www.kmph.matrik.edu.

my

Chapter 05

Physics

CHAPTER 5:
Work, Energy and Power
(3 Hours)

Physics

Chapter 05

Overview:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

Work

Energy

Kinetic
energy

Gravitational
potential
energy

Principle of
conservation
of energy

Power

Elastic
potential energy

Average and
instantaneous
power

Mechanical
efficiency
2

Chapter 05
Learning Outcome:

Physics

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

5.1 Work (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and apply work done by a constant force.

W F s

Determine work done from a force-displacement graph.

Chapter 05

Physics

5.1 Work
5.1.1 Work, W
Work done by a constant force
is defined as the product of the component of the force
parallel to the displacement times the displacement of a
body.
OR
is defined as the scalar (dot) product between force and
displacement of a body.

Equation :
W F s

W F cos s Fs cos

where

F : magnitude of force
s : displacement of the
body

: the angle between F and s

Chapter 05

Physics

It is a scalar quantity.
The S.I. unit of work is

W Fs
2
unit of W kg m s m
kg m 2 s 2 OR joule (J)

The joule (1 J) is defined as the work done by a force of 1 N

which results in a displacement of 1 m in the direction of
the force. 1 J 1 N m 1 kg m 2 s 2

Work done by a variable force

Figure 5.1 shows a force, F whose magnitude changes with the

displacement, s.
For a small displacement, s1 the force remains almost constant
at F1 and work done therefore becomes W1=F1 s1 .
5

Chapter 05

Physics

F/N
FN

F4
F1
0
Figure 5.1

W 1
s1

s1

s4

s
sN2 s

To find the total work done by a variable force, W when the

displacement changes from s=s1 to s=s2, we can divide the
displacement into N small successive displacements :

s1 , s2 , s3 , , sN
Thus

W F1s1 F2 s2 ... FN s N

Physics

Chapter 05

When N , s 0, therefore

W Fds
s2

s1

W the area under the force - displacement graph

F/N

Work = Area

0 s1

s2 s/m

Chapter 05

Physics

5.1.2 Applications of works equation

Case 1 :

Work done by a horizontal force, F on an object (Figure 5.2).

Figure 5.2

W Fs cos
W Fs
s

and

Case 2 :

Work done by a vertical force, F on an object (Figure 5.3).

W Fs cos and 90

Figure 5.3

W 0J
s

Physics

Chapter 05
Case 3 :

Work done by a horizontal

forces, F1 and F2 on an object
(Figure 5.4).
F

F2

Figure 5.4

W W W F s F s
W F F s and F F F
W W

nett

Case 4 :

W1 F1 s cos 0
W2 F2 s cos 0

Fnett s

nett

Work done by a force, F and frictional

force, f on an object

(Figure 5.5).
F

Figure 5.5

Wnett Fnett s and Fnett F cos f ma

Wnett F cos f s OR Wnett mas

Chapter 05

Physics

Caution :

Work done on an object is zero when F = 0 or s = 0 and

= 90.

10

Chapter 05

Sign for work.

Physics

W Fs cos

If 0< <90 (acute angle) then cos > 0 (positive value)

therefore

W > 0 (positive) work done on the system ( by

the external force) where energy
is transferred to the system.

If 90< <180 (obtuse angle) then cos <0 (negative

value) therefore

W < 0 (negative) work done by the system

where energy is transferred
from the system.

11

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.1 :
You push your physics reference book 1.50 m along a horizontal
table with a horizontal force of 5.00 N. The frictional force is 1.60 N.
Calculate
a. the work done by the 5.00 N force,
b. the work done by the frictional force,
c. the total work done on the book.
Solution :
F 5.00 N

f 1.60 N
s 1.50 m
a. Use works equation of constant force,

WF Fs cos and 0

5.001.50 cos 0
WF 7.50 J

12

Chapter 05

Physics

Solution :
b. W

and
fs
cos

180
f
1.601.50 cos180
W f 2.40 J

c.

W W

Wf
7.50 2.40
F

W 5.10 J
OR

W F

nett

W F f s

W 5.00 1.601.50

W 5.10 J

13

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.2 :
A box of mass 20 kg moves up a rough plane which is inclined to
the horizontal at 25.0. It is pulled by a horizontal force F of
magnitude 250 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box
and the plane is 0.300.
a. If the box travels 3.80 m along the plane, determine
i.
the work done on the box by the force F,
ii.
the work done on the box by the gravitational force,
iii.
the work done on the box by the reaction force,
iv.
the work done on the box by the frictional force,
v.
the total work done on the box.
b. If the speed of the box is zero at the bottom of the plane,
calculate its speed when it is travelled 3.80 m.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
14

Physics

Chapter 05
Solution : m 20 kg; F

mg sin 25
x fk

250 N; k 0.300; s 3.80 m

Fx

Fy

25

25

mg
cos
25
25

W mg

a. Consider the work done along inclined plane, thus

i.
WF Fs cos and 25

250 3.80 cos 25

WF 861 J

15

Chapter 05
Solution :
a. ii. Wg

Physics

mg s cos and 115

20 9.813.80 cos115
Wg 315 J

iii.

iv.

WN Ns cos and 90
WN 0 J

W f f k s cos and 180

k N s cos180
k Fy mg cos 25 s
0.300250 sin 25 209.81 cos 25 3.80
W f 323 J

16

Chapter 05
Solution :
a. v.
W

Physics

WF W g W N W f

861 315 0 323

W 223 J

b. Given u 0
By using equation of work for nett force,

W mas

223 20a3.80
a 2.93 m s 2

Hence by using the equation of linear motion,

v 2 u 2 2as
v 2 0 22.933.80
v 4.72 m s 1

17

Physics

Chapter 05
Example 5.3 :
F (N)
5

0
4

s (m)

Figure 5.6

A horizontal force F is applied to a 2.0 kg radio-controlled car as it

moves along a straight track. The force varies with the
displacement of the car as shown in Figure 5.6. Calculate the work
done by the force F when the car moves from 0 to 7 m.
Solution :

W area under the F s graph

1
1
6 5 35 7 6 4
2
2

W 18 J

18

Physics

Chapter 05
Exercise 5.1 :

1. A block of mass 2.50 kg is pushed 2.20 m along a frictionless

horizontal table by a constant 16.0 N force directed 25.0 below
the horizontal. Determine the work done on the block by
a. the applied force,
b. the normal force exerted by the table, and
c. the gravitational force.
d. Determine the total work on the block.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
ANS. : 31.9 J; (b) & (c) U think; 31.9 J
2. A trolley is rolling across a parking lot of a supermarket. You
apply a constant force F 30i 40j N to the trolley as it

undergoes a displacement s 9.0i 3.0j m . Calculate

a. the work done on the trolley by the force F,

b. the angle between the force and the displacement of the
trolley.
19
ANS. : 150 J; 108

Chapter 05
y

F3

3.

F1

Physics

35
x

F2

50
Figure 5.7

Figure 5.7 shows an overhead view of three horizontal forces

acting on a cargo that was initially stationary but that now
moves across a frictionless floor. The force magnitudes are
F1 = 3.00 N, F2 = 4.00 N and F3 = 10.0 N. Determine the total
work done on the cargo by the three forces during the first
4.00 m of displacement.
ANS. : 8.513 J
20

Chapter 05
Learning Outcome:

Physics

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

5.2 Energy and conservation of energy (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and use kinetic energy,

1 2
K mv
2

Define and use potential energy:

i. gravitational potential energy,

U mgh
ii. elastic potential energy for spring,

1 2
U kx
2

State and use the principle of conservation of energy.

State the work-energy theorem and use the related
equations.
21

Physics
Chapter 05
5.2 Energy and conservation of energy
5.2.1 Energy

is defined as the systems ability to do work.

The S.I. unit for energy is same to the unit of work (joule, J).
is a scalar quantity.
Table 5.1 summarises some common types of energy.

Forms of
Energy
Chemical

Description
Energy released when chemical bonds between atoms
and molecules are broken.

Electrical Energy that is associated with the flow of electrical charge.

Heat

Energy that flows from one place to another as a result of

a temperature difference.

Internal

Total of kinetic and potential energy of atoms or molecules

within a body.
22

Chapter 05
Forms of
Energy
Nuclear

Mass

Physics

Description

Energy released by the splitting of heavy nuclei.

Energy released when there is a loss of small amount
of mass in a nuclear process. The amount of energy
can be calculated from Einsteins mass-energy
equation, E = mc2

Radiant Heat Energy associated with infra-red radiation.

Sound
Mechanical
a. Kinetic
b. Gravitational
potential
c. Elastic
potential

Energy transmitted through the propagation of a series

of compression and rarefaction in solid, liquid or gas.
Energy associated with the motion of a body.
Energy associated with the position of a body in a
gravitational field.
Energy stored in a compressed or stretched spring.
Table 5.1

23

Chapter 05

Physics

5.2.2 Kinetic energy, K

is defined as the energy of a body due to its motion.

Equation :
where K : kinetic energy of a
1

K mv 2
2

body

m : mass of a body
v : speed of a body

Work-kinetic energy theorem

Consider a block with mass, m moving along the horizontal

surface (frictionless) under the action of a constant nett force,
Fnett undergoes a displacement,
s in Figure 5.8.

Fnett

Figure 5.8

F F

nett

ma

s
(1)
24

Chapter 05

By using an equation of linear motion:

v 2 u 2 2as
v2 u 2
a
2s

Physics
(2)

By substituting equation (2) into (1), we arrive

v2 u 2

Fnett m
2s
1 2 1 2
Fnett s mv mu K f K i
2
2

Therefore

Wnett K

states the work done by the nett force on a body equals the
change in the bodys kinetic energy.
25

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.4 :
A stationary object of mass 3.0 kg is pulled to the north by a
constant force of magnitude 50 N on a smooth surface. Determine
the speed of the object when it is travelled 4.0 m away.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
Solution : m 3.0 kg ; F 50 N; s 4.0 m; u 0
The nett force acting on the object is given by

Fnett F
Fnett 50 N

By applying the work-kinetic energy theorem, thus

s F

Top view

Wnett K f K i
1 2
Fnett s mv 0
2
1
504.0 3.0v 2
2
v 11.6 m s 1

26

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.5 :
F (N)
10

10

s(m)

Figure 5.9

An object of mass 2.0 kg moves along the x-axis and is acted on

by a force F. Figure 5.9 shows how F varies with distance travelled,
s. The speed of the object at s = 0 is 10 m s1.
Determine
a. the speed of the object at s = 10 m,
b. the kinetic energy of the object at s = 6.0 m.
27

Chapter 05
1

Physics

Solution : m 2.0 kg; u 10 m s

a. W area under the F s graph from 0 m to 10 m

1
1
6 410 10 6 10 7 5
2
2
W 32.5 J
By using the work-kinetic energy theorem, thus

W K f Ki

1 2 1
mv mu 2
2
2

1
1
2
2

32.5 2.0 v 2.0 10

2
2
v 11.5 m s 1

28

Chapter 05
Solution :
b. W area under

Physics

the F s graph from 0 m to 6 m

1
6 4 10
2

W 50 J

By using the work-kinetic energy theorem, thus

W K f Ki

1
K f mu 2
2

1
2

50 K f 2.0 10
2
K f 150 J

29

Chapter 05
Exercise 5.2 :

Physics

Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2

1. A bullet of mass 15 g moves horizontally at velocity of
250 m s1.It strikes a wooden block of mass 400 g placed at rest
on a floor. After striking the block, the bullet is embedded in the
block. The block then moves through 15 m and stops. Calculate
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor.
ANS. : 0.278
2. A parcel is launched at an initial speed of 3.0 m s1 up a rough
plane inclined at an angle of 35 above the horizontal. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the parcel and the plane is
0.30. Determine
a. the maximum distance travelled by the parcel up the plane,
b. the speed of the parcel when it slides back to the starting
point.
ANS. : 0.560 m; 1.90 m s1
30

Chapter 05

Physics

5.2.3 Potential Energy

is defined as the energy stored in a body or system because

of its position, shape and state.

Gravitational potential energy, U

is defined as the energy stored in a body or system because
of its position.
Equation :

U mgh
where U : gravitational potential energy

m : mass of a body
g : acceleration due to gravity
h : height of a body from the initial position

The gravitational potential energy depends only on the height

of the object above the surface of the Earth.
31

Chapter 05

Physics

Work-gravitational potential energy theorem

Consider a book with mass, m is dropped from height, h1 to

height, h2 as shown in the Figure 5.10.

mg

h2

mg

h1

Figure 5.10

The work done by the gravitational force

(weight) is

Wg mgs mg h1 h2
Wg mgh1 mgh2 U i U f
Wg U f U i U

Therefore in general,

W U

states the change in gravitational potential energy as

the negative of the work done by the gravitational force.
32

Chapter 05

Physics

Negative sign in the equation indicates that

When the body moves down, h decreases, the

gravitational force does positive work because U <0.

When the body moves up, h increases, the work done

by gravitational force is negative because U >0.
For calculation, use

W U U f U i
where

U f : final gravitational potential energy

U i : initial gravitational potential energy
W : work done by a gravitational force

33

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.6 :

20.0 m

Figure 5.11

In a smooth pulley system, a force F is required to bring an

object of mass 5.00 kg to the height of 20.0 m at a constant
speed of 3.00 m s1 as shown in Figure 5.11. Determine
a. the force, F
b. the work done by the force, F.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
34

Physics

Chapter 05

Solution : m 5.00 kg; s h 20.0 m; v constant 3.00 m s 1

a. Since the object moves at the constant

F
speed, thus

Constant
speed

Fnett 0
F mg

5.009.81

mg

mg

F 49.1 N
b. From the equation of work,

W Fs cos

and

49.120.0 cos 0

W 982 J
OR

W U U f U i
mgh 0
5.009.8120.0
W 982 J

35

Chapter 05

Physics

Elastic potential energy, Us

is defined as the energy stored in in elastic materials as the
result of their stretching or compressing.
Springs are a special instance of device which can store
elastic potential energy due to its compression or stretching.

Hookes Law states the restoring force, Fs of spring is

directly proportional to the amount of stretch or
compression (extension or elongation), x if the limit of
proportionality is not exceeded
OR

Fs x

Fs kx
where

Fs : the restoring force of spring

k : the spring constant or force constant
x : the amount of stretch or compression ( x f -xi )

36

Physics

Chapter 05

Negative sign in the equation indicates that the direction of Fs

is always opposite to the direction of the amount of stretch or
compression (extension), x.
Case 1:
The spring is hung vertically and its is stretched by a suspended
object with mass, m as shown in Figure 5.12.

Figure 5.12

Initial position

Fs

x
Final position

The spring is in equilibrium, thus

Fs W mg

W mg

37

Chapter 05

Physics

Case 2:
The spring is attached to an object and it is stretched and
compressed by a force,
F as shown in Figure 5.13.

Fs is negative
x is positive

Fs

The spring is in equilibrium,

hence

x
x0

Fs 0
x0

Fs F

(Equilibrium position)

x 0

Fs

Fs is positive
x is negative

x
Figure 5.13

38

Chapter 05

Caution:
For calculation, use :

Fs kx F where F : applied force

The unit of k is :

N
N m 1 OR kg s 2
m
From the Hookes law (without sign), a restoring force, Fs
against extension of the spring, x graph is shown in Figure 5.14.
Fs
W area under the Fs x graph
F
Fs ma
k

x
x

Physics

unit of k

1
W Fx1
2

Figure 5.14

x1

1
W kx1 x1
2
1 2
W kx1 U s
2
39

Physics

Chapter 05

The equation of elastic potential energy, Us for compressing or

stretching a spring is

1 2 1
U s kx Fs x
2
2

The work-elastic potential energy theorem,

W U s

OR

1 2 1 2
W U sf U si kx f kxi
2
2

Notes :
Work-energy theorem states the work done by the nett
force on a body equals the change in the bodys total
energy
OR

Wnett E

E E
f

i
40

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.7 :
A force of magnitude 800 N caused an extension of 20 cm on a
spring. Determine the elastic potential energy of the spring when
a. the extension of the spring is 30 cm.
b. a mass of 60 kg is suspended vertically from the spring.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
Solution : F 800 N; x 0.200 m
From the Hookes law,

Fs F kx
800 k 0.20
k 4 103 N m 1
a. Given x=0.300 m, 1
U s kx 2
2
1
U s 4 103 0.3002
2

U s 180 J
41

Physics

Chapter 05
Solution :

b. Given m=60 kg. When the spring in

equilibrium, thus

Fs

W mg

Fnett 0
Fs mg
kx mg
4 103 x 609.81
x 0.147 m
1 2
Therefore U s kx
2

1
2
4 103 0.147
2

U s 43.2 J
42

Chapter 05

Physics

5.2.4 Principle of conservation of energy

states in an isolated (closed) system, the total energy of

that system is constant.
According to the principle of conservation of energy, we get
The initial of total energy = the final of total energy
OR

E E
i

Conservation of mechanical energy

In an isolated system, the mechanical energy of a system is the
sum of its potential energy, U and the kinetic energy, K of the
objects are constant.

E K U constant
OR

Ki U i K f U f

43

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.8 :
A 1.5 kg sphere is dropped from a height of
30 cm onto a spring of spring constant,
k = 2000 N m1 . After the block hits the
spring, the spring experiences maximum
compression, x as shown in Figure 4.15.
a. Describe the energy conversion
occurred after the sphere is
dropped onto the spring until the
spring experiences maximum
compression, x.
b. Calculate the speed of the sphere just
before strikes the spring.
c. Determine the maximum compression, x.

30 cm

Before

After

Figure 4.15

(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)

44

Chapter 05
Solution :
a.

Physics

h 30 cm
v

h0

x
h1
h2
(1)
The spring is not stretched
hence Us = 0. The sphere is
at height h0 above ground
therefore U = mgh0 and it is
stationary hence K = 0.

mgh0

(3)
(2)
The spring is not stretched The sphere is at height h2
hence Us = 0. The sphere is above the ground after
compressing the spring by x.
at height h1 above ground
The speed of the sphere at
with speed, v just before
this moment is zero. Hence
strikes the spring. Therefore

1 2
E2 mgh1 mv
2

1
E3 mgh2 kx 2
2 45

Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m 1.5 kg; h 0.30 m; k 2000 N m 1

b. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
situation (1) and (2),

E E
1

1 2
mgh0 mgh1 mv
2
1 2
mg h0 h1 mv and h h0 h1
2
v 2 gh

29.810.30
v 2.43 m s 1
46

Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m 1.5 kg; h 0.30 m; k 2000 N m 1

c. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
situation (2) and (3),

E E
2

1 2
1 2
mgh1 mv mgh2 kx
2
2
1 2 1 2
mg h1 h2 mv kx and x h1 h2
2

2
1
1
2
1.59.81x 1.52.43 2000x 2
2
2
1000 x 2 14.7 x 4.43 0

x 7.43 10 2 m
47

Physics

Chapter 05
Example 5.9 :

m1

m1 m2

u1

m2

Figure 5.16

A bullet of mass, m1=5.00 g is fired into a wooden block of mass,

m2=1.00 kg suspended from some light wires as shown in Figure
5.16. The block, initially at rest. The bullet embeds in the block, and
together swing through a height, h=5.50 cm. Calculate
a. the initial speed of the bullet.
b. the amount of energy lost to the surrounding.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)

48

Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m1 5.00 10 3 kg; m2 1.00 kg; h 5.50 10 2 m

a.

v12 0
u2 0

m1

u1

m1 m2

u12

m2

m1 m2

(1)

(2)

h
(3)

Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the

E 2 E3
situation (2) and (3),

K U
1
2
m1 m2 u12 m1 m2 gh
2
u12 2 gh 29.81 5.50 10 2
u12 1.04 m s 1
49

Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m1 5.00 10 3 kg; m2 1.00 kg; h 5.50 10 2

Applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum
involving the situation (1) and (2),

p1

p2

m1u1 m1 m2 u12

5.00 10 u 5.00 10
3

u1 209 m s 1

1.00 1.04

b. The energy lost to the surrounding, Q is given by

E E
1

1
1
2
2
m1 u1 m1 m 2 u12
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
5.00 10 209 5.00 10 1.001.04
2
2
Q 109 J
50

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.10 :
Smooth
pulley

Q
P

2m

Figure 5.17

Objects P and Q of masses 2.0 kg and 4.0 kg respectively are

connected by a light string and suspended as shown in Figure 5.17.
Object Q is released from rest. Calculate the speed of Q at the
instant just before it strikes the floor.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
51

Physics

Chapter 05
Solution :

mP 2.0 kg; mQ 4.0 kg; h 2 m; u 0

Smooth
pulley

Q
P

Smooth
pulley

2m
Initial

2m Q

Final

Applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy,

E E
i

U Q U P KP KQ
1
1
2
mQ gh mP gh mP v mQ v 2
2
2
1
1
2
4.09.812 2.09.812 2.0v 4.0v 2
2
2
1
v 3.62 m s
52
f

Chapter 05
Exercise 5.3 :

Physics

Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2

1. If it takes 4.00 J of work to stretch a spring 10.0 cm from its
initial length, determine the extra work required to stretch it an
additional 10.0 cm.
ANS. : 12.0 J
2. A book of mass 0.250 kg is placed on top of a light vertical
spring of force constant 5000 N m1 that is compressed by 10.0
cm. If the spring is released, calculate the height of the book rise
from its initial position.
ANS. : 10.2 m
3. A 60 kg bungee jumper jumps from a bridge. She is tied to a
bungee cord that is 12 m long when unstretched and falls a total
distance of 31 m. Calculate
a. the spring constant of the bungee cord.
b. the maximum acceleration experienced by the jumper.
ANS. : 100 N m1; 22 m s2
53

Chapter 05

Physics

4.

Figure 5.18

A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a light spring of the force

constant, k = 400 N m-1, compressing it x =0.220 m. When the
block is released, it moves along a frictionless horizontal surface
and then up a frictionless incline plane with slope =37.0 as
shown in Figure 5.18. Calculate
a. the speed of the block as it slides along the horizontal
surface after leaves the spring.
b. the distance travelled by the block up the incline plane before
it slides back down.
ANS. : 3.11 m s1; 0.81 m
54

Chapter 05
C

5.

Physics

A
10 m

Figure 5.19

A ball of mass 0.50 kg is at point A with initial speed, u =4 m s1

at a height of 10 m as shown in Figure 5.19 (Ignore the frictional
force). Determine
a. the total energy at point A,
b. the speed of the ball at point B where the height is 3 m,
c. the speed of the ball at point D,
d. the maximum height of point C so that the ball can pass over
it.
ANS. : 53.1 J; 12.4 m s1; 14.6 m s1; 10.8 m
55

Chapter 05
Learning Outcome:

Physics

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

5.3 Power and mechanical efficiency (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and use average power,

W
Pav
t

Derive and use power,

Define and use mechanical efficiency,

P F v

Poutput

100%
Pinput
and the consequences of heat dissipation.
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Chapter 05

Physics

5.3 Power and mechanical efficiency

5.3.1 Power, P

is defined as the rate at which work is done.

OR the rate at which energy is transferred.
If an amount of work, W is done in an amount of time t by a
force, the average power, Pav due to force during that time
interval is

W E
Pav

t
t

is a scalar quantity.

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Chapter 05

Physics

The S.I. unit of the power is

Unit conversion between watt (W) and horsepower (hp)

W Fs mas
P

t
t
t
kg m s 2 m
unit of P
kg m 2 s 3 OR J s 1 OR watt W
s

1 hp 746 W

Consider an object that is moving at a constant velocity v along

a frictionless horizontal surface and is acted by a constant force,
F directed at angle above the horizontal as shown in Figure
5.20. The object undergoes a displacement of ds.

Figure 5.20

ds

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Chapter 05

Physics

Therefore the power, P is given by

W
and W F cos s
P
t
s

F cos s
and v
P
t
t
P Fv cos
OR

P F v
where

F : magnitude of force
v : magnitude of velocity

: the angle between F and v

59

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.11 :
An elevator has a mass of 1.5 Mg and is carrying 15 passengers
through a height of 20 m from the ground. If the time taken to lift
the elevator to that height is 55 s. Calculate the average power
required by the motor if no energy is lost. (Use g = 9.81 m s2 and
the average mass per passenger is 55 kg)
Solution : h 20 m; t 55 s

M = mass of the elevator + mass of the 15 passengers

M = 1500 + (5515) = 2325 kg
According to the definition of average power,

Pav

E
t

Pav

Mgh
t

23259.8120

Pav 8294 W

55

60

Chapter 05

Physics

Example 5.12 :
An object of mass 2.0 kg moves at a constant speed of 5.0 m s1
up a plane inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The constant frictional
force acting on the object is 4.0 N. Determine
a. the rate of work done against the gravitational force,
b. the rate of work done against the frictional force,
c. the power supplied to the object. (Given g = 9.81 m s2 )
1
Solution : m 2.0 kg; v 5.0 m
s constant; f 4.0 N

mg sin 30
x f

30

mg
cos
30
30

W mg

61

Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m 2.0 kg; v 5.0 m s 1 constant; f 4.0 N

a. the rate of work done against the gravitational force is given by

Wg mg s cos

t
t

and

120

s
s
mg cos120 and v
t
t

mg v cos120

Wg
2.09.815.0 cos120
t
OR

Wg
t

Wg
49.1 W
t

Fg v cos

mg v cos120

Wg
49.1 W
t

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Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m 2.0 kg; v 5.0 m s 1 constant; f

b. The rate of work done against the frictional force is

W f
t

fv cos

and

4.0 N

180

4.05.0 cos180

W f
20.0 W
t
c. The power supplied to the object, Psupplied
= the power lost against gravitational and frictional forces, Plost

Psupplied

Psupplied

Wg W f

t
t
49.1 20.0
69.1 W

63

Chapter 05

Physics

5.3.2 Mechanical efficiency,

Efficiency is a measure of the performance of a machines,

engine and etc...
The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the useful
(output) work done to the energy input.
has no unit.
Equations:

Wout

100%
Ein
OR

Pout

100%
Pin
where

Pout : power produced by the system

Pin : power supplied to a system

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Chapter 05

Physics

Notes :

In practice, Pout< Pin hence < 100%.

The system loses energy to its surrounding because it may
have encountered resistances such as surface friction or
air resistance.
The energy which is dissipated to the surroundings, may
be in the form of heat or sound.

Example 5.13 :
A 1.0 kW motor is used to lift an object of mass 10 kg vertically
upwards at a constant speed. The efficiency of the motor is 75 %.
Determine
a. the rate of heat dissipated to the surrounding.
b. the vertical distance travelled by the object in 5.0 s.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2 )
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Chapter 05

Physics

Solution : m 10.0 kg; 75%; Pin 1000 W

a. The output power of the motor is given by

Pout

100%
Pin
Pout
75
100
1000

Pout 750 W

Therefore the rate of heat dissipated to the surrounding is

b.

Rate of heat dissipated Pin Pout 1000 750

Rate of heat dissipated 250 W
Pout Fv cos where 0 and F mg
750 10.09.81v
Pout mgv cos 0
v 7.65 m s 1

Since the speed is constant hence the vertical distance in 5.0 s

h
h
is
v
7.65

5.0
d 38.3 m

66

Chapter 05
Exercise 5.4 :

Physics

Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2

1. A person of mass 50 kg runs 200 m up a straight road inclined
at an angle of 20 in 50 s. Neglect friction and air resistance.
Determine
a. the work done,
b. the average power of the person.
ANS. : 3.36104 J; 672 W
2. Electrical power of 2.0 kW is delivered to a motor, which has an
efficiency of 85 %. The motor is used to lift a block of mass
80 kg. Calculate
a. the power produced by the motor.
b. the constant speed at which the block being lifted vertically
upwards by the force produced by the motor.
(neglect air resistance)
ANS. : 1.7 kW; 2.17 m s1
67

Chapter 05

Physics

3.

10

Figure 5.21

A car of mass 1500 kg moves at a constant speed v up a road

with an inclination of 1 in 10 as shown in Figure 5.21. All
resistances against the motion of the car can be neglected. If
the engine car supplies a power of 12.5 kW, calculate the
speed v.
ANS. : 8.50 m s1

68

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

Chapter 05

Physics

THE END.
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 6 :
Circular motion

69