Reversibility

A process commencing from an initial equilibrium state is called

reversible (or totally reversible) if at any time during the process both
the system and their environment with which it interacts can be
returned to their initial states.

Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

It is the nature of the reversible process that

all heat and work interactions which occur
during the original (forward) process are
equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
during the reversed process.

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics

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T329
T328

Piston-cylinder apparatus undergoing (a) an unconstrained expansion

and (b) an unconstrained compression.

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ME 6101 (2016)

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Piston-cylinder apparatus undergoing (a) a slow and incremental

expansion and (b) a slow and incremental compression.

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(BUET) Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer

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Isolated Process for Incompressible Substances

Phenomena that identify an irreversible process.

T1

T2

Tf

Tf

T474

Example: Thermal equilibrium of identical solids.

Isentropic processes for incompressible substances:

u = u1 + u2 = 0, cv (Tf T1 ) + cv (T2 Tf ) = 0, :
Tf = 12 (T1 + T2 )
 
 
 
0

v2
T2
2

s2 s1 = cv ln T
R
ln
+
T1
v1 = cv ln T1

 2 
Tf
s = s1 + s2 = cv ln(Tf /T1 ) + cv ln(Tf /T2 ) = cv ln T1 T
2

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= If T2 /T1 6= 1, s = +ve: entropy generation

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET) Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer

ME 6101 (2016)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET) Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer

Work

qrev + wrev = du

CV: Reversible & Irreversible Work (SSSF)

[valid for reversible & actual cases]

= ds

qact
T

qrev
T

ds

qact
T

wact wrev = T
m
wact ,in wrev ,in

qact
T
1
T (wact

ds

qact
T

qact = Tds T
m = dh vdP T m

Second Law: qrev = Tds

Entropy generation:

Maxwells 2nd relationship: dh = Tds + vdP

= qrev qact = wact wrev

Entropy generation:

First Law for CV (for actual process):

0 = qact + wact ,sf {dh + d(ke) + d(pe)}

qact + wact = du

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Work

CM: Reversible & Irreversible Work

First Law: q + w = du

ME 6101 (2016)

wact ,sf

wrev ) 0

: wact wrev

wact ,sf = {vdP + d(ke) + d(pe) + T

m}

=
=

wact ,out wrev ,out

= qact + {dh + d(ke) + d(pe)}

= +{vdP + d(ke) + d(pe) + T }

m

wrev ,sf = {vdP + d(ke) + d(pe)} vdP

=0

wact ,sf = wrev ,sf + T

m = wact ,sf wrev ,sf

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET) Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer

ME 6101 (2016)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET) Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer

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Heat Exchange

Heat Exchange

Entropy Generation in Heat Transfer

1
2
3
4
5

Scm =

N
X
i =1

T465

_
Q
i
+
Ti

T465
T466

Properties of system remain fixed during heat transfer

7 Scm = 0.
Q entropy production
 due to heat transfer.
PN Q_ i
Q
TQA + Q
Md.
QZahurul
= Haqi =1
c Dr.
(BUET)
Work
Heat
B ).6101 (2016)
Ti =Irreversibility:
TB &=
TATransfer
TB (TA TME

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If TA > TB Q > 0;

If TA < TB Q = ve Q > 0
If TB is held fixed: TA Q
If TA TB Q 0.

If TA = TB Q = 0, reversible heat transfer.

A temperature difference must exist for reasonable heat transfer

rate to occur, TA = TB + dT for reversible heat transfer from A
to B.
Work that can be produced from Q by a reversible heat engine


operating between T and T0 : Wp = Q carnot = Q 1 TT0
Loss is work potential, Wloss,Q :


Wloss,Q = Wp,A Wp,B = QT0 T1B T1A = T0 Q

c Dr.

The loss in work potential due to irreversible heat transfer is

directly proportional to the entropy production in the heat
Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Irreversibility: Work & Heat Transfer
ME 6101 (2016)
transfer region.

Heat Exchange

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Heat Exchange

Effect of Irreversible HT on HE Cycle Performance

Wark (1999) Ex. 6.9, 6.10:


1
1
_
(a) _ Q = Q
= 1000(1/300 1/1000) =
TA TB
2.333 kJ/(K.min)
0
dS
dSB
Q
+
dt
dt

dS
dt

dSA
dt

A,out
= QT
= 1000/1000 = 1.0 kJ/(K.min)
A

dSB
dt

T467

dSA
dt

(b)

QB,in
TB

= +1000/300 = 3.333 kJ/(K.min)

dS
dt

= 1.0 + 3.333 = 2.333 kJ/(K.min)

dS
dt

= _ Q = 2.333 kJ/(K.min)

(c) Wloss,Q = T0 _ Q = 300(2.333) = 700 kJ/min

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Reversible HE operating with HT at

TH & TL

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Reversible HT with irreversible HT

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Heat Exchange

Heat Exchange

Wark (1999) Ex. 6.14(b):

Wark (1999) Ex. 6.14(a):

Reversible HE, operating between TH & TL

th = 1

Reversible HE, operating between TH & TL

th = 1

TL
TH

TL
TH

= 1 400/800 = 0.50

Wnet = QH ,in th = 1000(0.5) = 500 kJ

= 1 300/700 = 0.70

QL,out = QH ,in Wnet = 1000 500 = 500 kJ

Wnet = QH ,in th = 1000(0.7) = 700 kJ

HE = 0

QL,out = QH ,in Wnet = 1000 700 = 300 kJ

Q,H = L,Q = 0

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Wloss,H = T0 QH ,in

HE = 0

Wloss,L = T0 QL,out

T470

1
TH
1
TB

1
TA
1
TL

= 300(1000)(1/800 1/1000) = 75 kJ
= 300(500)(1/300 1/400) = 125 kJ

Wloss,net = 75 + 125 = 200 kJ, same as lost work-output between (a) &
(b).

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

The region of smallest temperature difference (TL & TB ) produces the

largest loss in work potential.

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Heat Exchange

Irrev. HE with Irrev. HT

Wark (1999) Ex. 6.15): given, irrev ,HE = 0.4

For engine, SHE =

PN

_
Q
i
i =1 Ti

Wnet ,out = 0.4(100) = 40 kJ

+ HE .

For cyclic engine, SHE = 0.

h
P
_
QH ,in
Q
i
HE = N
i =1 Ti =
TH
h
i
H ,out
Q,H = QTHA,in QT
H
h
i
QL,out
Q,L = QTL,in

T
L
B

QL,out
TL

QL,out = QH ,in Wnet ,out = 100 40 = 60 kJ

i
h


60
L,out
= 100
HE = QTHH,in QT
900 350 =
L
0.0603 kJ
h
i
H ,out
Q,H = QTHA,in QT
= 0.0111 kJ
H
i
h
= 0.0286 kJ
QTL,out
Q,L = QTL,in
L
B

tot = Q,H + HE + Q,L

T473

= tot = Q,H + HE + Q,L = 0.1 kJ

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