ITEM KBAT

CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

Chapter 2

Structure of the Atom

The diagram below shows the electronic arrangement of an unknown substance.

[Memahami]
(a) (i) How many protons would there be if the unknown substance was a neutral
atom?
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(ii) What would the diagram represent if it was a neutral atom?
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(b)(i) How many protons would there be if the substance was a 2+ ion?
[1 mark]
[Aplikasi]
(ii) What would the diagram represent if it was a 2+ ion?
[1 mark]
[Aplikasi]
(c) (i) In what group of the periodic table would the unknown substance be if the
represented a 1+ ion?
[1mark]
[ Aplikasi]
(ii) How many neutrons would the 1+ ion have if its relative atomic mass was 39?
[1 mark]

[Aplikasi]
(d) (i) In what group of the periodic table would the unknown substance be if it
represented a 1- ion?
[1mark]
[Aplikasi]
(ii) What would the relative atomic mass of the 1- ion be if it had 20 neutrons?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a)(i) 18
(ii) Argon
(b)(i) 20
(ii)

Calcium ion, Ca2+

(c)(i) Group 1
(ii)

20

(d)(i) Group 17
(ii)

37

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

Chapter 3

Chemical Formulae

[Menganalisis]
1. Which sulphide contains the greatest mass of sulphur in a 10 g sample?
[Relative atomic mass: S, 32; Fe, 56; Ni, 59; 96; Pb, 207]
Formula
NiS
FeS2
MoS2
PbS

A
B
C
D

Mass of one mole/ g

91
120
160
239

Answer: B
[Mengaplikasi]
2. 124 g of phosphorus vapour has the same volume as 71 g of chlorine gas at the
same temperature and pressure.
What is the formula of a molecule of phosphorus?
A P8
B P4
C P2
D P
Answer: B
[Mengaplikasi]
3. A mixture containing 1 mole of butene and 8 moles of oxygen is reacted in a
sealed container. The chemical equation below represents the reaction.
Satu campuran mengandungi 1 mol butena dan 8 mol oksigen telah
ditindakbalaskan dalam sebuah bekas tertutup. Persamaan kimia berikut
mewakili tindakbalas yang berlaku.
C4H8(g) + 6O2 (g) 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
What is the total number of moles of gas present in the container at the end of the
reaction?
Berapakah jumlah bilangan mol gas yang ada di dalam bekas tersebut di akhir
tindakbalas?
Answer
10 moles

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

Chapter 4

Periodic Table of elements

[Analysis]
1. The results of three halogen displacement experiments are shown.
The table shows the results.

What are halogens X, Y and Z?

A
B
C
D

X
Br
Br
Cl
Cl

Y
Cl
I
Br
I

Z
I
Cl
I
Br

Answer: D
[Analysis]
2. Which element in the first column of the Periodic Table has different
properties from the rest of the elements? Give reasons for your answer. [3 marks]

Answer:
Hydrogen
Gas at room temperature, does not conduct electricity and heat

[Application]
3. An element X (2,8,2) combines separately with NO3 and (SO4)2 , (PO4)3 radicals.

Write the formulae of the three compounds so formed.

[3 marks]

Answer:
X(NO3)2, XSO4, X3(PO4)2

[Mengaplikasi]
4. Farah has balloons filled with three different gases. The symbols for the gases are
written on each balloon.
She lets go of the balloons. The diagram shows what happens.

(a) To which group of the periodic table do the gases belong?

[1 mark]

(b) (i) Predict what would happen to a balloon filled with krypton.

[1 mark]

(ii) Explain the reasons for your answer.

(c) (i) Draw the electron structure of helium.

[2 marks]
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how the electron structure is related to the chemical properties of
helium.
[2 marks]
(d) (i) Helium is often used to fill balloons. Give two reasons why this is a good
choice.
[2 marks]
(ii) Neon, argon and krypton are used to fill light bulbs. Give a reason for this.
[2 marks]

Answers:

(a) group 18 / noble gases/inert gases

(b) (i) drop/go down/fall

(ii) Any two from:
lower down in the group
group 18 elements get denser as the atomic number increases
krypton denser/heavier for the same volume than the gases in the other
balloons/air

(c) (i)

(ii) outer shell has maximum number of electrons

helium does not combine/react with anything

(d) (i) very light/less dense than air 1

unreactive/does not react with air/non-flammable 1

(ii) unreactive/inert/full outer electron shells 1

wont react with hot filament of light bulb

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 5

Chemical Bonds

1. The following table shows some of the ions found in natural waters.
Mg2+

Ion
Name

magnesiu
m

Na+
sodium

SO42-

NO3

sulphate nitrate

Ca2+

Cl

calcium

chloride

K+
potassiu
m

[Mengaplikasi]
(a) Use the list of ions to work out the formulae of the following compounds:
(Explain your answers)
(i) sodium sulphate
(ii) potassium nitrate
(iii) calcium chloride
(iv) magnesium nitrate
(v) potassium chloride
[Memahami]
(b) (i) What type of bonding occurs in all of these compounds?
(ii) Explain how this type of bonding occurs.

[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[1 marks]
[2 marks]

[Aplikasi]
(c) (i) Iodine is in the same group of the Periodic Table as chlorine.
What is the formula of an iodide ion?
[1 mark]
(ii) Strontium, Sr, is in the same group of the Periodic Table as magnesium.
What is the formula of the strontium ion?
[1 mark]
(iii) What is the formula of strontium iodide?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a) (i) two sodium with 1+ needed to cancel 2- in sulphate
Na2SO4
(ii) one potassium with 1+ needed to cancel 1- in nitrate
KNO3
(iii) one calcium 2+ needed to cancel 1- in two chlorines
CaCl2
(iv) one magnesium 2+ needed for two nitrates 1Mg(NO3)2
(v) one potassium 1+ needed for one chloride 1KCl
(b) (i) ionic
(ii) electrons are transferred from one atom
to another
(c) (i) I

(ii) Sr2+

(iii) SrI

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

Chapter 6

Electrochemistry

1. [Aplikasi]
A student intends to electroplate an iron key with silver using the set-up of
apparatus as shown.
Seorang murid ingin menyadur satu kunci ferum dengan argentum dengan
menggunakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan.

When the current is allowed to flow for 30 minutes, it was found that the iron key
was not electroplated. Which of the following should be done to ensure silver
plating takes place?
Apabila tenaga elektrik dialirkan melaluinya selama 30 minit, didapati bahawa
kunci ferum tidak disadur. Manakah antara berikut patut dilakukan untuk
memastikan bahawa penyaduran berlaku?
A

Replace silver plate with carbon electrode

Gantikan kepingan argentum dengan elektrod karbon
B Replace the ammeter with voltmeter
Gantikan ammeter dengan voltmeter
C Reverse the terminals of the batteries
Terbalikkan terminal bateri
D Replace silver nitrate with silver chloride as an electrolyte
Gantikan argentum nitrat dengan argentum klorida
Answer: C

[Mengaplikasi]
2. Two cells were set up as shown in the diagram. The arrows show the direction
of electron flow in the external circuit.

Which set of metals would give the electron flows in the direction shown?
A
B
C
D

Metal X
Ag
Ag
Cu
Zn

Metal Y
Cu
Zn
Zn
Cu

Metal Z
Zn
Cu
Ag
Ag

Answer: D

[Menganalisis]
3. The table shows the results of an experiment which uses a voltaic cell.
Pairs of metals
P and Q
R and S
P and S

Voltage/ V
0.7
1.1
2.7

Negative terminal
Q
S
S

Which of the following shows the metals in the electrochemical series, in

descending order of electropositivity?
A P, Q, R, S
B S, R, Q, P
C P, Q, S, R
D Q, P, R, S
Answer: B

4. Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide.

[Mengaplikasi]
(a) The formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3
The relative formula mass (Mr) of aluminium oxide is 102.
Calculate the percentage of aluminium in aluminium oxide.
[Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16; Al = 27]

[2 marks]

(b) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide using electrolysis.

The diagram shows a cell used for the extraction of aluminium.

[Mengingati]
(i) The electrolyte contains cryolite. Explain why.
[2 marks]
[Mengaplikasi]
(ii) Oxygen is formed at the positive electrode. Write the equation for this
reaction.
[2 marks]
[Mengaplikasi]
(iii) The positive electrode in the cell is used up during the process. Explain
why.
[2 marks]
Answers:
(a)

2 x 27
2 x 27 +3 x 16

x 100% = 52.94%

(b)(i) because it lowers the melting point (of the aluminium oxide)
so less energy is needed (to melt it)
(ii) 2O2 O2 + 4e

(iii) because the electrode reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR

Chapter 7

Acids and Bases

[Aplikasi]
1. A patient complained of a pain due to an excess of acid in the stomach. Which
substance will help to relieve the pain?
Seorang pesakit mengadu kesakitan disebabkan oleh asid yang berlebihan di
dalam perutnya. Bahan manakah yang boleh membantu mengurangkan
kesakitan tersebut?
A Ammonia
C Potassium chloride
[Ammonia]
[Kalium klorida]
B Ethanoic acid
D Magnesium hydroxide
[Asid etanoik]
[Magnesium hidroksida]
Answer: D

[Aplikasi]
2. In an accident at a factory, some nitric acid was spilt.
Which substance, when added in excess, would neutralise the acid without
leaving an alkaline solution?
Sedikit asid nitrik tertumpah dalam satu kemalangan di kilang.
Bahan manakah, apabila ditambah secara berlebihan, akan meneutralkan acid itu
tanpa meninggalkan larutan yang beralkali?
A
B
C
D

Aqueous ammonia
Aqueous sodium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Water

Answer: C

[Ammonia akueus]
[Natrium hidroksida akueus]
[Kalsium karbonat]
[Air]

3. [Aplikasi]
A student intends to investigate the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with vinegar.
The set-up of apparatus and observation is shown in the figure below.

When sodium carbonate in the balloon is mixed with vinegar, the balloon inflates.
Explain the reason for this observation.
[1 mark]
Answer:

Chemical reaction between sodium bicarbonate and vinegar(ethanoic acid) gives

off carbon dioxide which inflates the balloon.

4. [Aplikasi]
Plants grow best when the pH of the soil is close to 7. What can the soil be treated
with if the soil is too (a) acidic, and (b) alkaline?
[2 marks]
Answers:
(a) Lime/ limestone/ calcium oxide
(b) Vinegar
5. Calcium carbonate is found in limestone.
Limestone is used as a building material.
Limestone is also used to make calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.
(a) Limestone is heated to make calcium oxide.
[Mengingati]
(i) Calcium oxide reacts with a substance to produce calcium hydroxide.
Name the substance.
[1 mark]
[Mengingati]
(ii) Calcium hydroxide reacts with a substance to produce calcium carbonate.
Name the substance.
[1 mark]

(b) Limestone reacts with acids.

[Mengaplikasi]
(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid.
[1 mark]
[Mengaplikasi]
(ii) Buildings made from limestone are affected by the products from burning
fossil fuels containing sulphur. Explain why.
[2 marks]
Answers:
(a)(i) Water
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(b)(i) CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(ii) Because sulphur reacts with oxygen / air to produce sulphur dioxide and
(sulphur dioxide) causes acid rain that reacts with/erodes limestone/calcium
carbonate

[Application]
6. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and
baking soda for bee stings.
(i) What does this information tell you about the chemical nature of the wasp
stings?
(ii) If there were no baking soda in the house, what other household substance
could you use to treat bee stings?

Answers:
(i) Since vinegar (acetic acid) is used to heal or neutralize the effect of wasp stings
this means that the chemical present in the sting must be some base.
(ii)

NH4OH

[Application]
7. A road tanker carrying an acid was involved in an accident and its contents spilled
on the road. At the side of the road, iron drain covers began melting and fizzing as
the acid ran over them. A specialist was called to see if the acid actually leaked
into the nearby river.
(a) Describe how the specialist could carry out a simple test to see if the river
water contains some acid or not.

[2 marks]

(b) The word melting is incorrectly used in the report. Suggest a better name that
should have been used.

[1 mark]

(c) Explain why drain covers began fizzing as the acid rain over them. [2 marks]

Answers:
a)

By dipping a strip of blue litmus paper in to the sample of river water.

If the colour changes to red this means that some acid has gone into the river.

b)

Corrosion

c)

Iron reacts with acid to evolve hydrogen gas. Thus, the hydrogen gas bubbles

are seen as fizz.

[Analysis]
8. A compound `X` on electrolysis in aqueous solution produces a strong base. `Y`
along with two gases `A` and `B`. `B` is used in manufacture of bleaching powder.
Identify X, Y, A and B. Write chemical equations.

Answers:
X - NaCl solution
Y - NaOH solution
A - Hydrogen gas
B - Chlorine gas

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 8 Salts
[Mengaplikasi]
1. The equation shows the effect of heat on copper(II) carbonate.

(8 marks)

CuCO3(s) CuO(s) + CO2(g)

A known mass of copper(II) carbonate was placed in an open crucible and heated
until no more change occurred.
The mass of the crucible and contents was weighed every minute during the
heating. Which graph shows what happens to the mass of the crucible and
contents?

Answer: A

2. The diagram shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the effect of heat on a salt.

It is found that a green precipitate is formed in the iron(II) sulphate solution. Which
of the following is solid X?
A Copper(II) chloride
C Lead(II) nitrate
B Iron(II) carbonate
D Ammonium chloride
Answer: D

2. A chemist finds a compound in an unlabelled bottle.

He carries out a number of experiments on it.
Here are his results.
Experiment
Colour

Result
black

Heat
Add dilute hydrochloric acid
Heat and pass hydrogen over it

[Analisis]
(a) Identify the black solid.

no change
solution of green salt
brown solid, gas which condenses to
colourless liquid
[1 mark]

[Analisis, Sintesis]
(b)(i) Identify the green salt.
[1 mark]
(ii) What products would be formed when a solution of the green salt is
electrolysed?
[2 marks]
(iii) How can the gas produced during electrolysis be identified by a chemical test?
[2 marks]
[Aplikasi, Analisis]
(c)(i) Name the brown solid produced in the fourth test.
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the liquid which condenses in the fourth test.
[1 mark]
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction.
[1 mark]
(iv) What is the role of hydrogen in this reaction?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a) copper(II) oxide
(b) (i) copper(II) chloride
(ii) copper and chlorine
(iii) bleaches
moist indicator paper
(c) (i) copper
(ii) water
(iii) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
(iv) reducing agent

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 9 Manufactured Substances in Industries
1. Oil rigs are used to drill for crude oil.

Drill heads are made from steel. Steel is an alloy.

Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals.
[3 marks]
Answers:
Pure metals consist of atoms arranged in an orderly arrangement. When force is
applied, the layers of atoms slide easily.
Alloys consist of two or more different types of atoms with different sizes. This
disrupts the orderly arrangement of atoms and prevents the layers of atoms from
sliding when force is applied.

2. [Menilai]
Most plastic bags are made from poly(ethene).
(a) Poly(ethene) molecules are made from ethene molecules by a polymerisation
reaction.
Describe what happens in a polymerisation reaction.
[2 marks]
(b) There are millions of plastic bags in use. Poly(ethene) is a polymer made from
ethene. Ethene is made by cracking saturated hydrocarbons from crude oil.
After use most of these plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount
sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:
could be reused
could be recycled by melting and making them into new plastic products
could be burned to release energy.
By using the information above and your knowledge and understanding, give
the positive and negative environmental impacts of using these methods to
reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
[6 marks]
Answers:
(a) During polymerisation, ethene monomers join together to form very large
molecules
(b) reuse:
reuse means less bags used so:
positive environmental impact
saves raw materials / crude oil
saves energy
cuts down on CO2 emissions
less global warming
negative environmental impact
could cause litter
could still be sent to landfill
recycle:
bags can be recycled so:
positive environmental impact
used to make new plastic bags / objects
saves raw materials / crude oil
saves energy compared to producing plastic bags from crude oil
cuts down on CO2 emissions
less global warming

negative environmental impact

collection point sites cause an eyesore / litter problem
transportation to recycling plant releases carbon dioxide / causes global
warming
burn:
bags can be burned so:
positive environmental impact
could provide energy for heating buildings
could provide energy for generating electricity
negative environmental impact
increases CO2 emissions
increases global warming
could release toxic gases

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE
Chapter 1 Rate of Reaction
Cotton is starched to make it easier to weave into denim cloth. Before the cloth is
made up into clothing the starch is removed so that it can be more easily sewn.
Denim from a newly woven roll is tested to find out the best conditions for the
removal of starch using the biological catalyst amylase. A solution of amylase is
made up and five equal pieces are cut from the roll of denim. Equal quantities of
amylase are added to four of the five pieces in separate beakers. The beakers are
kept at temperatures of 20oC, 40oC, 60oC and 80oC respectively for 15 minutes.
Afterwards all five pieces are tested for starch.
(a) (i) What is a catalyst?
[2 marks]
(ii) What is the name given to biological catalysts?
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Which of the cotton samples would you expect to contain the most starch?
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
[3 marks]
(iii) Which sample would you expect to contain the least starch?
[1 mark]
(iv) Explain your answer.
[2 marks]
(v) What chemical is most often used to detect starch?
[1 mark]
Answer
(a)(i) Substance which speeds up a reaction but is not used up
(ii) Enzymes
(b)(i) Sample at 80C
(ii) Enzyme denatured at 80C
leaving the reaction without a catalyst
so very slow
(iii) Sample at 40C

(iv) Reaction is fastest at this temperature/ reaction is slower at lower temperatures

most starch digested
(v) Iodine

ITEM KBAT

CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE

Chapter 2

Carbon Compounds

1 Vegetable oil containing long unsaturated carbon chain can be converted to

margarine.
(a) Name the process and the catalyst used.
(2 marks)
(b) Why is vegetable oil considered healthier than margarine?
(5 marks)

Answers:
(a) Process: hydrogenation
Catalyst: Nickel
(b) Vegetable oils do not contain bad cholesterol.
Margarine contains saturated fats and trans fat which increase the level of
cholesterol in the bloodstream. This causes fatty deposits or plaque on the
walls of blood vessels and increases the risk of heart disease.
2. (a) A student found the following information about four oils that are used to
make crisps.

One hypothesis is that oils are thought to be healthier if they are:

low in saturated fat
high in poly-unsaturated fat.
(i) [Menilai]
Use the table to decide which oil should be healthiest. Explain your
decision by comparing this oil with other oils from the table that you think
are less healthy.
(3 marks)
(ii) These oils can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen.
A student said that hardening would make sunflower oil healthier.
Is this students hypothesis correct?
Explain your answer.
(4 marks)
(b) [Aplikasi]
A mixture of the olive oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand.

The olive oil and water do not separate.

The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive oil and
water is produced by the addition of egg yolk.
Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk are able
to produce a stable mixture of olive oil and water.
(3 marks)
Answers:
(a) (i) (healthiest oil is) sunflower (oil) or rapeseed (oil)
Sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has less saturated fat than both olive
(oil) and corn (oil) or rapeseed (oil) is healthiest because it has the lowest
value of saturated fat compared with the other oils
Sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has the highest value of
polyunsaturated fat compared with all the other oils or rapeseed (oil) is
healthiest because it has more polyunsaturated fat than both olive (oil) and
corn (oil).
(ii) No, because the addition of hydrogen to the unsaturated fat produces
saturated fat. The saturated fats can form deposits or plaque at the artery
which increases the risk of heart attack.
No, because hydrogen reduces the number of carbon-carbon double bonds
Therefore, there will be less polyunsaturated fat.
(b) Molecules in egg yolk (lecithin) consist of a head and a tail
The head dissolves in / is attracted to water
and the taildissolves in / is attracted to oil.
This emulsifies the mixture

3. Diagram shows the reaction used in the industrial production of margarine.

Rajah menunjukkan tindak balas yang digunakan dalam penghasilan marjerin

secara industri.

Diagram 5/ Rajah 5
(a) (i) What is the process used to produce margarine in Diagram 5?
Apakah proses yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan marjerin dalam Rajah
5?
[1 mark]
(ii) [Aplikasi]
State one of the effects of this process on vegetable oil.
Nyatakan satu kesan proses ini terhadap minyak sayuran.
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Name the catalyst P and state the range of temperature Q used in the
production of margarine.
Namakan emangkin P dan nyatakan julat suhu Q yang digunakan dalam
penghasilan marjerin.
Catalyst P/ Mangkin P:
Range of temperature Q/ Julat suhu Q:
[2 marks]
(ii) [Aplikasi]
Based on the collision theory, explain the effect of catalyst P and
temperature Q in the production of margarine.
Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan kesan pemangkin P dan suhu
Q dalam penghasilan marjerin.
[5 marks]
(iii) [Aplikasi]
If the vegetable oil used in Diagram has the formula
C3H5-[-O-C(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3]3,
write the structural formula for the margarine produced.
Jika minyak sayuran yang digunakan dalam Rajah 5 mempunyai formula
C3H5-[-O-C(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3]3, tuliskan formula struktur bagi
marjerin yang dihasilkan.
[1 mark]

(c) Name an example of a vegetable oil used in the production of margarine.

Namakan satu contoh minyak sayuran yang digunakan dalam penghasilan
marjerin.
[1 mark]
(d) [Analisis]
What factor determines the hardness of the margarine produced?
Apakah faktor yang menentukan kekerasan marjerin yang dihasilkan?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a) (i) Catalytic hydrogenation
(ii) The vegetable oil which is unsaturated becomes saturated.
(b) (i) Nickel, 170C - 180C
(ii) Catalyst P provides an alternative path which requires a lower activation
energy. Temperature Q increases the kinetic energy of hydrogen and fat
molecules. As a result, the molecules collide at a higher rate. The
frequency of effective collision increases. So, the rate of production of
margarine increases.
(iii) C3H5-[-O-C(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7CH3]3
(c) Triolein
(d) The number of carbon-carbon double bond present in the molecule. Softer
margarine has more carbon-carbon double bonds in the polyunsaturated fat

[Analysis]
4. An organic compound X with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation
in the presence of alkaline KMnO4 to form a compound Y. X on heating in the
presence of concentrated sulphuric acid, H 2SO4 at 443K gives Z, which on
reaction with H2O in presence of H2SO4 gives back `X.` `Z` reacts with Br2 (aq)
and decolourises it. Identify X, Y, & Z.and write the chemical equations for the
reactions involved.

Answers:
X - ethanol

Y- ethanoic acid

C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

Z ethene

C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

C2H4 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE

Chapter 3

Oxidation and Reduction

[Aplikasi]
1. Which series of changes includes both oxidation and reduction?
Siri perubahan yang manakah merangkumi pengoksidaan dan penurunan?
A
C CO CO2
C
N2 NH3 NO
B
PbO2 PbO Pb
D
C2H2 C2H2 C2H6
Answer: C

[Menganalisis]

2. Aluminium is more reactive than iron, yet iron corrodes faster than aluminium.
Explain.
[4 marks]
Answers:
Corrosion resistance of aluminium can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of
aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively
preventing further oxidation. In contrast, iron oxides flake off and expose fresh
surfaces for corrosion.
[Menilai]
3. Discuss the effects of rusting on social, economic and environmental aspects of a
society.
[6 marks]
Answers:

Social: Degradation of structures e.g. bridges and buildings leading to

structural problems and collapse of these structures. This in turn leads to
hazards and injuries, sometimes fatal.
Economic: Degradation of iron-based tools leading to loss of efficiency and
sometimes plant shutdown.
Environmental: Perforation of containers and pipes allow escape of their
contents and possible pollution to the surroundings.
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE

Chapter 4

Thermochemistry

1. A camping stove uses propane gas.

A student did an experiment to find the energy released when propane is burned.
The student:
put 500 g water into a beaker
measured the temperature of the water
heated the water by burning propane for 1 minute
measured the temperature of the water again.
The student found the temperature change was 20 C.
The student can calculate the energy released, in joules (J), using the equation:
energy released (J) = mass of water (g) 4.2 temperature change (C)
[Aplikasi]
(a) (i) Use the students result to calculate the energy released in joules (J).

Energy released = .................................................. J

(2 marks)
[Aplikasi]
(ii) State two safety precautions that the student should take during the
experiment.
(2 marks)

[Menilai]
(iii) Tick () two boxes which describe how the student could make his result
more accurate.
Action
Stir the water before measuring the temperature.
Heat the water until it boils.
Place a lid on the beaker.
Use a larger beaker for the water.

Tick ()

(2 marks)
(b) The change in energy when propane is burned can be shown in an energy level
diagram.

[Menganalisis]
Write a description for P, Q and R respectively.

(3 marks)

(c) Propane and hydrogen are both used as fuels.

Some information about propane and hydrogen is given in the table.
Fuel
Resource
Products formed when fuel
burned
propane
hydrogen

crude oil
water

carbon dioxide and water

water

[Menilai]
Use the information in the table to suggest two disadvantages that propane has as a
fuel compared to hydrogen.
(2 marks)

Answers:
(a) (i) 42 000
(ii) any two from:
eye protection
lab coat
heat-proof mat
(heat-proof) gloves
(long) hair tied back
stand up
secure the beaker
(iii) Stir the water before measuring the temperature.
Place a lid on the beaker.
(b) P: Heat of combustion of propane
Q: Activation energy
R: Products
(c) carbon dioxide produced
(crude oil / propane) non-renewable

ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE
Chapter 5

Chemicals for Consumers

1. `A` compound works well with hard water. It is used for making shampoos &
products for cleaning clothes. A is not 100% biodegradable and causes water
pollution. `B` does not work well with hard water. It is 100% biodegradable and
does not create water pollution. Identify A & B.

Answers:
A - Detergent

B - Soap

2. (a) Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of a soap anion, stearate ion.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur anion bagi sabun, iaitu ion stearat.
O
CH3

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

CH2
CH2

C
CH2

O-

Diagram 1 [Rajah 1]
[Mengingati]
(i) The soap anion consists of part X and part Y.
Anion sabun mempunyai bahagian X dan bahagian Y.
State the hydrophilic part of the soap anion.
Nyatakan bahagian hidrofilik anion sabun.
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(ii) The soap anion is part of the sodium stearate soap particle. Name the

alkali used in preparing this soap.

Anion sabun ini sebahagian daripada zarah sabun natrium stearat.
Namakan alkali yang digunakan dalam penyediaan sabun ini.
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(ii)

Explain why soap does not effectively remove an oil stain from a cloth in hard
water.
Suggest another cleaning agent that can remove the oil stain.
Terangkan mengapa sabun tidak berkesan dalam tindakan pencucian kesan
minyak pada kain apabila air liat digunakaan. Cadangkan satu agen pencuci
yang lebih berkesan.
[3 marks]

(b)

Amirul went to a clinic. Diagram 2 shows the prescription label for the
medicine given by the doctor.
Amirul telah ke klinik. Rajah 2 menunjukkan label preskripsi ubat yang telah
diberikan oleh doktor.
Medicine
Ubat

Dosage
Dos

: Streptomycin
Streptomisin

: Take 1 tablet 1 time daily

Makan 1 biji 1 kali sehari

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
[Mengingati]
(i)
State the type of medicine prescribed and its function.
Nyatakan jenis ubat yang diberi dan juga fungsinya.
[2 marks]
[Mengaplikasi]
(ii)

State the correct usage of this medicine. Explain your answer.

Nyatakan cara penggunaan yang betul bagi ubat ini.Terangkan
jawapan anda.
[3 marks]

[Menilai]

(iii)

Amirul told the doctor his reluctance to take the antibiotic.

What do you think were the reasons given by Amirul?
Amirul memberitahu doctor bahawa dia tidak ingin mengambil
antibiotik. Apakah alasan-alasan yang mungkin diberi oleh Amirul?
[3 marks]

Answers:
Question
(a)

(b)

Description

Marks

(i)

........ 1

(ii)

Sodium hydroxide

........ 1

(iii)

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions.

These ions react with the soap anions to form scum/ a

precipitate.

A more effective cleaning agent would be detergent.

1
1

(i)

Type of medicine: Antibiotics

Its function is to kill or slow down the growth of bacteria

(ii)

The full course of antibiotics must be finished.

This is to ensure that all the bacteria are killed.
Otherwise the remaining bacteria may become more
resistant to the antibiotic.

(iii)

........3

1
1
1
1

Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms

or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics

or that are likely to resolve without treatment.

Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been

associated with increases in bacterial strains and species
that no longer respond to treatment with the most common
antibiotics.

.......3

.......3
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