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Optimization of 0.01% weight concentration of aqueous carbon nanotubes based nanouid as coolant in a rectangular MCHS has been completed using
the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) optimization procedure.
The optimized thermal resistance for the nanouid is better than that of water particularly at high temperature.
The reduction in number of channels is very slight, a large quantity of 1 cm by 1 cm MCHS could mean savings in the production cost using nanouid.
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 21 January 2013
Accepted 4 August 2013
Available online 5 September 2013
The present work focuses on analytical optimization of a rectangular microchannel heat sink using
aqueous carbon nanotubes based nanouid as coolant. The particles weight concentration used in this
study is 0.01%. The density, the thermal conductivity and the rheological behavior of the nanouid are
experimentally investigated in order to evaluate the thermal resistance and the pumping power in
microchannel under laminar ow. An analytical approach of optimization scheme was applied; it is
compiled from a systematic thermal resistance model as an analysis method and the elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA2). The effects of the temperature, the channel aspect ratio, the channel wall ratio and the use of aqueous carbon nanotubes based nanouid on the thermal
resistance and the pumping power are investigated. The optimized results showed that use of the
nanouid as a working uid reduce the total thermal resistance and can enhance signicantly the
thermal performances of the working uid at high temperatures.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Nanouid
Microchannel
Heat transfer enhancement
Optimization
NSGA2
1. Introduction
Recent developments in the integrated circuits fabrication
technology have allowed to integrate 3e6 billion transistors in a
single electronic chip. This enormous number of transistors made
these ICs powerful enough to perform multiple functions without
any noticeable time delay. However, huge amount of heat (100 W/
cm2 [1]) is generated which rises the ICs temperature signicantly. To ensure better performances of these ICs, it is vital to
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 33 650647249.
E-mail address: salma.halelfadl@insa-rennes.fr (S. Halelfadl).
1359-4311/$ e see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.08.005
suppress this temperature rise to its minimum. Since the innovation work by Tuckerman and Pease [2], the microchannel heat
sink MCHS attracted great interest in recent years because of its
capacity to dissipate a large heat from a small area. Day after day,
researchers realized that the basic capabilities of the microchannel heat sinks are not enough sufcient to perform effective
cooling of MEMS devices. Therefore, unlimited efforts were
devoted to enhance the capabilities of the microchannel heat
sinks using different structural material [3e6], different channel
geometries [7e10] and different coolants [11e13]. The use of
different materials and channel geometries have almost reached
to their optimum stage, signicant improvement in the overall
performance of the microchannel heat sinks could not be achieved. However, the working uids mostly used in microchannel
heat sinks are air, water and refrigerants. The properties of these
coolants limit their capabilities of heat removals in microchannel
heat sink. The basic idea is to improve the thermal performances
by changing the working uid properties [14]. Based on this
concept, recent researches focused on the heat transfer
enhancement by using nanouids [15e18]. Nanouids consist of
nanometer-sized particles of metals, oxides, nitrides, or nanotubes dispersed in a base uid. They have attracted much attention because of their high thermal conductivity and thermal
performances compared to pure uids therefore great potential
for heat transfer enhancement [19e21]. In recent years, several
investigations have been carried on heat transfer performances of
microchannel MCHS using nanouids. Lee et al. [22] investigated
experimentally the effectiveness of alumina water based nanouid at enhancing heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks. Lelea
[23] found by numerical modeling of alumina water based
nanouid in microchannel that the heat transfer enhancement
rises as the volume fraction increases or the particles diameter
decreases. Teng and Yu [24] studied experimentally the merits
and the limitations of aqueous CNTs based nanouid for cooling
system for engine. Chein and Huang [25] investigated the thermal
and hydrodynamic performance of a CuO/water cooled rectangular microchannel heat sink for different volume fraction and
two specic geometries. They found that the performances were
greatly improved for these two specic geometries by using
nanouids as the coolants compared with pure water due to the
increase in thermal conductivity of coolant and the nanoparticles
thermal dispersion effect.
Mohammed et al. [26] investigated numerically the thermal
performances of alumina/water cooled rectangular microchannel
heat sink. They found that the nanouid-cooled MCHS has lower
thermal resistance than pure water-cooled MCHS. The thermal
resistance value decreases as the volume fraction of nanoparticle
increases.
Abbassi and Aghanaja [27] investigated heat transfer
enhancement of a microchannel heat sink with copper water CuO/
water based nanouids. Their results show that the use of nanouid
leads to astonishing heat transfer enhancement in MCHS and this
enhancement increases with increasing ow Reynolds number and
particle concentration. A similar analysis was performed by Tsai
and Chein [28] for MCHS performance using Cu/water and aqueous
carbon nanotubes based nanouids as working uids. Based on
porous media model for the microchannel, they found that the
nanouid can enhance signicantly the thermal performances of
the microchannel only when the porosity and the aspect ratio are
less than the optimum values evaluated under the pressure drops
conditions. Bhattacharya et al. [29] found that the use of alumina
water based nanouid improves the microchannel heat sink performances MCHP by reducing n thermal resistance. Their simulation results show that fully developed heat transfer coefcient
increases with Reynolds number even under laminar ow.
Hang [30] performed an analytical study of the viscous dissipation effect on thermal performances of nanouids in microchannel under laminar fully developed ow. The results show that
the Nusselt number is overestimated when the viscous dissipation
is neglected.
As reported so far, carbon nanotubes based nanouids are
rarely investigated in MCHS. In most of the works mentioned
above, the thermophysical properties are calculated using
analytical models. However, many results in published literature
are not consistent with others or with the analytical models [31e
33]. In the present work, we experimentally characterize the
thermophysical properties of aqueous carbon nanotubes based
493
Hc
wc
ww
wc
Table 1
Geometrical parameters of microchannel heat sink.
Parameters
Values
1 102
1 102
213 106
494
Table 2
Mathematical model validation.
Models
Parameters
Relative uncertainty
W (cm)
L (cm)
Hc (mm)
G (cm3/s)
R ( C/W)
DP (psi)
R (%)
DP (%)
1
1
1
1
0.32
0.32
5.714
5.714
0.7857
0.7857
4.7
4.7
0.11
0.102
15
15.8
e
7.3
e
5.3
2
R
7
L
2 1b
1 1b
t
1b 6
1
7aHc
ln6
Cpf mf Re 1 a hav 1 2ah khs pkhs 4sin pb 5
21b
(1)
The hydrodynamic performance is assessed using the total
pressure drop Dp/pumping power Pp method as [34]:
2
V2
1 aL Vmf
1
1 2
Dp f
rf
rf mf
1:792:23
0:53
2Hc
2
2
1 b
1 b
(2)
Pp Dptot G
(3)
h 2:253 8:164
a 1:5 k
f
a1
Dh
(4)
fRe
3:2
0:5
ReDh 0:52 2
4:7 19:64B2
L
(5)
1 2
1
2
a1
B a
1
(6)
W
wc ww
(7)
Upper
Lower
Design variables
5
1
0.01
0.1
495
4.1. Nanouid
An aqueous carbon nanotubes based nanouid was prepared
by dispersing carbon nanotubes into distillated water as a base
uid. The nanouid was prepared and provided by Nanocyl
(Belgium). This suspension consists of thin multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (carbon purity 90%) dispersed in a mixture of deionized water and surfactant from ultra-sonication (Fig. 3). The
Table 4
Comparison of the current results and Tuckerman and Peases results.
Tuckerman & Pease
DR/R (%)
G (cm3/s)
Hc (mm)
R ( C/W)
Pp (W)
R ( C/W)
Pp (W)
4.7
6.5
8.6
320
302
287
5.71
6.01
5.218
0.78
1
0.818
0.11
0.09
0.113
0.486
1.838
0.762
4.899
4.922
4.996
0.011
0.017
0.011
0.085
0.057
0.064
0.223
0.902
0.595
23%
36%
43%
496
1010
Pure water
Density (kg/m3)
1005
CNT_0.01%
1000
995
990
985
980
975
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature ( C)
40
45
The measurement procedure and the validation of the experimental protocol were detailed and reported in a previous work
[37,38]. In brief, once transferred between the cone and plate, the
sample was allowed to equilibrate at the working temperature for
5 min before starting the viscosity measurement. Then, without
any preshear, a logarithmic stress ramp under steady-state conditions with maximum step duration of 180 s was applied. When a
steady-state ow condition is achieved and maintained for 10 s, the
shear rate is measured. The range of shear stress applied was preliminary determined to ensure steady-state ow at low shear
stress, and to avoid instability due to turbulent ow and sample
ejection at high shear stress. The tests were done in two replicates
to verify the reproducibility of the measurement and the suspensions stability with time.
Fig. 7 shows the evolution of the apparent dynamic viscosity as a
function of shear rate for the tested range of temperatures from 10
to 40 C. As reported in Ref. [38], the results show that the nanouid
behaves in Newtonian manner as the apparent viscosity is quite
constant within the shear rate range investigated. It is worth noting
that the viscosity of nanouid is close to the viscosity of de-ionized
water. This means, that at this particle content, the presence of
nanotubes does not affect the viscosity of the base uid. It is also
observed that the temperature has a strong effect on the rheological properties of CNT nanouid. Actually, the apparent viscosity
decreases with increasing temperature, as generally reported for
many nanouids.
Cp;nf
fv rCp np 1 fv rCp
fv rnp 1 fv rbf
bf
(8)
Table 5
Characteristics of CNT basic solution (1% wt).
Supplier Nanoparticles
Nanocyl
Size
4m (nf) Dispersant
SDBS
4m (s) 2%
0.45
Pure water
CNT_0.01%
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
CNT_0.01%
0.4
0.75
0.8
Water
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.5
10
15
20
25
30
Temperature (C)
35
40
45
0.05
1
Fig. 6. Thermal conductivity of water and carbon nanotubes based nanouid with
temperature.
0.2
30C
20C
40C
Fig. 8. Optimized thermal resistance against the channel aspect ratio (a) at 40 C.
CNT_0.01%
0.18
10C
10
497
Water
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1
0.1
10
100
1000
Fig. 9. Optimized pumping power against the channel aspect ratio (a) at 40 C.
Fig. 7. Apparent viscosity of CNT as a function of shear rate for different temperatures.
0.45
NTC_0.01
T ( C)
20
30
40
r (kg/m3)
m (Pa s)
k (W/m K)
1000.5 3.0
998.2 2.9
995.5 2.9
0.6036 0.0211
0.6817 0.0238
0.7119 0.02491
Cp (J/kg K)
0.001
0.0009
0.0008
4181.65
4177.65
4178.65
Table 7
Optimized results of nanouid and water as coolants.
Hc 287
(mm)
Optimized
results
CNT/water (0.01%)
T 20
T 30
T 40
T 20
T 30
T 40
R ( C/W)
P (W)
0.085
0.223
4.899
0.011
0.083
0.206
4.997
0.023
0.082
0.182
4.998
0.011
0.085
0.222
4.998
0.011
0.084
0.178
4.999
0.012
0.084
0.16
4.996
0.01
a
b
Water
Eau
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
Wall width ratio
0.02
0.022
0.024
Fig. 10. Optimized thermal resistance against the wall width to channel width ratio (b).
0.2
Table 6
Experimental results of thermophysical properties of nanouid.
0.4
CNT_0.01%
water
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.022
498
0.2
T = 40 Hc = 320
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Fig. 12. Optimized pumping power against thermal resistance and temperature for
carbon nanotubes based nanouid.
T: temperature, C
V: velocity, m/s
W, w: width, m
Greek symbols
Nomenclature
m: dynamic viscosity, Pa s
a: channel aspect ratio
b: wall width ratio
h: n efciency
DP: pressure drop, Pa
r: density, kg/m3
Subscripts
f: uid
nf: nanouid
0: water
mf: inside the microchannel
c: channel
hs: heat sink
bf: base uid
np: nanoparticles
w: wall
4: concentration, %
g_ : shear rate, s1
499