Chapter 5: Tantric Imagery

Survey of the Misunderstanding

One of the more perplexing and most easily misunderstood aspects of tantra is its imagery suggestive of sex,
devil-worship, and violence. Buddha- figures often appear as couples in union and many have demonic faces,
stand enveloped in flames, and trample helpless beings beneath their feet. Seeing these images horrified early
Western scholars, who often came from Victorian or missionary backgrounds. They were not the first to declare
tantra a degenerate form of Buddhism. When tantra originally came to Tibet in the mid-eighth century, many
took the imagery literally as granting free license to ritual sex and blood sacrifice. Subsequently, in the early
ninth century, a religious council banned further official translation of tantra texts and prohibited the inclusion of
tantra terminology in its Great (Sanskrit-Tibetan) Dictionary. One of the main incentives for the Tibetans
inviting Indian masters for the second spread of Buddhism in Tibet was to clarify misunderstanding about sex
and violence in tantra.
Not all Westerners who had early contact with tantra found the imagery depraved. A number misunderstood it in
other ways. Some, for example, felt that the sexual imagery symbolized the psychological process of integrating
the masculine and feminine principles within each person. Others, like many early Tibetans, found the images
erotic. Even now, some people turn to tantra hoping to find new and exotic sexual techniques or spiritual
justification for their obsession with sex. Still others found the terrifying figures alluring for their promise of
granting extraordinary powers. Such people followed in the footsteps of the thirteenth-century Mongol
conqueror Kublai Khan, who adopted Tibetan tantra primarily in the wish that it would help him gain victory
over his foes.
Misunderstanding about tantra, then, is a perennial problem. The reason for tantras insistence on secrecy about
its teachings and images is to avoid such misconceptions, not to hide something perverse. Only those with
sufficient preparation in study and meditation have the background to understand tantra within its proper context.
Couples in Union
Raising to consciousness and integrating the masculine and feminine principles are important and helpful parts
of the path to psychological maturity as taught by several therapeutic schools based on the works of Jung. To
ascribe Buddhist tantra as an ancient source of this approach, however, is an interpolation. The misunderstanding
comes
from
seeing
Buddhafigures as couples in union and incorrectly translating the Tibetan words for the couple, yab-yum, as male
and female. The words actually mean father and mother. Just as a father and mother in union are required for
producing a child, likewise method and wisdom in union are required for giving birth to enlightenment.
Method, the father, stands for bodhichitta and various othe r causes taught in tantra for gaining the enlightening
physical bodies of a Buddha or a Buddhas omniscient awareness of conventional truth. Wisdom, the mother,
stands for the realization of voidness with various levels of mind, as causes for a Buddhas enlightening mind or
a Buddhas omniscient awareness of deepest truth. Gaining the union of a Buddhas physical bodies and mind or
a Buddhas omniscient awareness of the conventional and deepest truths of all things requires practicing a union
of method and wisdom. Because traditional Indian and Tibetan cultures do not share a Biblical sense of
prudishness about sex, they do not have taboos about using sexual imagery to symbolize this union.
One level of meaning of father as method is blissful awareness. The union of father and mother signifies blissful
awareness conjoined with the realization of voidness -- in other words, the realization or understanding of
voidness with a blissful awareness. Here, blissful awareness does not refer to the bliss of orgasmic release as in
ordinary sex, but to a blissful state of mind achieved through advanced yoga methods for bringing the energywinds ( lung, rlung; Skt. prana) into the central energy-channel. A prolonged succession of moments of such a
mental state is conducive for reaching the subtlest level of the mental continuum, ones clear light continuum -the most efficient level of experiencing for realizing voidness. The embrace of father and mother, then, also
symbolizes the blissful aspect of the union of method and wisdom, but in no way signifies the use of ordinary
sex as a tantra method.
Peaceful and Forceful Figures

Buddha-figures may be peaceful or forceful, as indicated on the simplest level by their having smiles on their
faces or fangs bared. More elaborately, forceful figures have terrifying faces, hold an arsenal of weapons, and
stand surrounded by flames. Descriptions of them specify in gory detail various ways in which they smash their
enemies. Part of the confusion that arises about the role and intent of these forceful figures comes from the usual
translations of the word for them, trowo ( khro-bo, Skt. kroddha), as angry or wrathful deities.
For many Westerners with a Biblical upbringing, the term wrathful deity carries the connotation of an almighty
being with righteous vengeful anger. Such a being metes out divine punishment as retribution for evildoers who
have disobeyed its laws or somehow offended it. For some people, a wrathful deity may even connote the Devil
or a demon working on the side of darkness. The Buddhist concept has nothing to do with such notions.
Although the Tibetan term derives from one of the usual words for anger, anger here has more the connotation of
repulsion a rough state of mind directed toward an object with the wish to get rid of it. Thus, a more
appropriate translation for "trowo" might be a forceful figure.
Forceful figures symbolize the strong energetic means often required to break through mental and emotional
blocks that prevent one from being clearheaded or compassionate. The enemies the figures smash include
dullness, laziness, and self-centeredness. The weapons they use span positive qualities developed along the
spiritual path, such as concentration, enthusiasm, and love. The flames that surround them are the different types
of deep awareness ( yeshey, ye-shes; Skt. jnana, wisdom) that burn away obscurations. Imagining oneself as a
forceful figure helps to harness the mental energy and resolve to overcome "internal enemies."
From the Buddhist perspective, the subtlest energy of the clear light continuum may be peaceful or forceful.
When associated with confusion, the peaceful and forceful energies and the emotional states that they underlie
become destructive. For example, peaceful energy becomes lethargic and forceful energy becomes angry and
violent. When rid of confusion, the energies may readily combine with concentration and discriminating
awareness ( sherab, shes-rab; Skt. prajna, wisdom), so that they are available for positive, constructive use.
With peaceful energy, one may calm oneself and others to deal with difficulties in a levelheaded manner. With
forceful energy, one may rouse oneself and others to have more strength, courage, and intensity of mind to
overcome dangerous situations.
Concluding Remarks
Contemporary Western advertising and entertainment draw their success partially from most peoples fascination
with sex and violence. For some persons, this fascination also attracts them to tantra. Their attraction, however,
may lead them to higher aims.
In general, watching, hearing about, or engaging in sex and violence excite peoples energies. Hormones flow
and the mind becomes intense. The violence need not be gory, but may include extreme or contact sports. Some
people, of course, experience aversion or are so jaded by such things that they feel nothing. Consider, however,
those who become fascinated or obsessed. If confusion accompanies the energies aroused by their passions, such
people may cause problems for themselves or others, for example by being rowdy. If, on the other hand, people
accompany the energies with mindfulness, concentration, and insight, they may transform and use the energies
for positive aims. Tantra provides skillful methods for bringing about the transformation, specifically for the sake
of helping others. To derive the full benefits of tantra practice, however, requires deeper understanding of the
processes involved.
End of Article