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Is this observation
(57.00) an outlier?
Tests of Normality
a
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Statistic
Male Standing-Sitting Height
Ratio (Cormic Index)
.065
df
Shapiro-Wilk
Sig.
93
.200
Statistic
*
.986
df
Sig.
93
.304
Stem &
1.00 Extremes
3.00
49 .
12.00
50 .
25.00
51 .
31.00
52 .
11.00
53 .
7.00
54 .
2.00
55 .
1.00 Extremes
Stem width:
Each leaf:
Leaf
(=<48.9)
446
012334557788
0122233344455566678888899
0111222233333334455555677789999
00111345789
0012378
02
(>=57.0)
1.00
1 case(s)
Gmax
xmax x
s
or Gmin
x xmin
s
n 93
x 52.2
s 1.38
Gmax
57.0 52.2
3.49
1.38
From the G table at n=93 and =0.05 the critical value is 3.18.
Since 3.49 > 3.18, reject Ho.
The observation is from a different population (G3.49, p < 0.025).
=0.05
=0.025
=0.01
xn xn 1
Q
xn x1
Where xn is the suspected outlier, xn-1 is the next ranked
observation, and x1 is the last ranked observation.
Note that the data have to be ranked, with the suspected
outlier as the first observation.
In SPSS Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Explore, then choose the
Statistics button and Outliers.
Extreme Values
Case Number
Value
57.00
55.20
55.06
54.87
54.72
93
48.93
92
49.46
91
49.48
90
49.68
89
50.05
Highest
Lowest
This gives the upper and lower extremes AND the next several
observations, very useful when using the Dixon test.
Extreme Values
Case Number
Value
57.00
55.20
55.06
54.87
54.72
93
48.93
92
49.46
91
49.48
90
49.68
89
50.05
Highest
Lowest
Grubbs G:
Is essentially a z score that references a modified t table.
Very similar to a one-sample t test.
The Grubbs test picks up extreme values earlier than the Dixon test, so choose
the test that is most appropriate based on your knowledge of the data
More normal
Less normal
The same data used the generate the previous graph, displayed as a detrended
Q-Q plot.
1
Final notes: