Sistemas Lógicos de Control

Sistemas de Control
ITESM Chihuahua
Questions?
Raise Your Hand!
at any time!!
Introduccion
Sistemas de Control
Introduccin (GroupWork)
Qu
es un Sistema?
Qu
es Control?
Qu
es un Sistema de
Control?
Introduccin
Definition according to DIN 19226 regulation and control
technology:
A system is an array of objects given in a regarded context that
are related to each other.This array is separated from its
surrounding by certain specifications
[DIN 19226, Part1: 1994]
Control
According to DIN 19237 the control serves for the
influence of the output variables of a system by one or
more input parameters due to the system specific behavior.
[G. Phal, W. Beitz, J. Feldhusen, K.H. Grote 2003, S. 571]
DIN 19237 - Measurement and control; control engineering vocabulary

6
Introduccin
Qu es un Sistema?
Qu es un Sistema de Control?
Introduccin
A Control System is an interconnection of components
forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
system response.
A Control System consists of subsystems and processes

(or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired
output with desired performance, given a specified input.
Nise, Control System Engineering
Why do you need a

control system at all?
What type of task might

a controller system
handle?
10
What form might a

controller have?
11
Introduccin
Productivity is defined as the ratio of physical output

to physical input.
12
What the functions of a control

system should be?
13
Functions of a Control System
14
Measurement
Computation
Comparison
Correction
Advantages of Control Systems
Power Amplification
Remote Control
Convenience of Input Form
Compensation for Disturbances
15
Aims of Control Systems

Regulator. A system designed to hold an output steady
against unknown disturbances.
16
Tracking (Servo) System. A system designed to track

a reference signal.
17

Sequential Control, The ability to ensure that a
connected series of events occur in a certain order.
An automatic sequential control system may trigger a series
of mechanical actuators in the correct sequence to perform
a task.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are used in many
cases such as this.
18
Modes of Control DIN 19237

Manual Control. A system that involves a person
controlling a machine.
Ponton J.W.,The ECOSSE Control HyperCourse, http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~jwp/control06/controlcourse
19
Modes of Control DIN 19237

Automatic Control. A control system that involves
machines only.
Ponton J.W.,The ECOSSE Control HyperCourse, http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~jwp/control06/controlcourse/
20
Automation
The control of an industrial process (manufacturing,
production, and so on) by automatic means rather than
manual is often called automation.
Nise, Control System Engineering

21
Home-Work1
22
Clasificacin de los Sistemas de Control

Signal-oriented classification
Analog, Digital and Binary (Logic, Discrete) Control
Function-oriented classification
Combinatorial and Sequential Control
M. Polke, Process Control Engineering
23
Analog Control
24
Digital Control
25
Binary (Logic) Control, Discrete Control
26
Combinatorial Control
27
Sequential Circuit
28
Overview of Control Types

Electrical
Control
Logic Control
Sequential
Circuit
Combinatorial
Circuit
Sequential
Control
Time Bounded
Process Bounded
Cyclic Signal
Processing
29
Event Oriented
Signal Processing
Open-Loop
30
Open-Loop
31
Closed-Loop
32
GroupWork
The following are examples of open-loop systems:
A room heater
A traffic light control system
A domestic washing machine
A street light system
A water pump lifting water to an overhead tank.
How will you change each of them into close-loop system?
33
Sistemas de Control Lgico

Sistemas de Control
34
Analog vs Binary Sensors
35
Analog vs Binary Sensor
36
Sistemas de Eventos Discretos
Muchos procesos no son continuos.
Sus variables solo admiten un nmero finito de valores

(valores estados discretos).
Los valores de las variables no cambian de forma

continua en el tiempo, sino en instantes determinados
(eventos).
Problemas de control lgicos y

secuencial.
37
Valores (Estados) Discretos
38
39
40
Binary (discrete) Sensors
41
Common discrete (binary) switches
Hand switch
Limit switch
Proximity switch
Pressure switch
Level switch
Temperature switch
Flow Switch
42
Switches
43
Switches
A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closedness of an electric circuit.

They allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to
actually get in there and manually cut or splice the wires).
Switches are critical components in any circuit which requires user
interaction or control.
44
Switches
A switch can only exist in one of two states: open or

closed. In the off state, a switch looks like an open gap in
the circuit. This, in effect, looks like an open circuit,
preventing current from flowing.
In the on state, a switch acts just like a piece of perfectlyconducting wire. A short. This closes the circuit, turning
the system on and allowing current to flow unimpeded
through the rest of the system.
45
Switches
46
Switch: Actuation Method

In order to change from one state to another, a switch must
be actuated. That is, some sort of physical action must be
performed to flip the switchs state. The actuation-method
of a switch is one of its more defining characteristics.
47
Maintained switches like the light switches on your

wall stay in one state until actuated into a new one, and
then remain in that state until acted upon once again.
These switches might also be
called toggle or ON/OFF switches.
Momentary switches only remain active as long as

theyre actuated. If theyre not being actuated, they remain
in their off state.
48
Momentary vs. Maintained
49
Momentary Switches
50
Maintained Switches
Slide Switch
Toggle Switch
DIP Switch
Latching Buttons
51
Slide Switch
52
Toggle Switch
53
DIP Switch
54
Latching Buttons
55
Switch: Poles and Throws
A switch must have at least two terminals, one for the

current to (potentially) go in, another to (potentially) come
out.
56
The number of poles* on a switch defines how many

separate circuits the switch can control. So a switch with
one pole, can only influence one single circuit. A four-pole
switch can separately control four different circuits.
A switchs throw-count defines how many positions each

of the switchs poles can be connected to. For example, if
a switch has two throws, each circuit (pole) in the switch
can be connected to one of two terminals.
57

A single-pole, single-throw
(SPST) switch is as simple
as it gets. Its got one output
and one input. The switch
will either be closed or
completely disconnected.
SPSTs are perfect for on-off
switching. Theyre also a very
common form
of momentary switches.
SPST switches should only
require two terminals.
58

SPDTs have three terminals: one
common pin and two pins which
vie for connection to the
common. SPDTs are great for
selecting between two power
sources, swapping inputs.
Most simple slide switches are of
the SPDT variety.
SPDT switches should usually
have three terminals.
An SPDT can actually be made
into an SPST by just leaving one
of the switch throws
unconnected.
59

Adding another pole to the SPDT creates a double-pole,
double-throw (DPDT) switch. Basically two SPDT switches,
which can control two separate circuits, but are always
switched together by a single actuator. DPDTs should have six
terminals.
60
61
Hand Switch
62
63
Limit Switch
64
65
Pressure Switch
66
Level switch symbols
67
Level Switch
68
69
Temperature Switch
70
71
Flow Switch
72
Pressure switch characteristics
Pessen David W. Industrial

Automation. Circuit Design and
Components.Wiley,1989.
73
Funciones Lgicas Basicas

Sistemas de Control
74
AND Operation
Logical multiplication (AND) of two variables, xy.
The operation will result in different values depending on
the values taken on by each of the elements that the
variables represent.
Thus, if x = 1, then xy = y;
but if x = 0, then xy = 0,
independent of y.
75
AND Operation
Logical multiplication (AND) of two variables,
xy .
This compound proposition is true only if

both of the simple propositions x and
y are true;
it is false in all other cases.
76
AND Operation
Truth Table for the AND
Operation.
Here:
0 -> False
1 -> True
Otherwise stated.
77
OR Operation
Logical Sum (OR) of two variables, x+y.
The operation will result in different values depending on
the values taken on by each of the elements that the
variables represent.
Thus, if x = 1, then x+y = 1;

but if x = 0, then x+y = y.
Thus, if y = 1, then x+y = 1;

but if y = 0, then x+y = x.
78
OR Operation
Logical Sum (OR) of two variables,
x+y .
This compound proposition is true if

either of the simple propositions x and
y are true;
it is false only if both are false .
79
OR Operation
Truth Table for the
Logical Sum (OR)
Operation.
Here:
0 -> False
1 -> True
Otherwise stated.
80
NOT Operation
The complement operation is isomorphic with negation,
or NOT, in logic.
NOT operation over one variable x.
The operation will result in the complement of the value of
the variable X.
Thus, if x = 1, then x= 0;
but if x = 0, then x = 1.
.
81
XOR,NAND,NOR, XNOR
Sistemas de Control
82
Other Switching Operation

Exclusive OR
Exclusive OR, XOR for short, and is given the symbol .
Thus, x y is true when x and y have

opposite truth values, but it is false
when x and y have the same value.
x y = x'y + xy'
83
NAND, NOR, and XNOR Operations

Besides the NOT operation, we now have three in our
repertoire:AND, OR, and XOR.
Three additional operations can be created by negating
(complementing, or taking the NOT of) these three:
NAND (NOT AND): (xy)' = x' + y'

NOR (NOT OR): (x + y)' = x'y'
XNOR (NOT XOR): (x y)' = (x'y + xy')' = xy + x'y'
84
Basic Switching Operations
85
Algebra Booleana
Sistemas de Control
86
Switching Algebra and Logic Gates
In a 1937 paper, Claude Shannon implemented a two-element

Boolean algebra with a circuit of switches.
Now a switch is a device that can be placed in either one of

two stable positions: off or on.
These positions can just as well be designated 0 and 1 (or the

reverse). For this reason, two-element Boolean algebra has
been called switching algebra.
The identity elements themselves are called the switching

constants. Similarly, any variables that represent the switching
constants are called switching variables
87
Switching Algebra
Propositional logic is concerned with simple

propositionswhether or not they are true or false, how
the simple propositions can be combined into more
complex propositions, and how the truth or falsity of the
complex propositions can be deduced from the truth or
falsity of the simple ones.
A simple proposition is a declarative statement that may

be either true or false, but not both.
It is said to have two possible truth values:
true (T) or false (F)

88
Switching Algebra
Over the centuries a number of different algebraic

systems have been developed in different contexts. The
language used in describing each system and the
operations carried out in that system made sense in the
context in which the algebra was developed.
The algebra of sets is one of these; another is a system

called propositional logic, which was developed in the
study of philosophy.
89
Switching Algebra
It is possible for different algebraic systems, arising from

different contexts, to have similar properties.
This possibility is the basis for the following definition:
Two algebraic systems are said to be isomorphic if

they can be made identical by changing the names of
the elements and the names and symbols used to
designate the operations.
90
Switching Algebra
It turns out that two-valued Boolean algebra is

isomorphic with propositional logic. Hence, whatever
terminology, operations, and techniques are used in logic
can be applied to Boolean algebra, and vice versa.
To illustrate, the elements of Boolean algebra (1 and 0)

correspond to the truth (T) or falsity (F) of propositions;
T and F could be labeled 1 and 0, respectively, or the
opposite. Or the elements of Boolean algebra, 1 and 0,
could be called truth values, although the ideas of truth
and falsity have no philosophical meaning in Boolean
algebra.
91
WARNING!!!
92
Boolean Algebra
Boolean algebra, like any other axiomatic mathematical
structure or algebraic system, can be characterized by
specifying a number of fundamental things:
1. The domain of the algebra, that is, the set of elements
over which the algebra is defined.
2. A set of operations to be performed on the elements
3. A set of postulates, or axioms, accepted as premises
without proof.
4. A set of consequences called theorems, laws, or rules,
which are deduced from the postulates
93
Boolean Algebra
The postulates we shall adopt here are referred to as

Huntingtons postulates. Boolean algebra is like ordinary algebra
in some respects but unlike it in others.
The set of elements in Boolean algebra is called its domain and

is labeled B.
An m-ary operation in B is a rule that assigns to each

ordered set of m elements a unique element from B.
A binary operation involves an ordered pair of elements.
A unary operation involves just one element

94
Switching Operations
A unary operation and two binary operations, with names

borrowed from propositional logic, were introduced in
Huntingtons postulates.
For two-element (switching) algebra it is common to

rename these operations, again using terms that come
from logic.
95
Huntingtons Postulates
Closure. There exists a domain B having at least two
distinct elements and two binary operators (+) and ()
such that:
If x and y are elements, then x + y is an element.

The operation performed by (+) is callled
logical addition (OR)
If x and y are elements, then xy is an element. The

operation performed by () is called
logical multiplication (AND)
96
Identity elements. Let x be an element in domain B.
There exists an element 0 in B, called the identity
element with respect to (+), having the property
x+0=x
There exists an element 1 in B, called the identity element
with respect to (), having the property that
X1=x
97
Commutative law
Commutative law with respect to addition (OR):
x+y=y+x
Commutative law with respect to multiplication (AND):
xy=yx
98
Distributive law
Multiplication (AND) is distributive over addition (OR):
x (y + z) = (x y) + (x z)
Addition (OR) is distributive over multiplication (AND):
x + (y z) = (x + y) (x + z)
99
Complementation.
If x is an element in domain B, then there exists another
element x, the complement of x, satisfying the
properties:
x + x = 1
x x = 0
100
Fundamental Theorems
Null Law
x+1=1
x0=0
101
Proof:
x0 = 0
x0
2. x 0
3. x 0
4. x 0
5. x 0
1.
102
= 0 + ( x 0 ) Postulate 2a
= ( x x ) + ( x 0 ) Postulate 5b
= x ( x' + 0 ) Postulate 4a
= x x' Postulate 2a
= 0 Postulate 5b
Proof:
x +1 = 1
x + 1 = 1 ( x + 1 ) Postulate 2b
2. x + 1 = ( x + x ) ( x + 1 ) Postulate 5a
3. x + 1 = x + ( x' 1 ) Postulate 4b
4. x + 1 = x + x' Postulate 2b
5. x + 1 = 1 Postulate 5a
1.
103
Duality
x+1=1
x0=0
x0 =0+(x0)
2.x 0 = ( x x ) + ( x 0 )
3.x 0 = x ( x' + 0 )
4.x 0 = x x'
5.x 0 = 0
1.
104
x+1 =1(x+1)
2. x + 1 = ( x + x ) ( x + 1 )
3.x + 1 = x + ( x' 1 )
4.x + 1 = x + x'
5. x + 1 = 1
1.
Principle of duality
1. Interchanging the OR and AND operations of the
expression.
2. Interchanging the 0 and 1 elements of the expression.
3. Not changing the form of the variables.
105
Involution
(x')' = x
In words, this states that the complement of the
complement of an element is that element itself. This
follows from the observation that the complement of an
element is unique.
106
Idempotency
x+x=x
xx=x
107
Proof:
x + x = (x + x)1 Postulate 2b
x + x = (x + x)(x + x') Postulate 5a
x + x = x + xx' Postulate 4b
x + x = x + 0 Postulate 5b
x + x = x Postulate 2a
108
Proof:
xx=x
109
xx=x
x x = (x x) + 0
x x = (x x)+(x x')
x x = x x+x'
xx=x1
xx=x
110
Absorption
x + xy = x
x(x + y) = x
111
Simplification
x + x'y = x + y
x(x' + y) = xy
112
Associative Law
x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z = x + y + z
x(yz) = (xy)z = xyz
113
Consensus
xy + x'z + yz = xy + x'z
(x + y)(x' + z)(y + z) = (x + y)(x' + z)
114
De Morgans Law
(x + y) = xy
(xy) = x + y
115
116
Tablas de Verdad, Expresiones y

Funciones
Sistemas de Control
117
Truth Table
The truth-table method of proving a relationship among
switching variables, by verifying that the relationship is true
for all possible combinations of values of the variables, is
called the method of perfect induction.
118
Switching Expressions
A switching expression is a finite relationship

among switching variables (and possibly the
switching constants 0 and 1), related by the AND,
OR, and NOT operations.
E = (x + yz)(x + y') + (x + y)
for simplicity, we refer to variables or complements of variables
as literals
119
Switching Expressions
An expression will be redundant if it contains:
Repeated literals (xx or x + x)

A variable and its complement (xx' or x + x')
Explicitly shown switching constants (0 or 1)
Redundancies in expressions need never be implemented in

hardware; they can be eliminated from expressions in which
they show up.
120
Canonic Forms
Given an expression dependent on n variables, there
are two specific and unique forms into which the
expression can always be converted.
Sum-Of-Products
(SOP)
Product-Of-Sums (POS)
121
Sum Of Products (SOP)

In the general case, expressions are dependent on n
variables. We will consider two non-redundant cases. In one
case, an expression consists of nothing but a sum of terms,
and each term is made up of a product of literals.
Naturally, this would be called a sum-of-products (s-of-p)
form.
E(x,y,z) = xy' + x'y + xz + xyz

.
The maximum number of literals in a non-redundant product is n

122
Product-Of-Sums (POs)
In the second case to be considered, an expression consists
of nothing but a product of terms, and each term is made
up of a sum of literals; this is the product-of-sums (p-of-s)
form.
E(x,y,z) = (x+y)(x+y)(x+z)(x+y+z)
the maximum number of literals in a non-redundant sum is n.
123
Canonic Forms
A sum-of-products or product-ofsums expression dependent on n

variables is canonic if it contains
no redundant literals and each
product or sum has exactly n
literals.
124
Canonic Forms
E(x,y,z) = (x' + y' + z)(x + y + z')(x + y + z)
Ejercicio: Ir de la forma canonica a SOP o POS eliminado redundancias.

125
Minterms
In a sum-of-products expression dependent on n
variables, in order to distinguish between product terms
having n literals (the maximum) and those having fewer
than n, the following definition is made:
A canonic non-redundant
product of literals is called a
minterm
126
Maxterms
In a product-of-sums expression dependent of n
variables, in order to distinguish between sum terms
having n literals and others, the following definition is
made:
A canonic non-redundant sum of

literals is called a maxterm.
127
Generalization of De Morgans Law

Complementing the sum (product) of n switching variables
gives the same result as multiplying (adding) their
complements.
1 + 2 + 3 + +
1 2 3
128
= (1 2 3 )
= (1 + 2 + 3 + + )
Switching Functions
Complete the thruth table for the following expressions:
E1 = x + xy
E2 = x + y
129
Switching Functions
For any combination of variable values, each expression
takes on a value that is found by substituting the variable
values into it. When this is done for all combinations of
variable values, the result is a truth table.
For n variables, the number of

combinations of values is 2n
130
Switching Functions
Exercise. Using a truth table, confirm that the expression:
E = xy + xy + y
has the same truth values as E1 and E2
131
Switching Functions
A switching function is a specific

unique
assignment
of
switching values 0 and 1 for all
possible combinations of values
taken on by the variables on which
the function depends.
132
Switching Functions
133
Switching Functions
For a function of n variables there are 2n possible
combinations of values.
For each combination of values, the function can take on
one of two values.
Hence, the number of distinct assignments of two values
to 2n things is 2 to the 2n power.
The number of switching functions

of n variables is 2 to the 2n.
134
Switching Functions
It is clear that functionsand, therefore, expressions that represent
functions can be treated as if they were variables.
Thus, switching laws apply equally well to switching
expressions as to variables representing the switching

elements.
A function is defined by listing its truth values for all combinations of
variable values, that is, by its truth table.
An expression, on the other hand, is a combination of literals linked by
switching operations.
For a given combination of variable values, the expression will take on
a truth value.
135
Switching Functions
136
Shannons Expansion Theorem

Any
switching function of n variables can

be expressed as a sum of products of n
literals, one for each variable.
Any
switching function of n variables can

be expressed as a product of sums of n
literals, one for each variable.
137
Universalidad de las operaciones

NAND y NOR
Sistemas de Control
138
UNIVERSAL SETS OF OPERATIONS
A set of operations is called

universal if every switching
function can be expressed
exclusively
in
terms
of
operations from this set.
139
the set of operations
{AND, OR, NOT}

is universal.
140
NAND y: (xy)' = x' + y

NOR y: (x + y)' = x'y'
We see that the right sides of these expressions are each
expressed in terms of only two of the three universal
operations (OR and NOT for the first, and AND and NOT
for the second)
141

Consider the AND operation, xy. By De Morgans law, it can
be written as:
xy = (x' + y')'
The only operations on the right are OR and NOT. Since
every AND can be expressed in terms of OR and NOT, the
set {AND, OR, NOT} can be expressed in terms of the set
{OR, NOT}.
Conclusion:
The set {OR, NOT} is a universal set.

142

Consider the OR operation, x+y. By De Morgans law, it can
be written as:
x+y = (x'y')'
The only operations on the right are AND and NOT. Since
every OR can be expressed in terms of AND and NOT, the
set {AND, OR, NOT} can be expressed in terms of the set
{AND, NOT}.
Conclusion:
The set {AND, NOT} is a universal set.

143

Lets explore the NAND operation. Since the set {AND,
NOT} is universal, if we can express both those operations
in terms of NAND, then, {NAND} will be universal! Here
we go:
x' = x' + x' = (xx)'

xy = ((xy)')' = [(xy)' (xy)']'
144
Any switching function

can be expressed
exclusively in terms of
NAND operations.
145

Lets explore the NOR operation. Since the set {OR, NOT}
is universal, if we can express both those operations in
terms of NOR then, {NOR} will be universal! Here we go:
x' = xx = (x+x)
xy = (x+y) = [(x+x)+ (y+y)]

146
Any switching function

can be expressed
exclusively in terms of
NOR operations.
147
ISO / IEC
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a
worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies).
IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) is the
worlds leading organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and
related technologies
ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
148
ISO 14617
The purpose of ISO 14617 in its final form is the creation of
a library of harmonized graphical symbols for diagrams used
in technical applications. This work has been, and will be,
performed in close cooperation between ISO and IEC. The
ultimate result is intended to be published as a standard
common to ISO and IEC, which their technical committees
responsible for specific application fields can use in
preparing International Standards and manuals.
149
ISO 14617-5:2002 / IEC 60617

ISO 14617-5:2002(en)
Graphical symbols for diagrams
Part 5 : Measurement and control devices
This part of ISO 14617 specifies graphical symbols for
components and devices used in measurement and control
systems, represented in diagrams.
IEC 60617 - Graphical Symbols for Diagrams
150
DIN
DIN, the German Institute for Standardization, develops
norms and standards as a service to industry, the state and
society as a whole.
DIN 40900-12 (1992-09)
Graphical Symbols For Diagrams; Binary Logic
Elements
151
NEMA
The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
is the association of electrical equipment and medical
imaging manufacturers.
NEMA provides a forum for the development of technical
standards that are in the best interests of the industry and
users, advocacy of industry policies on legislative and
regulatory matters, and collection, analysis, and
dissemination of industry data. In addition to its
headquarters in Rosslyn, Virginia, NEMA also has offices in
Beijing and Mexico City.
152
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of
voluntary consensus standards for products, services,
processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.
The Institute oversees the creation, promulgation and use
of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly impact
businesses in nearly every sector: from acoustical devices to
construction equipment, from dairy and livestock
production to energy distribution, and many more.
153
IEEE
IEEE, pronounced "Eye-triple-E," stands for the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IEEE is the world's largest professional association
dedicated to advancing technological innovation and
excellence for the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its
members inspire a global community through IEEE's highly
cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and
professional
and
educational
activities.
154
CSA Group
CSA Group is an independent, not-for-profit member-based
association dedicated to advancing safety, sustainability and
social good. We are an internationally-accredited standards
development and testing & certification organization. We
also provide consumer product evaluation and education &
training services. Our broad range of knowledge and
expertise includes: industrial equipment, plumbing &
construction, electro-medical & healthcare, appliances & gas,
alternative energy, lighting and sustainability.
155
NEMA ICS/ANSI/IEEE/CSA
NEMA ICS 19-2002 (R2007)
Diagrams, Device Designations and Symbols
ANSI Y32.2
Electrical and Electronics Diagrams, Graphic Symbols
ANSI Y32.14
Logic Diagrams, Graphic Symbols
CSA Z99:1975
Graphic Symbols For Electrical And Electronics Diagrams
156
NEMA ICS/ANSI/IEEE/CSA
IEEE Std 91
IEEE Standard Graphic Symbols for Logic Functions.
IEEE Std 315
IEEE Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and
Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation
Letters).
IEEE Std 991
IEEE Standard for Logic Circuit Diagrams.
157
Circuit Symbols
IEC (DIN EN)
NEMA ICS/ANSI/IEEE
Indicator light, general symbol

158
Circuit Symbols
IEC (DIN EN)
NEMA ICS/ANSI/IEEE
N/O (Normally Open) contact

159
Circuit Symbols
IEC (DIN EN)
NEMA ICS/ANSI/IEEE
N/C (Normally Close) contact

160
Identity
161
Negation
162
OR
163
AND
164
Lgica de Relevadores
Sistemas de Control
165
Relay Logic
The term Relay generally refers to a
device that provides an electrical
connection between two or more
points in response to the application
of a control signal.
The most common and widely used
type of electrical relay is the
electromechanical relay or EMR.
166
Relay Logic
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing
contacts in another circuit.
167
Relay Logic
168
Relay IEC Symbol
Coil
NormallyClosed
(NC)
Coil
Common (C)
169
NormallyOpen
(NO)
Relay - Symbols
170
Relay - Symbols
171
Relay - Connections
172
Relay Automotive
173
Relays - Automotive
174
Relay Circuit Example
175
Relay Logic - Examples
176
Relay Logic Examples (NOT)
177
Relay Logic Examples (AND)
178
Relay Logic Examples (OR)
179
Relay Logic Examples (AND OR)
180
Relay Logic Examples
181
Relay Logic Examples
182
Compuertas Lgicas
Sistemas de Control
183
Logic Gates
The generic name given to a physical device that
carries out any of the switching operations is
gate.
Schematic Symbols for logic gates

184
Logic Gates Schematic Symbols
185
186
187
188
Integrated Circuits Typical SSI
189
TTL Logic Levels
190
191
192
193
Componentes Neumticos e
Hidrulicos
Sistemas de Control
194
Common types of Cylinders

Single acting cylinder
a cylinder in which air pressure is applied to the movable
element (piston) in only one direction.
195

Spring return cylinder
a cylinder in which a spring returns the piston assembly.
196

Double acting cylinder
a cylinder in which air pressure may be alternately applied
to the piston to drive it in either direction.
197
Directional Control Valves

To change the direction of airflow to and from the cylinder,
we use a directional control valve.
The moving part in a directional control valve will connect
and disconnect internal flow passages within the valve body.
This action results in a control of airflow direction.
198
199
200
201
Functional Types of Directional Control Valves
Two-Way Directional Valve
202
Functional Types of Directional Control Valves
Three-Way Directional Valve
203
Four-Way Directional Valve

Perhaps the most common directional valve in simple
pneumatic systems consists of pressure port, two actuator
ports and one or more exhaust ports.
These valves are known as four-way valves since they have
four distinct flow paths or "ways" within the valve body.
204

A common application of four-ported four-way directional
valve is to cause reversible motion of a cylinder or motor.
To perform this function, spool connects the pressure port
with one actuator port.
At the same time, the spool connects the other actuator
port with the exhaust port.
205
206
207
208
209
Five-Port / Four-Way Directional Valve
210
Pneumatic Logic Elements
211
Pneumatic Logic Elements
212
Pneumatics
213
Pneumatics
214
Pneumatics
215
Pneumatics
216
Pneumatics
217
Industrial Electrical Control
218
Industrial Electrical Control
219
Power Supplies
220
Power Supplies
Four voltages are typically available to power industrial
sensors:
221
12 VDC
120 VAC
24 VDC
240 VAC
Circuit Breakers
222
223
Introduccin a los Controladores

Lgicos Programables (PLC)
Sistemas de Control
224
What is a PLC?
https://goo.gl/j6I6tw
225
PLC
PLC = Programmable Logic Controller
A micro-processor based controller with multiple inputs

and outputs using integrated circuits instead of electromechanical relays to carry out functions to control
machines and processes.
226
PLC
A PLC performs the logic functions of:
227
Relays
Timers
Counters
Sequencers
PLC : Basic Block Diagram
228
PLC System : Basic Arquitecture
229
Advantages of PLC Control Systems
Flexible
Faster response time
Less and simpler wiring
Solid-State no mechanical moving parts
Modular design easy to repair and expand
Sophisticated instruction sets available
Allows for diagnostics
230
Flexible
Faster response time
Less and simpler wiring
Solid-State no mechanical moving parts
Modular design easy to repair and expand
Sophisticated instruction sets available
Allows for diagnostics
231
A PLC program eliminates much of the hard wiring that

was associated with conventional relay control circuits.
Once a PLC has been written and tested it can be

downloaded to other PLCs.
OEMs can provide system updates for a process by simply

sending out a new program.
232
Generally, if an application requires more than 6 control

relays, it will usually be less expensive to install a PLC.
A PLC can communicate with other controllers or

computer equipment.
PLC operates in real-time which means that an event

taking place in the field will result in an immediate
operation or output taking place.
233
A PLC program can be watched in real-time as it

executes to find and fix problems.
PLCs have resident diagnostics and override functions

allowing users to easily trace and correct software and
hardware problems.
234
PLC : SCAN
235
PLC : Programming languages

IEC 61131-3 standard
Ladder diagram (LD)

Sequential Function Charts (SFC), Grafcets
Function Block Diagram (FBD)
Structured Text (ST)
Instruction List (IL)
236
PLC : I/O Configurations
237

Fixed I/O
Typical of small PLCs

The processor and I/O are packaged together
Lower in cost buts lacks flexibility
238

Fixed I/O
239

Fixed I/O
240

Fixed I/O
241

Modular I/O
I/O is divided by compartments into which separate

modules can be plugged.
This feature increases the options and the units flexibility.
Modules can be mixed in any way.
242

Modular I/O
243

Modular I/O
244

Modular I/O
245
PLC I/0
Digital
120 V AC
24 V DC
240 V AC
Analog
246
4 20 mA
0 10 V DC
Input Interfaces : 120 V AC
247
248
249
Input Interfaces : Terminal Blocks (TB)
250
Input Interfaces : 24 V DC
Input signals can range from:
0 V DC when the device is OFF
between 15 V DC and 30 V DC when the

device is ON.
251
252
Two types of DC Input Devices are used with PLCs:
Sourcing Devices, provides current when

they are ON.
Sinking Devices, receives current when they

are ON.
253
Input Interfaces : 24 V DC , Sourcing
254
Input Interfaces: 24 V DC , Sourcing, 2W
255
Input Interfaces: 24 V DC , Sourcing, 3W
256
Input Interfaces : 24 V DC , Sinking
257
Input Interfaces:24 V DC , Sinking, 2W
258
Input Interfaces:24 V DC , Sinking, 3W
259
PNP 3 Wire Sensor Wiring
260
261
262
NPN 3 Wire Sensor Wiring
263
264
265
3 Wire Sensor Layout
266
4 Wire Sensor Wiring
267
Output Interfaces : Components
268
Output Interfaces : Types
Relay
5 265 V AC , 5 125 V DC . Max. current 2 A
Transistor ( MOSFET)
20.4 26.4 V DC . Max. current 1 A
Triac
85 264 V AC . Max. current 0.5 A
269
Output Interfaces : Types
270
Output Interfaces
271
Output Interfaces
272
Output Interfaces : Contact Protection
273
PLC Wiring : AC I/O
274
PLC Wiring : DC I/O , Built-in
275
PLC Wiring : DC I/O , Ext. Power-Supply
276
PLC Wiring : AC Power Source
277
PLC Wiring : AC Power Source
278
PLC Wiring : Wiring
Earth Ground : #8 AWG

Functional Ground : #10 AWG
Safety Ground : #14 AWG
Power Supply : #14 AWG
I / O Devices : #14 AWG - #22 AWG stranded wires
279
PLC Wiring : Wiring Color Coding
red (ac)
blue (dc)
orange (relay)
green (specialty)
280
Wiring Conductor Ampacity
#14 AWG max. 15 Amperes , conservative rating 5.9 A
#12 AWG max. 20 Amperes, conservative rating 9.3 A
#10 AWG max. 30 Amperes, conservative rating 15 A
281
PLC Wiring :Grounding
282
PLC Wiring :Grounding
283
Diagramas de Escalera
Sistemas de Control
284
Relay Logic Diagram

A relay logic diagram illustrates the method by which an
industrial control system operates.
There are standard rules that should be followed when
creating relay logic diagrams.
Several standard symbols or legends are used to draw relay
logic circuits.
285
Relay Logic Diagramas

Relay
logic diagrams are created to show

the logical relationship between devices.
Relay
logic diagrams are sometimes

called:
286
elementary diagrams,
line diagrams,
or relay ladder logic (RLL).
A simple relay logic diagram
287
Relay Logic Diagrams: Basic Terminology
Rung: Horizontal line in a relay logic diagram that has

input devices and an output device.
Rails: Two vertical lines labeled L1 and L2 that connect
the rungs of a RLL diagram.
Relay coil: Device that, when energized, opens
associated normally closed contacts and closes normally
open contacts.
Contact: Device that opens and closes corresponding to
the state of its associated relay coil. A normally open
contact isclosed when its relay coil is energized. A
normallyclosed contact is opened when its relay coil is
energized.
288
relay coil and contacts in a RLL diagram

RAILS
CONTACT
RUNG
CONTACT
289
COIL
Normally Open Schematics
290
Normally Closed Schematics
291
Output Schematics
292
Why is it called Logic control?
293
OR Example
294
Rules for Drawing Relay Logic Diagrams
Nine rules are accepted as standard in the control

industry for creating relay logic diagrams.
Creating a relay ladder diagram is the first step in

programming a PLC.
Goodheart-Willcox Co.,
Inc.
Rule 1. Input devices are placed near the left corner

of the rung. Devices are show in order of importance
whenever possible.
Rule 2. One (and only one) output is placed near the

right corner of the rung.
Electrical devices or components are shown in

their normal position. Normal for electrical
diagrams is with the circuit de-energized or OFF.
Inc.
Rule 3. Input devices can be connected in series, parallel,

or combination. Devices that perform a STOP function
are normally wired in series.
Rule 4. Output devices cannot be connected in series.

Rule 5. While input devices can be represented multiple
times in the relay logic diagram, each output device can
only be represented once in the diagram.
All contacts associated with a device will change

position when the device is energized.
Inc.
Rule 6. All the input and output devices must be placed

horizontally.
Rule 7. Current in the relay logic diagram must flow from
left to right.
A ladder diagram is read like a book,
left to right and top to bottom.
Inc.
Rule 8. Diagrams must be numbered and commented

correctly.
Rung numbers are placed on the left side of each rung.

Instruction symbols and comments are placed above the instruction.
Rung comments are placed on the right side of each rung.
Rule 9. Location of each contact associated with a coil can be

recorded by the right-hand rail near the coil.
Contacts associated with relays, timers , motors, starters, etc. will

always have the same number or letter designation as the device
that controls them.
Inc.
Creating Relay Logic Diagrams for Industrial Control Circuits
Step 1: Clearly define the control problem.
Draw a schematic diagram of the system setup.
Discuss the problem.
Step 2: Review and follow the nine relay logic diagram

rules.
Draw the relay logic diagram.

Inc.
Relay Logic Diagrams for Industrial Control Circuits
301
Relay Logic Diagrams for Industrial Control Circuits
302
Programacin de PLC
Sistemas de Control
303
Relay Type Instructions

Examine ON
304
Examine OFF
Relay Type Instructions

Examine ON
Normally Open (NO)

contact.
When the controlling
device is ON, the normally
open contact is CLOSED.
device is OFF, the
normally open contact is
OPEN.
305
Examine OFF
Normally Closed (NC)

contact.
device is ON, the normally
open contact is OPEN.
device is OFF, the
normally open contact is
CLOSED.
Limitations of ladder diagrams
Each PLC manufacturer has a limit of contacts or other

logic symbols that can be included on one line of a ladder
diagram and also a limit to the number of parallel
branches or lines that make up one network.
A typical network limitation of 10 series contact per line

and 7 parallel lines or branches is typical of some
companies.
Some companies restrict the output to be on the first

line.
306
A typical network limitation of 10 series contact per line

and 7 parallel lines or branches is typical of some
companies.
Some other companies have a network limit of 9x8, some

others a network limit of 11x7.
When a circuit requires more series contacts than the

network allows, the contacts are split into two rungs.
307
When a circuit requires more series contacts than the

network allows, the contacts are split into two rungs.
The first rung would contain a part of the required

contacts and would be programmed to an internal or
dummy relay.
Internal relays are actually a bit in a word location in

storage memory or an unused bit in the I/O table.
308
Timers (in general)

ON-Delay
OFF-Delay
Start timing when
Start timing when

their timer coils are deenergized. Then, their
their timer coils are

energized. Then, their
normally open contacts
close and their normally
closed contact open
when the timer is
finishing timing.
309
normally open contacts

close and their normally
closed contact open
when the timer is
finishing timing.
Timers (in general)

ON-Delay
OFF-Delay
The timer contact immediately

revert to their normal state
when the timer accumulated
register resets to zero.
The timer contact

immediately revert to their
normal state when the timer
accumulated register resets
to zero.
There is a delay before the

contacts switch when the ONDelay timer turns on. However,
there is no delay in switching
when the timer turns off.
310
PLC Timers
ON-delay timer
Timer that must be

energized to start timing.
311
OFF-delay timer
Timer that must be deenergized to start timing
PLC Timer Instruction Register

Preset Register
Register that holds the timer or counter preset number.
Accumulated Register
Register that holds the timer or counter accumulated
valued.
Status Register
Register that hold the status bits. Also called flag register.
Enable bit ,Timer Timing bit, Done bit
312

Enable bit (EN)
Bit that is set when the path of a rung is complete
Timer Timing (TT)

Bit that is energized when the timer is timing
Done
Bit that is set when the instruction has completed its task,
such as reaching a preset value or length value.
313
Timer base number
Number that must be multiplied by the timer preset

number to generate the timer preset value.
314
PLC Timers
Retentive
Are timers that hold their

accumulated value when
are disabled.
RESET(RES)
Instruction that must be
used to reset the retentive
timer.
315
Non-Retentive
Are timers that reset

when they are deenergized.
PLC Timers
Interlocked timers
Timers used to turn an output on and off sequentially.
316

Sistemas Lógicos de Control

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[DIN 19226, Part1: 1994]

DIN 19237 - Measurement and control; control engineering vocabulary

A Control System consists of subsystems and processes

Why do you need a

What type of task might

What form might a

Productivity is defined as the ratio of physical output

What the functions of a control

Functions of a Control System

Advantages of Control Systems

Convenience of Input Form

Compensation for Disturbances

Aims of Control Systems

Aims of Control Systems

Tracking (Servo) System. A system designed to track

Aims of Control Systems

Modes of Control DIN 19237

Ponton J.W.,The ECOSSE Control HyperCourse, http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~jwp/control06/controlcourse

Modes of Control DIN 19237

Ponton J.W.,The ECOSSE Control HyperCourse, http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~jwp/control06/controlcourse/

Nise, Control System Engineering

Clasificacin de los Sistemas de Control

Analog, Digital and Binary (Logic, Discrete) Control

Combinatorial and Sequential Control

M. Polke, Process Control Engineering

Binary (Logic) Control, Discrete Control

Overview of Control Types

The following are examples of open-loop systems:

How will you change each of them into close-loop system?

Sistemas de Control Lgico

Analog vs Binary Sensors

Analog vs Binary Sensor

Sistemas de Eventos Discretos

Muchos procesos no son continuos.

Sus variables solo admiten un nmero finito de valores

Los valores de las variables no cambian de forma

Problemas de control lgicos y

Valores (Estados) Discretos

Valores (Estados) Discretos

Valores (Estados) Discretos

Binary (discrete) Sensors

Common discrete (binary) switches

A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closedness of an electric circuit.

A switch can only exist in one of two states: open or

Switch: Actuation Method

Switch: Actuation Method

Maintained switches like the light switches on your

Momentary switches only remain active as long as

Switch: Actuation Method

Momentary vs. Maintained

Switch: Poles and Throws

A switch must have at least two terminals, one for the

Switch: Poles and Throws

The number of poles* on a switch defines how many

A switchs throw-count defines how many positions each

Switch: Poles and Throws

Switch: Poles and Throws

Switch: Poles and Throws

Switch: Poles and Throws

Level switch symbols

Pressure switch characteristics

Pessen David W. Industrial

Funciones Lgicas Basicas