, 845
,

dhtu yam!

adhyya sva-dhyya.
( ), ( ) ,
1277b.
: dhtu,
, adhyya ,
, , , 23.
: ,
: a-dhyya.
a (
), dhyya,
: adhi-ya, adh-ya, adhya-aya, adhya-ya,
adhy-aya adhy-ya. adhi ( )
, adh adhy-ya! ,
Devangar (), ,
dhtu i.

14.6
Svdhyya
, Devangar,
, ,
, : "
, see
p1277, col.2".
: , .

, : : su-dhyya,
s-dhyya, sv-dhyya, sv-adhyya, sv-dhyya, sva-

, 14.1 (
).
1.
2.
3.
4.

(fearlessness)
(abundance) , ,
(withdrawal)
(steadiness)

112
5. (skilled in painting)

6. (not too much pride)

113

15
15.1. Dhtu-p ha
, , :
,
.
: ,
.
, ,
"", ,
dhtu. ,
, dhtu.
dhtu .
Dhtu-p ha dhtu, ,
dhtu !
Dhtu-p ha ( " ")

dhtu:

.
artha, ""
dhtu Dhtu-p ha,
.

ga a,
dhtu. ga a
. , :
samsa, : bh-di-ga a (< bh di
yasya sa ", bh"). dhtu
bh, di "".
, , dhtu,
, .. ,
.
, . Payasya 586a :
"Nom." "Nominal Verb"
(" ").

, (, "cl.1")
, Dhtu-p ha
(, ).
,
,
(. 9..2). ,
Devangar,
8 9.

15.3
15.2

114
Dhtu-p ha:
,
.
:

dhtu (bh) artha ""

(sattym).
, .
:

. , dhtu artha
: dhtu,
artha .
, :
,

dhtu artha.
Dhtu-p ha dhtu
, , , .
dhtu , ,
. anubandha
("")
,

:
dhtu artha.
, artha saptam vibhakti,
" ...". , dhtu edh
(to prosper, increase, become happy, grow strong MW1011a)
(, , ,
MW1011a), " "
v ddhi (growth, success, fortune, etc. MW1011a)
(, , , .. MW1011a).
, , dhtu,
,
.
artha ,
eka-vacana, ( samsa)
dvi-vacana,
bahu-vacana. artha
,
itaretara-dvandva-samsa
(. 11..1). samsa
, ,
, vibhakti
ca. samsa
vibhakti ,
prtipadika.
prtipadika,
, :

115
) eka-vacana :
-e , a;
-ym ,
-;
-au , i (, -u);
-e , a;
-i ,
(
-i);
-uvi ,
-;
) dvi-vacana-samsa -yo ,
prtipadika ;
) bahu-vacana-samsa - u: samsa
-e u, -a;
prtipadika
- u.
Itaretara-dvandva-samsa
samsa,
. : ,
.
, samsa,

sandhi, .

Dhtu-p ha
dhtu rtha, .
, artha ,
saptam vibhakti, vie a a.

:

Dhtu hrd (to delight or refresh MW1307b) (,

, MW1307b)
" (avyakta MW111b) (abda
MW1052b)". , ,
, ,
, ,
, , ..
,
.
,
:
) dhtu ca (= ", "),
, artha,
dhtu.
) ca artha, ,
dhtu artha,
artha dhtu.

116
) artha , ,
artha
Dhtu-p ha.
( = = " ", ..
).
) artha (=
= " () ") (= =
" () "),
artha, Dhtu-p ha,
.
.
) artha samsa,
(
pratham bahu-vacana ,
bahu-vacana , artha
dhtu),
"", ..
. , dhtu artha
( injury, harm mW1297c)
(, ,
mW1297c), ""
" " ".
) :
pr avirma ( )
dhtu
artha. dhtu

()
.
P ini
anubandha. ,
anubandha . (
a
).

15.4
Dhtu-p ha dhtu

.
dhtu. , Dhtu-p ha
dhtu ,
, dhtu
. ,
,
dhtu.
53:
, dhtu
,
, , ,
:
) Dhtu anubandha:
.

117
) Ga a, dhtu:
ga a,
.
) Bh (= "", pada,
),
: tmane-bh , parasmai-bh ubhayato-bh (..
" ", tmane, parasmai).
) dhtu
( : pratyaya
() anubandha ) rdha-dhtuka. Dhtu
:
(< - " () ");
(< - " ( ) ");
(- " ( ) ",
, ,
,
).

.
) , dhtu
artha.
) ,
.

, dhtu (
anubandha a) ,
parasmai-bh , 17
:
,

,
dhtu anubandha (
), dhtu
. dhtu ,
,
dhtu: (ga a)
bh (. () () ). ,
"cl.1 ." " (bhvdi-ga a),
tmane-bh ; "cl.4 P." "divdi-ga a
parasmai-bh ", .. Dhtu-p ha
ga a.
bh , "P. A.", Dhtu-p ha
ubhyato-bh .
, 99, ,
,
.

118

15.5 dhtu
15.6 Dhtu-p ha
dhtu Dhtu-p ha
:
) ,
:
;
;
) ,
:
;
;
) dhtu
anubandha,

, :
[ ];
.
,
,
Dhtu-p ha .
(
P ini:
6.1.64, 6.1.65 7.1.58 ).

Dhtu ,
( 14.6),
Dhtu-p ha: dhtu
, artha , ,
, artha .
1) MW758a 1.bh, cl.3 P. to fear, to be afraid of
(" ... , ")
Dh.P.: []
Dh.P.:
MW747a bhaya n. (bh) fear, alarm, dread ...
(, , )
: dhtu
anubandha:
, dhtu
. (juhotydiga a) bh .
dhtu Dhtu-p ha
26, : .
15.3
prtipadika artha
(
), .
artha

119
dhtu,
dhtu , .
2) MW648a p, cl.9 P. to fill to sate,
cherish, nourish (... ... , ,
)
Dh.P.:
Dh.P.:
MW623a Plana mf() n. guarding, nourishing n.
the act of guarding, protecting, nourishing, defending
(mf() n. , ... n. ,
, )
MW642a Pra a mf()n. filling, completing,
satisfying m. "completer" n. the act of filling or
filling up. (mf()n. , ,
... m. "" ... n.
.)
:
dhtu , ,
(krydi-ga a)
bh . dhtu artha
39,
:
, !
vibhakti , artha
dvi-vacana (. 15.3),
.
(
)

"-na" (
sandhi)
, "the act of ..."
(" ..."). .
Artha plana ""
"" "" pra a
(, ,
dhtu p ). dhtu
:
, ,
.
3) MW1302a , 1.hi, cl.1 P. A. to take, bear, carry
(, , , , )
Dh.P.:
Dh.P.:
MW1289a Hara a mf()n. carrying, holding,
containing, n. the act of carrying or bringing or
fetching (mf()n. , , ... n.
).
:
dhtu, ga a bh
.
4) MW252b kamp, cl.1 A. to treble, shake
(, )
Dh.P.:
Dh.P.:

120
MW391 Calana, mf()n. moving, movable, tremulous
n. shaking motion, shaking, trembling (mf()n.
, , ... n.
, , )
: dhtu

, ,
dhtu (. 15.5):
.
5) MW395b 4. cit, cl.1 to perceive, fix the
mind upon, attend to (,
, )
Dh.P.:
Dh.P.:
MW1133c Sa -jna mf()n. producing harmony
n. unanimity, harmony with consciusness right
perception (mf()n. ... n.
, ... ...
)
: ,
ga a ,
dhtu .

, artha:
dhtu cit
.

5) MW300c 1.ki cl.2 P. to do, make,

perform, accomplish (... , ,
, )
Dh.P.: [ ]
Dh.P.:
MW254a Kara a mf()n. doing, making, effecting,
causing m. a helper, companion n. the act of
making, doing, producing, effecting (mf()n.
, , ... m.
, ... n. ,
, , , )
: dhtu
: 301
"cl.1 P.", "cl.5 P." "cl.8 (this is the usual
formation in Brhmaas, Stras, and Classical
Sanskrit)" ("cl.8 ( ,
).
Dhtu-p ha dhtu ,
2- ,
.
dhtu 5- , artha
(" ")
,
dhtu.

121
5) MW963b 1.vid, cl.2.P. to know,
understand, perceive, learn ("", ,
, , )
Dh.P.:
Dh.P.:
MW426a Jna n. knowing, becoming acquainted
with, knowledge (n. , )
:
dhtu ,
ga a bh .
6) MW783a man, cl.8.4. A. to think, believe,
imagine (, , ).
Dh.P.:

Dh.P.:
MW425a Jna n. knowing, becoming acquainted
with, knowledge (, )
MW101b Ava-bodhana, n. informing, teaching,
instruction (n. , , ,
)
:
dhtu, ,
artha . ,
, ,
dhtu, artha:
" ", "

(
).

15.7

, Dhtu-p ha
. ,
:
(
, )
.
, (
) ,
.
,
, ,
, ,

.

, .
Dhtup ha
, ,
Veda:

.

122
,
.

Bhagavad-Gt. 33 10
,
.
r-K a , Arjuna
. :

ak ar makro'smi dvandva smsikasya ca |
, .
,
, ,
, Dhtup ha, , .
sandhi , :

ak ar m akra asmi dvandva smsikasya ca
|

a h bahu-vacana .

MW3b a-kshara mfn. imperishable n. a syllable, letter,

vowel, sound, word (mfn. n. , ,
, , ).
MW1a 3. a a prefix having a negative or privative or
contrary sense ( ,
).
MW327a K ara mfn. melting away, perishable; m. a cloud; n.
water; the body (mfn. , ; m. ; n.
, ).
MW 327a kshar, cl.1 P. to flow, stream, glide; to melt away,
wane, perish (cl.1 P. , , ; , ,
, ... )
Dh.P.:
MW1132a Sa -calana n. moving about, agitation, trembling,
shaking (n. , ,
, ).
pratham eka-vacana .
MW1a -kra m. the letter or sound a (m. a)
(. 3.).
MW274b 1.kra mf()n. 1. ki making, doing, working
m (ifc.) an act, action, the term used in designating a letter or
sound or indeclinable word (mf()n. 1. ki ,
... m. ( ) , ,
, ,
)
MW300c 1.ki cl.2.P. to do, make, perform, accomplish
(, , , )
Dh.P.: [ ]

123
MW254a Kara a mf()n. doing, making, effecting, causing
m. a helper, companion n. the act of making, doing, producing,
effecting (mf()n. , ,
, , ... m. ,
... n. , , ,
, , )
eka-vacana uttama-puru a la ( ,
) as ""
MW117a 1.as cl.2 P. to be, live, exist, be present (,
, , )
Dh.P.:
MW760c 2. Bh mfn. becoming, being, existing f. the act of
arising or becoming; the place of being space, world or universe
(mfn. , , ; f.
; , ,
).
pratham eka-vacana .
MW503b n. a couple, male and female m. a copulative
compound (or any compound in which the members if
uncompounded would be in the same case and connected by the
conjunction "and") (n. , ... m.
(
,
"")).
MW503b original stem of dvi (
dvi).
MW504c two ().

a h eka-vacana .
MW1206b mf()n. (from sam-sa), comprehensive,
concise, syccinct, brief; relating to or belonging to a compound
word; m. or n. a compound word, Bhag. (mf()n. ( sam-sa),
, , ;
; m. n. , Bhag.)
MW.1152a 2.sam ind. (connected with 7. sa and 2. sama),
with, together with, along with, altogether (( 7.sa
and 2.sama) , , ).
MW1152a 2.sama mf()n. even, smooth same, equal,
similar, like, equivalent, like or identical or homogeneous with
(mf()n. , ... , , ,
, )
MW1111b 7. sa ind. expressing "junction", "conjunction"
"similarity", "equality" "having the same" (
"", "" ... "", "" ...
" " ...)
MW159c 1. sa m. seat (m. , )
MW159c 2. s to sit quietly, abide, remain ( ,
, ).
Dh.P.
MW207a Upa-veana n. the act of sitting down, a seat; the being
devoted to or engaged in (n. , ;
- -).
avyaya .
MW380a 2. ca ind. and, both, also, moreover, as well as
(ind. , , , , )

124
:

: , , ,
; ,
.
A.

.
: , 1..6
;
, ,
. ,
;
, .
, Arjuna, K a
,

.

(asa bhuvi, " ").
(ak ara):
, ,
, .
,
, - ?
,
.

dvandva-samsa
,
(. 11..1). dvandva
samsa
,
. ,

,
.
:
,
. , ?
, ? ,
? ,
, , ,
, .

15.8
Dhtu-p ha

Bhagavad-gt
prtipadika.
, dhtu ,
, artha Dhtu-p ha
.

125
,
,
. ,
:

, , .
:
,
.
,

.

ahamevk aya klo dhtha

vivatomukha ||

, .
sandhi :

aham eva ak aya kla dht aham
vivatomukha ||
pratham eka-vacana "".
avyaya , , .

pratham eka-vacana ak aya (< yasya k aya na

vidyate ", ") = ,
.
pratham eka-vacana kla = .
:
, Dhtu-p ha
: artha
,
( ).
pratham eka-vacana dht .
pratham eka-vacana vivatomukha (<
vivata mukh yasya sa ",
/") = -.
: asmi,
, .

126

,
, .
,
.
:
,
,
(
)
. , ,
, :
(
)
.
, :

.
, ..
,
,
, .
,

:

) The Bhagavad- Gt translated by Winthrop Sargeant,

SUNNY, 739 , .
Gt , ,

,
.
, :
.
) Sansktit Manual, A Quick-reference Guide to the
Phonology and Grammar of Classical Sanskrit, George S.
Bucknell, Motilal Banarsidass: 254 ,
.
,

,

.
prtipadika ,
, .
) Teach Yourself Sanskrit, Michael Coulson, Hodder and
Stoughton, 493 , .
.

, .

127

- ,
. "-"
:
.
) Devav praveika, An introduction to the Sanskrit
Language, Robert P. Goldman and Sally J. Sutherland, 460
, .
,
.

.
,
.
) Sa sk tasubodhin, a Sanskrit Primer, Madhav M.
Deshpande, 460 , .
,
.
,
.
) Laghukaumud of Varadarja, translated by James R.
Ballantyne, Motilal Banarsidass, 451 ,
.

Pini
Adhyy.
.
Devangar
. ,
-
.
:
Bhagavad-gt a kara A.M.
Sastry, Samata Books; Upani ad
Svm arvnanda ., Sri
Ramakrishna Math; : Upani ad
a kara, Advaita Ashrama (Eight Principal Upaniads,
and Chndogya by Svm Gambhrnanda, Bhadrayaka by
Svm Mdhavnanda).

128

: 2
2..2.)

: 1
1.

1..3.)
1.

, .

2.

, .

3.

, .

4.

, .

5.

, .

6.

, () .

2. () , ()
.
3.

, () .

4.

, () .

5.

, () .

6.

() , .

7.

, .

8.

, () .

1.

ti hva vadatha ca

2.

vadatha ti hanti ca

3.

ti hatha vadatha ca

4.

ti hanti vadmi ca

5.

ti hati vadatha ca

6.

vadata ti hati ca

7.

ti hma vadatha ca

1..3.)
2..2 )
1.

ti hati vadmi ca

2.

ti hasi vadati ca

3.

vadasi ti hmi ca

4.

vadasi ti hati ca

5.

ti hmi vadati ca

6.

vadmi ti hasi ca

129
8.

vadatha ti hasi ca

: 3
3..3.)
1.

2.

() .

3.

() .

4.

, .

5.

6.

() .

1.

nara avam nayate

2.

avau naram nayete

3.

nar vadanti nayante ca

4.

ava nara

5.

v k a ava ca ti hata

6.

nar avn nayante

3..3.)

v k am nayate

130

: 4
4..3.)

, .

2.

1.

3.

2.

4.

3.

5.

() .

4.

6.

5.

7.

6.

8.

1.

avena gacchati

2.

avam narya nayethe

3.

v k n avai vahanti

4.

avn v k t gacchma

5.

v k am nart avena labhvahe

6.

ava naram v k ebhya vahanti

4..3.)

: 5
5..2.)

1.

131
8. ()
.

5..2.)
1.

avayo ti hati

2.

v k e u nara ava ca ti hata

3.

narayo v k ti anti

4.

narasya ava naram v k ebhya vahati

5.

avau naram v k m vahata

6.

(he) ava v k am narya vahasi

7.

narasya avn v k t labhate

8.

naram avam v k t vahatha

: 6
6..4.)
1.

2.

3.

4. ()
.
5.

6.

() .

7.

() .

9. ()
.
10. .
6..4.)
1. nara ti thati ca bl vadati
2. avam nayethe ca phalam labhe
3. nara bl ca v k e u avbhym
gacchata (, )
4. naram blm ca avam v k t labhvahe
5. nara v k n avena phalebhya gacchati
6. bl phale v k t avebhya labhate
7. ava v k am blm narya vahati
8. nara avam phalena nayate
9. ava phalni bl narya vahati
10. ble ave ti hata phalam ca v k t
labhete

: 7
7..2.)
1.

blm v k t narasya avam vahva

2.

nara bl ca ti hata vadata ca

132
3.

ava v k asya phale blbhya labhate

4.

bly ava phalni narya vahati

5.

nar v k asya phalam blyai labhante

6.

narasya bl avn v k n nayate

6.

av v k n narebhya vahanti

7..2.)

7..2.)

1. ()
.
2.

3. () /
() .
4.

5.

6.

: 8
8..5.)
1.

7..2.)

bl agnim sundart nart gacchati

2. nara alpam v k am blm agnaye ghram

labhate
1.

phalni v k t avena vahatha

2.

bly avau phalni naram labhete

3.

avam v k asya phalni nayethe

4.

nara v k am avt blyai labhate

5. bl ava ca v k e u phalebhya
gacchata

3.

sundar bl alpam avam nadm nayate

4. narau sundar i phalni alpt v k t

labhete
5. gurava alpam sundaram avam nadyau
nayante

133
6.

alpa v k a sundare agnau ti hati

6. guru alpasya v k asya sundare u phale u

ti hati

8..5.)
8..5.)
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4. ()
.
5.
() .
6.

: 9
9..3.)

8..5.)
1.

narasya guru nadm avena gacchati

1.

nara phalni labhate iti ble vadata

2.

bl alpam phalam narasya gurum vahati

2.

he guro ble nayase iti alpa nara vadati

3.

bly guru alpym nadym ti hati

3.

ava v k asya phalni blyai vahati

4.

guro bl sundare ave ti hati

4.

phalam v k t avena narya vahata

5.

v k am alpau agn avai ghram vahmi

6.

nad alpam v k am sundarm blm vahati

5. sundar bl naram alpam gurum ghram

nayate

134
4.
9..3.)

phalni bly v k t labhvahe

5. nara bl ca sundaram gurum nady

gacchata

1. ()
.
2. , ()
.
3.

5. ()
.
6.
.
9..3.)
phalni avam labhe iti bl gurum vadati

2. v k am nadm vahmi iti nara blm

vadati
3.

9..3.)

4. ()
.

1.

6. sundar bl avam alpn v k n

phalebhya nayate

: 10

bly phale naram ghram labhadhve

1.

4.

3.

6.

2.

5.

135

7.

19.

9.

21.

8.

10.

11.

12.

13.
14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

20.
22.
23.

24.
25.
26.

27.
28.
29.

30.

136

: 11

()
.

()
.

()
.

: 12

1. 135a

3. 856b

2. Hetu 1303c

4. Prak iti 654a

137
5. Jna 426a

13. 999a

6. -nanda 139c

14. H idaya 1302c

7. Vy-kara a 1035c

15. 637a

8. 737c

16. Manas 783c

9. 359b

17. 1057c

10. Rajas 863b

18. Bhakti 743a

11. Citta 395c

19. 25a

12. 226c

20. 306b K a 308a

: 13
1. -vyatireka 46b

13. Sa -yoga 1112b

2. -sattva -t 894b

14. Dhyna-yoga 521a

3. Vi-vha -kla 987b

15. Adhy-ropa 23b

4. Sa -sk ita 1120c

16. raddht i 1095c

5. -yuga 262a

17. Hira ya-garbha 1299c

6. M ha 825b

18. -paka-pda 643c

7. Sa -gama-mai 1128c

19. Mleccha-jti 837c

8. Kshatriya-dharma 325b

20. A-g ihta 1309a

9. -rpa-dhik 729b
10. Bhagavad -gt 744a
11. Mano-bhava-sana 785b
12. Vi-veka 987c

: 14
1.
MW60c a-bhaya mf()n. n. absence or
removal of fear (n. ,
).
MW1a 3.a having a negative or privative or
contrary sense (... ,
).
MW747a bhaya n. (bh) fear, alarm, dread (n.
(bh) , , ...).
MW758a 1. bh, cl.3 P. to fear, be afraid of
( , ).
2.
MW642a Pr a, mfn. n. fullness, plenty,
abundance (n. , , ).
MW641a pra (p, Caus.)
MW648a p, cl.9 P. to fill to sate, cherish,
nourish ( , ).
3.
MW677b Praty-hra m. drawing back abstraction
(m. , ).
MW677b praty--hi P. -harati to withdraw
(, , ).
MW663c Praty, in comp. before vowels for prati
above ( . prati .
).

MW661b 1.prati, ind. (as a prefix towards,

back ( ... , ...).
MW126a 4. (as a prefix near, near to, towards
( ... , , ...).
MW1302a 1. h, cl.1 P.. harati to take, bear,
carry (... , , ).
: dhtu ,
;
harati, 677b.
4.
MW8c A-cpalya, am, n. freedom from unsteadiness
(n. ).
MW1a 3.a having a negative or privative or
contrary sense (... ,
).
MW393a Cpalya, n. agitation, unsteadiness,
fickleness (, , ,
).
MW393a cpala, n. (from cap) mobility
unsteadiness ( ... ).
MW388b capala, mf()n. (kamp) shaking,
trembling (, ).
MW252b kamp, cl.1. . to tremble, shake (...
, ).
5.
MW396b Citra-karman rma-vid, mfn. skilled in
the art of painting (mfn.
... ).

139
: . 10.) 83:
prtipadika -an, -n
samsa .
MW396b Citra-karman n. any extraordinary act
painting (n. ,
).
MW396a Citra, mf()n. conspicuous, excellent,
distinguished (mf()n. , ,
).
MW395b 4.cit, cl.1. to perceive, fix the mind
upon, attend to ( ,
, ).
MW258b karman, a, n. ki act, action,
perfomance ( , , ,
, ).
MW300c 1. ki cl.2.P. to do, make, perform,
accomplish ... ( , ,
...).
: dhtu 304a,

karman.
MW963c 2. Vid, mfn. knowing, understanding, a
knower (mfn. , , ).
MW963b 1.vid, cl.2 P. to know, understand,
perceive, learn ( , ,
, ).
:
, 4.Vid
965a, dhtu 3.vid 964c.

6.
MW523b

-mnin (ni-t, f., Bhag.).

-mnin, mfn. not too much proud or
arrogant (mfn.
).
(for na + ati ), not very much, not
too ( , )
MW523a 2.na ind. not, no, nor, neither (ind. ,
).
MW12b Ati prefix excessive, extraordinary,
intense, too (
, , ", ,
").
MW810b mnika, mnita, 1.2. mnin. See p.
809, cols. 2 and 3.
MW809b Mni -t f (ifc.) fancying that one possesses,
imaginary . (f (ifc.) , ,
.).
Mni, in comp. for 1. mnin.
MW809c Mnin mfn. (fr. man or fr. 1. mna)
haughty, proud ( , ).
MW809a 1. 1. mna, (man) opinion selfconceit, pride (... ... ,
).
MW783a man, cl.8.4.. to think, believe,
imagine ( , , , ).

140

MW3b a-kshaya mf()n. exempt from decay,

undecaying (mf()n. ,
).
MW1a 3.a having a negative or privative or
contrary sense (... ,
).
MW328a 3.kshaya m. loss, waste, wane, dimunition,
destruction, decay (m. , ,
, , ).
MW328a cl.1 P. to destroy, corrupt, ruin, kill,
injure (, , , ).
Dh.P.

Dh.P.
Dh.P.
Dh.P.
MW329a kshepa m. a throw, cast moving to and
fro, sending, dismissing delay, procrastination
insult, invective, abuse (m. ,
, , ,
, ,
).
MW162a -svdana n. the act of eating, tasting,
enjoying (n. , , ,
).
MW347a gati f. going, moving, gait movement in
general (f. , ,
).
MW1128b sa -khyna n. becoming seen,
appearance, reckoning, enumeration, calculation
measurement (n. , , ,
, ).

MW278a 2. kla m. (kal to calculate or

enumerate) .. time (in general).
MW260a 3.kal P. (rarely ) .. to impel, incite,
urge on ( P. ( ) .. ,
, )
:
, tmanepada, artha dhtu .

dhtu, .

MW514a Dht i m. establisher, founder, creator,

bearer, supporter, arranger (m. , ,
, ).
MW513b 1. dh cl.3 P.. to put, place, set
direct or fix the mind or attention upon appoint,
establish, constitute; to make, produce, generate,
create, cause (to , , ,

, ; ,
, , , ).

: 15
MW124b nom. sg. "I" ("").
MW232b ind, just so, indeed, truly, really (ind,
, , , ).

141

Dh.P. [ ]

MW515a Dhra a mf()n. holding, bearing, keeping,

preserving, maintaining n. the act of holding,
bearing immovable concentration of the mind upon
(mf()n. , , ,
n. ,
).
MW650b - a mfn. nourishing; n. the act of
nourishing, keeping, supporting (mfn. obq; n.
, , ).
MW994c Viva-to-mukha in comp. for viva-tas, mfn.
facing all sides, one whose face is turned everywhere
(mfn. , ,
).
MW994c Viva-tas ind. from or on all sides,
everywhere, all round, universally (ind.
, , , ,
).
MW992b mf()n. (probably from 1.vi to
pervade) all, every, everyone; whole, entire, universal,
all-pervading, all-containing, omni-present (mf()n.
( 1.vi ) , ,
; , , , , , -, ).
MW989a 1.vi cl.6.P. to enter, pervade, to be
absorber in (, ,
).
Dh.P.

MW692c pra-vea-na n. entering, entrance or

penetration into (n. ,
).
MW819c mukha n. the mouth, face, countenance
opening, aperture, entrance into or egress out of (n.
, , , ,
).
: ,
,
- ;
, :
, , ,
, , . ,
, ,
.

(, ),
():
.
: ,
,
-
"".
,
, . ,
,
,

142
.
: , K a
,
.

Dispenser ("", "") , ,
Providence ("",
""),
( ),
.
artha dhtu (",
"), ", ",
, dht ,
,
vivatomukha. , -
, :

.
mukha "",
,
;
"", .
, vivatomukha
, ,
.

, , vivatomukha
, dht
.

143

(
, ).
.
a-kra a.
a-gho a : ,
.
a ga : ,
( sandhi) .
an-udtta " ":
(svara)
.
anunsika : ,
.
anubandha "": ,
dhtu,
.
anusvra "-": 1. ,
svara; 2. , sandhi
m .

anta stha "-":

() ya ra la va.
artha "": ,
Dhtu-pha dhtu.
ardha-sp
a "-": " "
man a a sa ha.
a-luk-samsa samsa,
vibhakti.
alpa-pr a "---":
, .
avagraha, ,
sandhi.
avasna , , .
avyaya : ,
vibhakti.
avyaybhva-samsa :
, .
a an : , .
tmane-pada " " " ":
.

144
tmane-bh " ":
, tmane-pada.
bhyantara-prayatna " ": (
) .
itaretara-dvandva-samsa
: ,
.
iti "": ,
.
at-sp a "-": " ",
()
ya ra la va.
ad-viv ta "-": " ",
man a a sa
ha.
uttama-puru a " ": ,

.
" ".
udtta "": (svara)
.

upadhmnya, ,
: -visarga pa
pha.
upapada-tatpuru a-samsa
: ,
dhtu .
upasarga : 1. ,
; 2.
.
ubhyato-bh "-": ,
parasmai-bh tmane-bh.
man "":
"" a a sa ha.
eka : , .
eka-vacana " ":
; , ,
. . dvi- bahu-vacana.
eka-ruti "-": ,
pracaya ("")
, udtta
.

145
o hya :
u, pa-varga va.
ka hatlavya -:
e ai.
ka ho hya -:
o au.
ka hya :
a, ka-varga ha.
kart , pratham vibhakti,
, tty vibhakti,
.

-kra ", ": ,

,
ka-kra k.
kriy : 1. ( ); 2.
.
kriy-vie a a "-", :
, .
k a: .
ga a "": dhtu.
gu a "": .

karmadhraya-tatpuru a-samsa
: ,
samsa
.

gho a : ,
.

karman ", , ",

( ), dvity
vibhakti pratham vibhakti
.

caturth vibhakti :
.

ka-varga ka-: , ka,

.. ka kha ga gha a.

catur : , .

candrabindu "/ ": ,

a ya ra la va .
ca-varga ca-: ,
ca, . . ca cha ja jha a.

146
jihvmlya, ,
-visarga ka kha.

dantya :
, ta-varga, l s.

ja: .
daan : , .
a-varga a-: , a, .
. a ha a ha a.
tatpuru a-samsa :
, ,
samsa-vigraha
.
ta-varga ta-: , ta, .
. ta tha da dha na.
tlavya :
i, ca-varga,
ya a.
ti -vibhakti : ,
kriy, purua vacana.
t ty vibhakti :
.
tri : , .
danto hya -:
f v.

drgha , ,
.
Devangar " ": 1.
; 2. ; 3.
, .
dva : , .
dvandva-samsa :
, .
dvigu-tatpuru a-samsa
: ,
.
dvity vibhakti :
.
dvi-vacana " ": ,
, ,
. . eka- bahu-vacana.

147
dhtu : ,
,
.

pada : 1. ; 2.
( ); 3.
, . tmane-pada parasmai-pada.

Dhtu-p ha " ": ,

dhtu
.

parasmai-pada " ", " ":

.

na-tatpuru a-samsa
: ,
.
napu ska-li ga :
.
navan : , .
nma-dhtu : , dhtu
.
nman "", :
.
nipta : .
pacan : , .
pacam vibhakti, :
.

parasmai-bh ", " ":

, parasmaipada.
pa-varga pa-: , pa,
.. pa pha ba bha ma.
P ini ( 350 .
..). Adhyy
4000 .
.
pu -li ga :
.
puru a "": ,
: prathama-purua
( ", ") ,
, madhyama-purua ( ",
") , ,
uttama-purua ( ", ") ,
.

148
pr a-virma ( ) :
.
prag hya " ",
sandhi.
pra ava abda " ", ,
.
pratyaya : .
prathama-puru a " ": ,

, . "
" .
pratham vibhakti " ": 1.
; 2. .
prayatna : ,
: bhyantara- bhya-prayatna.
pr a "": . alpa-pra mah-pra.
prtipadika : ( )
,
.
pluta "": ,
.

bahu-vacana " ":

, , ,
. . eka- dvi-vacana.
bahuvrhi-samsa :
, samsa-vigraha
yad.
bhya-prayatna :
(.. ) .
bindu : anusvra .
bh , : , . tmane-, parasmai-
ubhyato-bh.
madhyama-puru a " ":
, ,
(
).
mah-pr a "---":
, .
mt k
.

149
mtr : ,
; :
hrasva, drgha pluta.

vibhakti
(sup-vibhakti),
(ti-vibhakti).

mrdhanya :
, a-varga,
ra a.

virma : 1. " ",

; 2. " ",
.

repha ra, ,
, kra.

vie a a "", : ,
, .

la-kra "l-", "l-" "l-":

,
l.

visarga "", "":

.
visarga-sandhi ,
visarga .

la ,
, la-kra.

visarjanya "", "":

, visarga.

li ga : pu-, str-
napusaka-liga.

v ddhi "", "":

.

vacana "": , ,
. . eka-, dvi- bahuvacana.

vyajana "", :
.

varga : ,
ka-varga, pa-varga.

vyadhikara a-tatpuru a-samsa

; ,
samsa-vigraha .

150
akti
.
a : , .
a h vibhakti :
.
sa yoga "": , ,
.
sa j "-", : ,
, ,
.
sandhi ", ":
.
sandhi-vigraha " sandhi": sandhi

.
sandhyak ara :
e ai o au.

samndhikara a-tatpuru a-samsa

: ,
, ,
.
samsa "": , .
samhra-dvandva-samsa
: ,
,
;
.
samprasra a "",
, anta stha
.
sambodhana , :
, pratham vibhakti.
sarva-nman " ": .
savar a "": ,

.

saptan : , .
saptam vibhakti :
.

sup-vibhakti :
.

151
str-li ga :
.
sthna "":
.
spara "", "":
ka ma.
sp a "": " "
spara ka ma.
svara "" "": 1. ; 2.
(udtta an-udtta svarita)
.
svarita "" :
(svara)
.
udtta, anudtta, c
udtta.
hal .
halanta "--":
, .
hrasva "": ,
.