State of Air Quality Management 2015:

Status Quo (2010 2015)

0

Acknowledgments
The following individuals and groups made valuable input through their participation in
the development of this State of Air Quality Management 2015: Status Quo (2010 2015)
Report towards the development of the 2nd Generation Air Quality Management Plan for
the Western Cape:
Project Team: Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning
(DEA&DP)

Dr. Joy Leaner

Ms. Sally Benson

Mr. Bhawoodien Parker

Mr. Peter Harmse

Ms. Xenthia Smith

Ms. Claudia Frazenburg

Ms. Portia Rululu

Ms. Gavaza Mhlarhi

Mr. Faseeg Salie

Mr. Garreth Grosch

Mr. Shawn Le Roux

Mr. Njabulo Masuku

Mr. Leon Wildschut

Ms. Bianca Hendricks

Mr. Deon Stoltz

Ms. Palesa Mothibi

Ms. Lize Jennings-Boom

Mr. Goosain Isaacs

Mr. John Wilson

Mr. Paul Hardcastle

Ms. Melissa Naiker

Mr. Ambrose Carelse

Mr. Hassan Parker

Mr. Andr van der Merwe

Project Team: Municipalities

Ms. Bulelwa Mtakati (Overberg District Municipality)

Mr. Ian Gildenhuys (City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality)

Dr. Johann Schoeman (Eden District Municipality)

Mr. Marius Engelbrecht (Cape Winelands District Municipality)

Mr. Piet Fabricius (West Coast District Municipality)

Mr. Gerrit Van Zyl (Central Karoo District Municipality)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

Acronyms

iii

Executive Summary
Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2:

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

vi
1 10

LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS

Chapter 3:

11 30

DEVELOPING THE 2ND GENERATION AIR QUALITY

MANAGEMENT PLAN (AQMP)

31 34

Chapter 4:

OVERVIEW OF THE WESTERN CAPE

35 57

Chapter 5:

GOVERNANCE: AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING

58 65

Chapter 6:

GOVERNANCE: AIR QUALITY OFFICERS FORUMS

66 80

Chapter 7:

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

81 146

Chapter 8:

AIR QUALITY COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT

147 160

Chapter 9:

EMISSIONS INVENTORIES

Chapter 10: GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 11: REFERENCES

161 174
175 181
182 184

ACRONYMS
ACSA - Airports Company South Africa
AEL - Atmospheric Emission Licence
APPA - Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (No. 45 of 1965)
AQMP - Air Quality Management Plan
AQM Air Quality Management
AQO Air Quality Officer
AQOF Air Quality Officers Forum
CCA - Customs Controlled Area
CCT City of Cape Town
CDM - Clean Development Mechanism
CKDM Central Karoo District Municipality
CH4 Methane
COP - Conference of the Parties
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CWDM Cape Winelands District Municipality
D: AQM Directorate: Air Quality Management
DEROs - Desired Emission Reduction Outcomes
DoE - Department of Energy
DEA - Department of Environmental Affairs
DEA&DP - Department: Environmental Affairs Development and Planning
DM District Municipality
DNA - Designated National Authority
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
DoT - Department of Transport
EAPRAC Environmental Assessment Practitioners
EDM Eden District Municipality
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMI Environmental Management Inspector
GHG - Greenhouse Gas
GN - Government Notice
HBI - Hot Briquetting Iron
HRA Health Risk Assessment
IDP Integrated Development Plan
IDZ - Industrial Development Zone
IGTT - Inter-Governmental Task Team

IOHF - Iron Ore Handling Facility

IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IRP - Integrated Resource Plan
LiCO - Licensing Company
LM Local Municipality
MEC Member of the Executive Council
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
NAEIS - National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory System
NEMA: National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998)
NEM: AQA - National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (No. 39 of 2004)
NEM: AQAA - National Environmental Management: Air Quality Amendment Act
(No. 20 of 2014)
NEM: WA -

National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (No. 59 of

2008)
NERSA - National Energy Regulator of South Africa
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
ODM Overberg District Municipality
PAEL Provisional Atmospheric Emission Licensing
PAIA - Promotion for Access to Information Act (No. 2 of 2000)
PERO - Provincial Economic Review and Outlook
PM Particulate Matter
PM10 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10m and smaller
PM2.5 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5m and smaller
PPP Public Participation Process
PV - Photovoltaics
REIPPP -

Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement

Programme
SAAELIP - South African Atmospheric Emission Licensing and Inventory Portal
SAAQIS South African Air Quality Information System
SAB - South African Breweries
SANEDI - South African National Energy Development Institute
SATIB - South African Tradeable Renewable Energy Certificate Issuing Body
SBIDZ Saldanha Bay Industrial Development Zone
SEA - Strategic Environmental Assessment
SEMA -

Specific Environmental Management Act

SNAEL - System National Atmospheric Emission Licensing

SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide

StatsSA Statistics South Africa

TNPA - Transnet National Ports Authority
TPT - Transnet Port Terminals
ToR Terms of Reference
UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
US EPA United States Protection Agency
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
WCDM West Coast District Municipality
WWTP - Waste Water Treatment Plants

Executive Summary

The Western Cape Government, through the Department of Environmental Affairs and
Development Planning (DEA&DP), both implements systems and provides an oversight
role in the Province with respect to air quality management. In line with the National
Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (No. 39 of 2004; NEM: AQA), a Western Cape
Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) was developed in 2010 to manage air quality in the
Province, hereafter referred to as AQMP2010.
Following 5 years of its implementation, the DEA&DP embarked on a review of the
AQMP2010. A series of regional public participation process (PPP) workshops were held
and the public were invited to review and evaluate the AQMP2010 and to among other
things:

assess progress made in air quality management in the Province;

establish whether the identified goals and targets have been effectively
implemented;

establish whether the goals and targets were still valid in terms of new
developments and economic growth in the Province; and

identify potential air quality risks and interventions that can be translated into
new goals and objectives, where required.

This report provides an overview of the state of air quality management within the
Province during the period 2010 2015, and is a supporting document for the
development of the 2nd Generation Western Cape AQMP. During the PPP workshops all
the goals that were originally adopted in the AQMP2010, were deemed valid and no
additional goals were proposed.
The AQMP2010 goals read as follows:

Goal 1: To ensure effective and consistent air quality management

Goal

2: To ensure

effective and consistent compliance monitoring and

enforcement

Goal 3: To continually engage with stakeholders to raise awareness with respect

to air quality management

Goal 4: to support climate change protection programmes, including promoting

the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

The vision of the WC AQMP is clean and healthy air for all in the Western Cape and this
can only be met when industrial / commercial activities and community emissions are
monitored and managed. However, the community emissions are the greatest challenge,
mainly because of both increased population and increased per capita energy
consumption.
The 2011 Census shows a 2.5% annual population growth in the Western Cape, while the
energy consumption in the province has grown from 247 742 000 Gigajoule (GJ) in 2004
to 270 887 000 GJ in 2009 (excluding aviation and marine figures). With aviation and
international marine values included, the energy consumption in the Western Cape totals
339 117 323 GJ. This equates to 41 303 482 tonnes of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e)
(State of the Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province, September
2013).
Community emissions are closely linked with the burning of fossil fuels which not only
causes the accumulation of greenhouse gases, it also results in carbon monoxide (CO),
sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxides (NO) and volatile organic compound (VOC) being
emitted during the burning process. These emissions have a considerable impact on
human health as it reduces lung capacity in children, and could cause asthma,
cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks and strokes), cancer, immunodeficiency and low
birth weights. Reducing emissions of air pollutants to slow the pace of climate change is
expected to have ancillary benefits in terms of improving air quality.
During the PPP workshops the general public requested that awareness raising with
regards to air quality management is prioritised. Reducing, reusing, and recycling at
schools and in the workplace helps conserve energy, and reduce pollution and
greenhouse gases from resource extraction, manufacturing, and disposal. Air pollution
and climate change go hand in hand, and therefore environmental awareness raising
campaigns would assist people to make more informed decisions and prevent
environmental degradation.
The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 0f 1998; NEMA) seeks to promote
the protection of the environment and its resources for the benefit of present and future
generations through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution
and ecological degradation, promote conservation, and secure ecologically sustainable
development and use of natural resources, while promoting justifiable economic and
social development as stated in Section 24 of the Constitution.

The NEM: AQA is intended to set norms and standards which aim to achieve the
protection, restoration and enhancement of air quality in South Africa, increased public
participation in the protection of air quality, improved public access to relevant and
meaningful information about air quality, and the reduction of risks to human health and
the prevention of the degradation of air quality.
As sustainable economic growth and development is all important in this Province, it is
important that the DEA&DP ensures that all the municipalities in the Western Cape fulfil
their mandatory obligation to the NEM: AQA.