Geographical Indication

Geographical indication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication
Geographical indication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific
geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country). The use of a geographical indication may
act as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, is made according to traditional methods, or
enjoys a certain reputation, due to its geographical origin.
Contents
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History
Legal effect
Rural development effects of geographical Indications
International issues
4.1 Paris convention and Lisbon agreement
4.2 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Differences in philosophy
See also
Notes and references
External links
History
Governments have been protecting trade names and trademarks used in relation to food products identified
with a particular region since at least the end of the nineteenth century, using laws against false trade
descriptions or passing off, which generally protect against suggestions that a product has a certain origin,
quality or association when it does not. In such cases, the limitation on competitive freedoms which results
from the grant of a monopoly of use over a geographical indication is justified by governments either by
consumer protection benefits or by producer protection benefits.
One of the first GI systems is the one used in France from the early part of the twentieth century known as
appellation d'origine contrle (AOC). Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards may be
endorsed with a government-issued stamp which acts as official certification of the origins and standards of
the product to the consumer. Examples of products that have such 'appellations of origin' include Gruyre
cheese (from Switzerland) and many French wines.
Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of terroir and with Europe as an entity,
where there is a tradition of associating certain food products with particular regions. Under European
Union Law, the protected designation of origin framework which came into effect in 1992 regulates the
following systems of geographical indications: Protected designation of origin (PDO), protected
geographical indication (PGI) and Traditional Specialities Guaranteed (TSG).[1]
Legal effect
In many countries the protection afforded to geographical indications by law is similar to the protection
afforded to trademarks, and in particular, certification marks. Geographical indications law restricts the use
of the GIs for the purpose of identifying a particular type of product, unless the product and/or its constituent
materials and/or its fabrication method originate from a particular area and/or meet certain standards.
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Sometimes these laws also stipulate that the product must meet certain quality tests that are administered by
an association that owns the exclusive right to licence or allow the use of the indication. Although a GI is
not strictly a type of trademark as it does not serve to exclusively identify a specific commercial enterprise,
there are usually prohibitions against registration of a trademark which constitutes a geographical indication.
In countries that do not specifically recognize GIs, regional trade associations may implement them in terms
of certification marks.
The consumer-benefit purpose of the monopoly rights granted to the owner of a GI also applies to the
trademark monopoly right. Geographical indications have other similarities with trademarks. For example,
they must be registered in order to qualify for protection, and they must meet certain conditions in order to
qualify for registration. One of the most important conditions that most governments have required before
registering a name as a GI is that the name must not already be in widespread use as the generic name for a
similar product. Of course, what is considered a very specific term for a well-known local specialty in one
country may constitute a generic term or genericized trademark for that type of product. For example,
parmigiano cheese in Italy is generically known as Parmesan cheese in Australia and the United States.
Rural development effects of geographical Indications

Geographical indications are generally traditional products, produced by rural communities over
generations, that have gained a reputation on the markets for their specific qualities.
The recognition and protection on the markets of the names of these products allows the community of
producers to invest in maintaining the specific qualities of the product on which the reputation is built. It
may also allow them to invest together in promoting the reputation of the product.
Observed rural development impacts of geographical indications are: - a structuring of the supply chain
around a common product reputation, - increased and stabilised prices for the GI product, - added value
distributed through all the levels of the supply chain, - preservation of the natural resources on which the
product is based, - preservation of traditions and traditional know-how, - linkages to tourism.
None of these impacts are guaranteed and they depend on numerous factors, including the process of
developing the geographical indications, the rules for using the GI (or Code of Practice), the inclusiveness
and quality of decision making of the GI producers association and quality of the marketing efforts
undertaken.
International issues
Like trademarks, geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of
registration such as differences in the generic use of terms vary from country to country. This is especially
true of food and beverage names which frequently use geographical terms, but it may also be true of other
products such as carpets (e.g. 'Shiraz'), handicrafts, flowers and perfumes.
When products with GIs acquire a reputation of international magnitude, some other products may try to
pass themselves off as the authentic GI products. This kind of competition is often seen as unfair, as it may
discourage traditional producers as well as mislead consumers. Thus the European Union has pursued efforts
to improve the protection of GI internationally. Inter alia, the European Union has established distinct
legislation to protect geographical names in the fields of wines, spirits, agricultural products including beer.
A register for protected geographical indications and denominations of origin relating to products in the field
of agriculture including beer, but excluding mineral water, was established (DOOR). Another register was
set up for wine region names, namely the E-Bacchus register. A register of the geographical indications for
spirits and for any other products is still missing in the European Union and most other countries in the
world. A private database project (GEOPRODUCT directory) intends to close this gap. Accusations of
'unfair' competition should although be levelled with caution since the use of GIs sometimes comes from
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European immigrants who brought their traditional methods and skills with them.[2]
Paris convention and Lisbon agreement

International trade made it important to try to harmonize the different approaches and standards that
governments used to register GIs. The first attempts to do so were found in the Paris Convention on
trademarks (1883, still in force, 176 members), followed by a much more elaborate provision in the 1958
Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their Registration. 28 countries are
parties to the Lisbon agreement: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Congo, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, North Korea, France, Gabon, Georgia, Haiti, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy,
Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Peru, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Togo and Tunisia.
About 9000 geographical indications were registered by Lisbon Agreement members.
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ("TRIPS") defines
"geographical indications" as indications that identify a good as "originating in the territory of a Member, or
a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is
essentially attributable to its geographic origin."[3]
In 1994, when negotiations on the WTO TRIPS were concluded, governments of all WTO member
countries (155 countries, as of 10 May 2012) had agreed to set certain basic standards for the protection of
GIs in all member countries. There are, in effect, two basic obligations on WTO member governments
relating to GIs in the TRIPS agreement:
1. Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreement says that all governments must provide legal opportunities in
their own laws for the owner of a GI registered in that country to prevent the use of marks that
mislead the public as to the geographical origin of the good. This includes prevention of use of a
geographical name which although literally true "falsely represents" that the product comes from
somewhere else.[4]
2. Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement says that all governments must provide the owners of GI the
right, under their laws, to prevent the use of a geographical indication identifying wines not
originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication. This applies even where the public is
not being misled, where there is no unfair competition and where the true origin of the good is
indicated or the geographical indication is accompanied by expressions such as "kind", "type", "style",
"imitation" or the like. Similar protection must be given to geographical indications identifying
spirits.[5]
Article 22 of TRIPS also says that governments may refuse to register a trademark or may invalidate an
existing trademark (if their legislation permits or at the request of another government) if it misleads the
public as to the true origin of a good. Article 23 says governments may refuse to register or may invalidate a
trademark that conflicts with a wine or spirits GI whether the trademark misleads or not.
Article 24 of TRIPS provides a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications that are
particularly relevant for geographical indications for wines and spirits (Article 23). For example, Members
are not obliged to bring a geographical indication under protection where it has become a generic term for
describing the product in question. Measures to implement these provisions should not prejudice prior
trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith; and, under certain circumstances including
long-established use continued use of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on a
scale and nature as before.[6]
In the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, launched in December 2001, WTO member
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governments are negotiating on the creation of a 'multilateral register' of geographical indications. Some
countries, including the EU, are pushing for a register with legal effect, while other countries, including the
United States, are pushing for a non-binding system under which the WTO would simply be notified of the
members' respective geographical indications.
Some governments participating in the negotiations (especially the European Communities) wish to go
further and negotiate the inclusion of GIs on products other than wines and spirits under Article 23 of
TRIPS. These governments argue that extending Article 23 will increase the protection of these marks in
international trade. This is a controversial proposal, however, that is opposed by other governments
including the United States who question the need to extend the stronger protection of Article 23 to other
products. They are concerned that Article 23 protection is greater than required, in most cases, to deliver the
consumer benefit that is the fundamental objective of GIs laws.
Differences in philosophy
One reason for the conflicts that occur between the European and United States governments is a difference
in philosophy as to what constitutes a "genuine" product. In Europe, the reigning theory is that of terroir,
that there is a specific property of a geographical area, and that dictates a strict usage of geographical
designations. Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make Roquefort cheese, if they are located in
the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody can make a blue sheep's milk cheese and call it
Roquefort, even if they make it in such a way as to completely duplicate the process described in the
definition of Roquefort.
By contrast, in the United States, the naming is generally considered to be a matter of intellectual property.
Thus, the name "Grayson" belongs to Meadowcreek Farms, and they have to a right to use it as a
trademark. Nobody, even in Grayson County, Virginia, can call their cheese Grayson, while Meadowcreek
Farms, if they bought up another farm elsewhere in the United States, even if nowhere near Grayson County,
could use that name. It is considered that their need to preserve their reputation as a company is the quality
guarantee.
This difference causes most of the conflict between the United States and Europe in their attitudes toward
geographical names.
However, there is some overlap, particularly with American products adopting a European way of viewing
the matter. The most notable of these are crops: Vidalia onions, Florida oranges, and Idaho potatoes. In each
of these cases, the state governments of Georgia, Florida, and Idaho registered trademarks, and then allowed
their growersor in the case of the Vidalia onion, only those in a certain, well-defined geographical area
within the stateto use the term, while denying its use to others. The European conception is increasingly
gaining acceptance in American viticulture, as well, as vintners in the various American Viticultural Areas
are attempting to form well-developed and unique identities as New World wine gains acceptance in the
wine community. Finally, the United States has a long tradition of placing relatively strict limitations on its
native forms of whiskey; particularly notable are the requirements for labeling a product "straight whiskey"
and the requirement, enforced by federal law and several international agreements (NAFTA among them)
that a product labeled Tennessee whiskey be a straight Bourbon whiskey produced in the state of Tennessee.
Inversely, some European products have adopted a more American system: a prime example is the
Newcastle Brown Ale, which received an EU protected geographical status in 2000. When the brewery
moved from Tyneside to Tadcaster in North Yorkshire (approximately 150 km away) in 2007 for economic
reasons, the status had to be revoked.
See also
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Appellation (wine)
Country of origin
Geographical Indication Registry (India)
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Protected Geographical Status (European Union)
Terroir
Notes and references

1. Tosato, Andrea. "The Protection of Traditional
Foods in the EU: Traditional Specialities
Guaranteed". European Law Journal 19 (4):
545576. doi:10.1111/eulj.12040. Retrieved
22 May 2013.
2. Geographical Indications and the challenges for
ACP countries, by O'Connor and Company
(http://agritrade.cta.int/en/content/view/full/1794)
3. TRIPS Article 22 (http://www.wto.org/english

/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04b_e.htm)
External links
the FAO practical guide Linking people, places and products, of 2009 (http://www.fao.org/docrep
/013/i1760e/i1760e00.htm)
The Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network (http://www.origin-gi.com/)
WIPO page on GIs (http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/geographical_ind.html)
InterGI a training programme on Geographical Indications (http://www.intergi.org/)
Geographic Indications Resource Website (http://www.geographicindications.com)
Caslon Analytics Resources Webpages (http://www.caslon.com.au/appellationsnote1.htm)
Wines and mangoes as geographical Indications (http://www.bworldonline.com
/content.php?section=Opinion&title=wines-and-mangoes-as-geographical-indications&id=96059/)
TIME magazine article from August 31, 2003 on geographical indications (http://www.time.com
/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901030908-480249-1,00.html)
GEOPRODUCT directory - First worldwide database of geographical indications and designations of
origin (http://www.geoproduct.com)
A research project on geographical indications (http://www.warwick.ac.uk/go/feni)
GI Introduction (http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia/Default.aspx?tabid=273)
Indication - Australian Wine zone (http://www.wineaustralia.com/australia
/Default.aspx?tabid=273%7CGeographical)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographical_indication&oldid=701409490"
Categories: Economic geography Intellectual property law Trademark law Appellations
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