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NEWSFORLUFTFAHRER
60.YearLDIALLED,22MARCH2012NfLII23/12
Notice
ofairworthinessrequirementsforaerodynamicallycontrolled
Luftsportgerte120kgunladenmass
(nonmotorizedor
motorized)
(LTFL)
Management
system
DQS
certifiedto
DINENISO
9001:2000
Office
of
Notices
to
Airmen
Noticeofairworthinessrequirementsforaerodynamically
controlledLuftsportgerte120kgunladenmass
(nonmotorizedormotorized)
(LTFL)
BelowaretheFederalAviationAuthorityairworthinessrequirementsfor
aerodynamicallycontrolledLuftsportgerte120kgunladenmassknown.
Braunschweig,February272012
Az.:T3232010602/12
TheFederalAviationAuthority
onbehalf
Burlage
Airworthinessrequirementsforaerodynamicallycontrolled
Luftsportgerte120kgunladenmass
TableofContents
Definitionsanddesignations
Abbreviationsandterms
sectionA
General
LTFL1Purpose
LTFL3Applicability
LTFL5Contentandform
SectionBPerformance
General
LTFL21guidetheevidence
LTFL23limitstheloaddistribution
LTFL25masslimits
LTFL29emptyweightandcorrespondingcenterofgravity
LTFL31Ballast
flightservices
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flightservices
LTFL45General
LTFL49stallspeed
LTFL51Home
LTFL65climb
LTFL73Gleitwinkelsteuerungathighspeed
LTFL75Gleitwinkelsteuerungwhenlanding
Controllabilityandmaneuverability
LTFL143General
LTFL145heightcontrol
LTFL147aileronandruddercontrol
LTFL151aerotowing
LTFL152Winchtowingandvehicletowing
LTFL153approachandlanding
LTFL155heightcontrolforceinmaneuversLTFLtrim
161
stability
LTFL171General
LTFL173Staticlongitudinalstability
LTFL175ProofofstaticlongitudinalstabilityLTFL177lateraland
directionalstability
LTFL181DynamicStabilitystallspeed
LTFL201stallcharacteristicswhenhorizontallyheldwingsLTFL203coating
whenturning
LTFL207stallwarningtailspin
LTFL221GeneralLTFL223spiraldive
behavior
Behaviorontheground
LTFL233towardsstabilityandcontrollabilityLTFL234off
andlandinginacrosswind
OtherdemandsontheperformanceofLTFL251vibrations
andshaking
SectionCGeneralstrength
LTFL301loads
LTFL303securitynumber
LTFL305strengthanddeformationLTFL307Proofof
strength
LoadsinflightLTFL321General
LTFL331SymmetricalflightconditionsLTFL333Vn
Chart
LTFL335RatedairspeedsLTFL337maneuveringloadtimes
LTFL341Gustloadfactors
LTFL345loadswithextendedairbrakesandflapsLTFL347Unbalancedflightmodes
LTFL349RollflightmodesLTFL351sideslip
states
LTFL361strainofthemotorcarrierLTFL363pageloads
onthemotorcarrierLTFL375Winglets
Controlsurfacesandcontrolsystems
LTFL395loadsthecontrolsystemsLTFL397loadsbypilotforces
LTFL399doublecontrolsystems
LTFL405subcontrolsystems
LTFL411ElasticbehaviorofcontrolsystemsLTFL415loadsduetogusts
attackontheground
tailplane
LTFL421baseloadLTFL423operating
expenseLTFL425Gustloads
LTFL427Unbalancedloadsatmotorizedairsportsequipmentrudderloads
LTFL441operatingload
LTFL443GustloadsSupplementaryconditionsfortail
LTFL447SuperimposedtailloadsLTFL449AdditionalloadsonV
tailed
aileron
LTFL455Aileronloadingbygroundforces
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LTFL455Aileronloadingbygroundforces
LTFL471General
LTFL473assumptionsforexposuretogroundforcesLTFL477chassis
assembly
LTFL479NormallandingconditionsLTFL481skid
landingconditions
LTFL483conditionsunicyclelandingsLTFL485landingswithlateral
forceLTFL497Servingthespur
LTFL499SupplementaryrequirementsfornosewheelsLTFL501
rotarylanding
EmergencylandingLTFL561General
LTFL563burdenoftherescuesystemtowingloads
LTFL581aircrafttowingLTFL583Winch,Auto
Towing
LTFL585strengthofthetowcouplingattachmentLTFL587bungee
launch
Othercharges
LTFL591loadsintheestablishmentandteardownLTFL593Hand
forcesonthehorizontaltailLTFL597loadsbyindividualmasses
SectionDDesignandconstructionLTFL601General
LTFL603Materials
LTFL605manufacturingprocess
LTFL607securingfastenersLTFL609protectiveofcomponents
LTFL611arrangementsforcheckingLTFL612arrangementsfor
establishmentandteardown
LTFL613StaticstrengthpropertiesandcalculatedvaluesLTFL619Increased
securitynumbers
LTFL621securitymultiplesincastingsLTFL623security
multiplesforbearingstressLTFL625safetymultipleswithfittings
LTFL627fatiguestrength
LTFL629flappingtail
LTFL655InstallationLTFL657rudderhinges
LTFL659massbalance
controller
LTFL671General
LTFL675attacksLTFL
677trimcontrols
LTFL679parkingfacilitiesinthecontrollerLTFL683
functiontestswithcontrolsystemsLTFL685
architecturalelementsofthecontrolunit
LTFL687spring
membersLTFL689
cables
LTFL693connectingjoints
LTFL697controlofflapsandairbrakesLTFL699Position
indicatorsforflaps
LTFL701flapscompoundLTFL
711unhookingLTFL713
Schleppkupplung
landinggear
LTFL721GeneralLTF
L723WorkUp
LTFL729suspension
mechanismLTFL731Wheels
andtires
Designofthecab
LTFL771driver:GeneralLTFL773
viewfromtheflightdeckLTFL775
windshieldsandwindows
LTFL777controlsandoperatinginstitutionsinthecabs
LTFL779actuatingmeaningandeffectofthecontrolsandoperatingcontrolsin
thedriver'scab
LTFL780colorcodingandlocationofcontrolsandoperatinginstitutionsinthecabs
LTFL781shapeofthehandlesofcontrolbodiesintheFlightDeck
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LTFL 785 seats and seat belts LTF

L786protectionagainstinjuryLTFL
787luggagecompartment
LTFL807emergency
exitLTFL809rescue
systemLTFL831
ventilation
LTFL857Electricalgroundconnections
LTFL881GHLTFL883Groundclearance
LTFL885cowlingspower
plant
LTFL901DefinitionandInstallation
LTFL902LuftsportgertewithretractablethrustersorpropellersLTFL
903engine
LTFL925safetydistancesforPropeller
FuelSystem
LTFL951GeneralLTFL
955fuelflow
LTFL959Nonausfliegbarefuelremaining
amountLTFL963fueltankGeneralLTFL965
examinationoffueltanks
LTFL967mountingthefueltank
LTFL971fueltank
LTFL 973 filling fuel tanks LTFL 975 vent the
fueltankLTFL977fuelstrainersandfilters
LTFL993fuellinesandfittingsLTFL995fuelvalves
andcontrolequipment
LubricantsystemsLTFL1011
General
LTFL1013lubricantreservoir
LTFL1015examinationoflubricantcontainersLTFL1017
lubricantlinesandfittings
cooling
LTFL1041GeneralIntake
LTFL1091Airintakesystem
exhaustsystem
LTFL1121General
LTFL1125exhaustpipe
Operatingdevicesandauxiliaryequipmentoftheengine
LTFL1141General
LTFL1145ignitionLTFL1149
propellerspeed
Fireprotection
LTFL1191BrandScot
LTFL1193enginecoverandgondolaGeneral
LTFL1301Functionandinstallation
LTFL1303FlugberwachungsandnavigationequipmentLTFL
1305enginemonitors
LTFL1307otherequipmentsupply
chassis
LTFL1321arrangementandvisibilityLTFL1323
airspeedindicatingsystem
LTFL1325Staticpressuresystem
LTFL1337enginemonitorsElectricalsystemsand
equipment
LTFL1353DesignandinstallationofcollectorbatteriesLTFL1365
Electriccablesandequipment
Otherequipment
LTFL1431AirTrafficControlDevicesLTFL1441
oxygenplantsandsupply
LTFL1449meansfordetectingtheoxygenfeedingsectionG
LimitationsandInformation
LTFL1501General
LTFL1505airspeeds
LTFL1507maneuveringspeed
LTFL1511speedforoperatingthewingflapsLTFL1513speedforextension
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LTFL1511speedforoperatingthewingflapsLTFL1513speedforextension
andretractionoftheengineLTFL1515speedforlandinggearoperating
LTFL1517speedinroughair
LTFL1518rateforAerotowandwinchlaunchandcartowing
LTFL1519massandcenterofgravityLTFL1521enginelimitations
LTFL1529ServiceManualmarkingsandlabels
LTFL1541General
LTFL1543devicesmarks:GeneralLTFL1545Fahrtenmesser
LTFL1549enginemonitoringequipmentLTFL1553fuelquantity
indicator
LTFL1555markingthecontrolandoperatinginstitutionsLTFL1557Miscellaneous
markingsandlabelsLTFL1559Notesonoperatinglimits
FlightManual
LTFL1581GeneralLTFL1583operatinglimits
LTFL1585OperatingdataandproceduresLTFL1587Performance
specifications
Definitionsanddesignations
1.Generaltechnicalterms
aerodynamicallycontrolledairsportsequipment,nonmotorizedormotorized
Identifiesaircraftheavierthanair,particularlylightconstruction,whicharesupportedby
thedynamiccalreactionoftheaironthefixedwingandtheirabilitytoflynotdependin
freeflightfromdrivingamotororequippedwithamotordriveasare
Safetybelt(harness):
Seatbeltswithinthemeaningofthatprovisionarefourbeltsconsistingofashoulderstrap
foreachshoulderandtwoBauchgurtteilen.
2. Loadfactor,performance
Loadfactor(loadfactor):
Theratioofaspecifiedloadtothetotalmassoftheaircraft. Specifiedloadscanbeair
forces,inertiaforces,orgroundorwaterreactionforces.
3. speeds
Indicatedairspeed(indicatedairspeedIAS):
Therate,whichindicatesapitotairspeedindicatorwhichiscalibratedsothatitisplaying
backliketheGespeedofadiabaticcompressibleflowatnormalatmosphereatsealevel,
butwithoutcorrectingtheerrorsoftheairspeedindicatingsystem.
Calibratedairspeed(calibratedairspeedCAS):
Thecorrectedfortheinstrumentandinstallationerrorsdisplayedspeed.
Equivalentairspeed(equivalentairspeedEAS):
Thecorrectedspeedofanaircraft,correctedforadiabaticcompressibleflowatacertain
height.Innormalatmosphereatsealevel,theequivalentairspeedisequaltocalibrated
airspeed.
Trueairspeed(trueairspeedTAS):
Thevelocityofanairvehicleinstillair.Thetrueairspeedisequaltoequivalent
airspeedmultipliedby
O.
Abbrrzungenanddesignations
CAS
EAS
IAS
TAS
VA
VD
VDF
VF
VFE
airspeed
equivalentairspeed
indicatedairspeed
trueairspeed
RatedOnevergeschwindigkeit
Bemessungshchstgeschwindigkeit
hchsteinflighttestdemonstratedspeed
gelklappenRatedspeedwithextendedFl
zulssigespeedforactuatingthewingflap
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VLO
VNE
VRA
VS
VS0
VS1
VSF
VT
VW
zulssigespeedforlandinggearoperating
zulssigespeed
Velocityinroughair
Stallingspeedorminimumsteadyspeedatwhichtheaircraft
isstillcontrollable
Stallspeedortheminimumsteadyspeedatwhichthe
aircraft
persuasiveinlandingconfigurationisstillcontrollable
Stallspeedortheminimumsteadyspeedatwhichthe
aircraft
generatinginafixedstateformisstillcontrollable
computedstallingspeedwithfullyextendedflapsand
Hchstmasse
zulssigespeedforaerotow
zulssigemaximumspeedofthewindstartorpermissibleHchstgeschwindig
speedforthevehiclestart
sectionA
General
LTFL1Purpose
This Airworthiness Directives lay down minimum requirements for air sports equipment
mentionedunderLTFL3,whicharetoensurethattheuseofairsportsequipmentforthe
beabsichtigtenpurposeisharmlessandthepublicorderandsafetyisnotjeopardized.
LTFL3Applicability
a. This provision contains lt minimum Luftt chtigkeitsforderungen f o r the
Musterpr audit of nonmotorized or motorized Luftsportger th, the following
conditionserfcases:
notmotorized:
1. hchstens2seats
2. astructuralmassofh chstens 80kg of singleseat version and 100 kg in the
twoseatversion
motorized:
3. internalcombustionengine
4. singleseat
5. amaximumtakeoffmassof260kg
6. maximumFlchenbelastungof25kg/m
7. amaximumfuelcapacityof25liters
8. astructuralmassofhchstens100kg
Equallyappliestononmotorizedandmotorizedsportsaircraft:
9. Limitingthestructuralmassisconsiderederffallswhentheapprovedunladen
masswithalltheinstruments,equipmen stungen, fixtures and Rettungsger
T.120kilogramsBerschrides.
10. A calculated minimum speed at h chstzul FLOWING flight mass in Lan
Unconfiguringhchstens55km/h.
b. Who in conformity with the above requirements apply for Musterpr fung or
mendmentofMusterpr auditofLuftsportger th represents, must prove that these
Lufttchtigkeitsforderungenifapplicableerffallsare.
WasHavinginanotherMemberStateoftheEuropCommunities,acontractingstate
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c. WasHavinginanotherMemberStateoftheEuropCommunities,acontractingstate
to the Agreement ber the EEA or in the T rkei the conformity with the
applicable there to Luftsportger te Luftt already chtigkeitsforderungen rechtm
AESSignachgereported,soisthecertificateofthestatementfortheMusterpr tion
equivalent.OnlyincasesofobviousMnailsontheLuftsportger tthathisLuftt
chtigkeit in question stellen, the zust Request Quantcast office zus USEFUL
evidence.
LTFL5Contentandform
a. TheLuftt chtigkeitsforderungenarecharacterizedbyareaswithconsecutiveletters
berecordedportions.
b. ThetableofcontentsisaAufzcoolingofthetreatedareasinsections.
c. The numbering of the chapters / para tze occurs with increasing letter / number
sequence.
d.Ifwithinthemeaningoftheseclaimstermshavespecialmeanings,definitionsare
givenintheappropriateplaces.
SectionBPerformance
General
LTFL21guidetheevidence
a. Any requirements of this section must be f o r each candidate mass and center of
gravitycombinationwithintherangeofBeladungszust nde,f o rwhichisapplying
foradmissionerffallsThismustbedemonstrated.
1. byexperimentswithaLuftsportgert,forthemanufacauditisrequested,or
bycalculationsbasedontestresultsandothersuchcomeofaccuracyand
2. systematicstudiesofeachcriticalcombinationofmassandcenterofgravity.
b. Evidencemustforallstateforms(egLuftbremsen,Flgelklappen,suspension
positionsetc.),inwhichtheLuftsportgertistobeoperated,providedthewhois
unlessotherwisestated.
Note:InthissectionBarenotallrecognizedfordemonstratingcompliancewithLTFL
requiredflighttests.
NotestoLTFL21
1. Instrumentationforflighttests
a. ForthetrialsshouldbetheLuftsportgertwithGerthAligned stetthatit
geequip, hear easily the necessary measurements and observations byzuf .
The Pr fstelle can Mitf oduction special measuring devices demand when
nachprfbareresultscannotbeobtainedinotherways.
b. Inafr henexperimentalstage,themeasurementaccuracyoftheinstruments
andtheircorrectioncurvesshouldbedetermined. Itshouldbepaidparticular
attentiontotheFehlanzeigeoftheairspeedindicatorsystem,theinfluenceof
therespectivestateformofLuftsportger tsover taken into account should
be.
2. Beforetheflighttestsfollowinggroundtestscarriedshouldbehrt:
a. Measurement
i. therigidityofthecontrols,
ii. thefrictionofthecontrol,
iii. thecontrolcabletensionwithclosedcablecontrolsand
themaximumdeflectionoftherudderandflaps.
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iv. themaximumdeflectionoftherudderandflaps.
3. functiontests
Before the start of flight tests all soil function tests should be performed. In
particular, the proper functioning of the release mechanism under all occurring in
theloadingoperationropedirectionsandropeforcesshouldbechecked.
LTFL23limitstheloaddistribution
a. ThemassandbalancerangeswithinwhichtheLuftsportgertoperatedsurewhothe
can,maboveseaKISSINGbeset.Thedetectedfocalareamustbeof
theforemostcenterofgravityupto1%ofthereferencechordor10mm,whicheveris
thegreatervalue,extendbehindtherearmostpermittedinservicecenterofgravity.
b. Thepriorityareamustnotbelessthanthatwhichisobtainedwhenthemassofeach
occupant is between 70 kg and 100 kg without using ballast according to LTFL 31

(b).
LTFL25masslimits
a. Hwaxedmasse
Themaximummasstobedeterminedsothatthey
1. notgrheOLSisas
i. thegrteOLSmassproposedbytheapplicant.
ii. theratedHwaxedmass,which is thelargest OLS temassatwhichthe
detectionf o r all applicable festigkeitsm Found is hrt AESS strength
loadingconditionsofthatprovision,or
iii. thegr te OLS mass,whereinthedetectionof conformity isleads with
each atreversible requirement that provision of the operating behavior

Found.
2. isnotlessthanthemass,whichistoftheemptyweightofLuftsportgertszuz
resembledanoccupantmassof100kgforasingleseatLuftsportger oran
occupantweightof170kgf o rabiplaceLuftsportger tzuz resembled the
requiredmindestausrStungandwwhileyieldsflightremovableballast.
b. ThesmallmassmustbesetsothattheydonotgrheOLSisasthesumof
1. theemptyweightaccordingAESSLTFL29and
2. anoccupantweightof55kgzuzresembledtheballastasdefinedinLTFL31
(b).
LTFL29emptyweightandcorrespondingcenterofgravity
a. ThemassandtheYEARSenginedgravitymetersaboveKISSINGbyWsupplyof
airsportsgerts
1. with
i. permanentlyinstalledballast,
ii. therequiredMindestausrStung
iii. installedrescuesystem,
2. without
i. themassof(the)occupants
othereasilyremovablepartsoftheloading
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ii. othereasilyremovablepartsoftheloading
bedetermined.
b. The state of Luftsportger tes at the time of determining empty weight must be
accuratelymanufactureddefinedandwithoutdifficultyagain.
LTFL31Ballast
Therearetwotypesofballast:
a. permanentlyinstalledballastforcorrectingthecenterofgravityofLuftsportger tes
and
b. removableballastusedforErh increasethemassofanoccupantto keep thecenter

of gravity in the perm lar limits. This ballast can during flight, ge be changed
beforethestart,butnotw.
flightservices
LTFL45General
Demonstrationofcompliancewiththeperformancerequirementsofthissectionmustbe
basedoncalmonthebasisofastandardatmosphereatsealevel.
LTFL49stallspeed
1. V SO isthe berziehgeschwindigkeit(CAS)iferfliegbar,ortheminimumsteady
GespeedatwhichtheLuftsportgertisstillcontrollable,whereby
a. thelandinggearisdeployed,
b. theFlgelklappeninlandingpositionare,
c. are retracted or extended air brakes, ma factor is the position from
whichthesmallestvalueforVSOyields,
d. themassofHwaxedmassequivalentand
e. thefocusisintheclothingnstigstenlocationwithintheperm
larloadingrange.
2. V S1 is the U berziehgeschwindigkeit (CAS), if erfliegbar, or the lowestspeed
continuousGe,whereintheLuftsportgertisstillcontrollable,wherein
a. theLuftsportger tinthestateformisthatw duringtheexperiment
consists,isusedintheVS1and
b.themasscorrespondingtothatwhichisusedwhenVS1isusedas
a designatedmungsgr OLS ef o r the evidence of a particular
flightperformance.
3. VSO andV S1 m abovesea KISSINGbedeterminedbyflighttestsinaccordance
withtheconditionslaiddowninLTFL201procedures.
LTFL51Home
Withmotorizedairsportsequipmenttakeoffdistanceformaximummassandwindfromthe
stillstandinguptoaheightof15mforalaunchondry,level,kurzgemhtemGrassmust
bedetermined.Youmaynotexceed300m.
NotestoLTFL51
Thespecifiedintheflightmanualtakeoffdistanceshallbetheformedofsixdetecting
flightswithaveragevalue.
LTFL65climb
Thebestrateofclimbmustafterthecorrectiontothenormalatmosphereatsealevelwith
a. notmorethantakeoffpower,
b. gearretracted,
Max.Takeoffweight,
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c. Max.Takeoffweight,
d. Flaps in the f o r the climb intended position and without exceedance of any
specifiedtemperaturelimits,
e. morethan1.5m/s.
LTFL73Gleitwinkelsteuerungathighspeed
IfthegyroplaneatVNE asinkrateoflessthan10m/s,adeviceshallbeprovided,which
increasestherateofdescenttoavalueequaltoorgreaterthan10m/s.
LTFL75Gleitwinkelsteuerungwhenlanding
Ifthegyroplaneat1.3VS0aglideratiohasgreaterthan7,adeviceshallbeprovided
whichreducestheglideratiotoavaluelessthanorequal.7
Controllabilityandmaneuverability
LTFL143General
a. It has m be possible without au ergew Similar fliegerical skill, alertness or
exertionofFlugzeugfhrersandwithoutriskof Berschridingthesafeloadfactor
underallprobableoperatingcondition, asoft O vergearfromoneflightconditionto
another(includingLichcurvesandsideslip)durchzufhear.
b. All ungew hnlichen flight characteristics that w during the flight tests
demonstratingthe conformity with the requirements of the operating behavior are
observed, and alle caused by rain appreciable Ver modifications is the flight
characteristicsmaboveseaKISSINGheaveragesare.
NotestoLTFL143(b)
Thefrankaboutpropertiesshouldincludestallingspeedsandberziehverhalth.
c. ShowtheappliedFlugzeugfhrerkr fteun usualhighcompliancewiththelimits
of Flugzeugf hrerkr forces must be demonstrated by the following table by
quantitativetests.
(Application,hand
handorpedal)
a)briefBetAETI
supply
b)lngereactuation
Hhensteuer
aileron
sidecontrol
[Dan]
10
[Dan]
10
[Dan]
20
2.0
1.5
airbrakes
Schleppkupplung
Flgelklappen
[Dan]
10
10
d. MotorizedLuftsportgertemaboveseaKISSING
1. Startwiththeh|NextStartpower,
2. climb,
3. inlevelflight,
4. indescent,
5. whenlandingwithandwithoutenginepowerand
6. inpltzlichemenginefailure
besafelycontrollableandmanoeuvrable.
LTFL145heightcontrol
a. Startingfromanyspeedunder1,3xVS1 mustm bepossible,byBeth termofH
hensinflationisrapidlyacceleratedto1,3xVS1Lngsneigungsotover changethat
Luftsportgert.
Experimentalconditions:Allmequalizedstateformsandto1,3xVs1trimmed
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1. Experimentalconditions:Allmequalizedstateformsandto1,3xVs1trimmed
(iftrimavailable).
2. reserved
b. It must be possible within the operating limits m , the state form (suspension, air
brakes,Flgelklappenetc.)changewithoutthespecialskillof
Pilot'sneedsandthatinLTFL143(c)specifiedcontrolforcesareshortofoverno.
c. It must be possible m , the Luftsportger t without au ergew Similar flying
dexterityspeedtokeepasteadystraightflight:
1. towed flight, when the Fl gelklappenzustandsform is changed in steady

straightflightintheareaofpermissiblelargeflapsettingsetc.,
2. whentheairbrakesswitchedatspeedsbetween1.1xVS1and1.5
VS1xorextend,whereVS1ofgrOLSerevalueof
berziehgeschwindigkeitisatonceorextendedairbrakes.
LTFL147aileronandruddercontrol
It must be possible for a corresponding actuation of the control switch over from a curve
witha30transversetiltinanoppositecurvein5seconds,ifthecurvesatarateof1.3V S1
and V NE and, if applicable, with the extended suspension and extended wing flaps are
flown.
LTFL151aerotowing
a. IsthisLuftsportgertfo raerotowingAligned stet,theaerotowingf o rGespeeds
mustbedetecteduptoVT without
1. excessive control forces and paths are necessary to keep the gyroplane on a
uniformtrajectorywithhorizontalwings,
2. atspeedsuptoVT theofctrlsapstheabovespecifiedinLTFL143exceed,
3. it is difficult to regain a normal drag attitude, afterwhich the Luftsportger t
hadbeendisplacedhorizontallyorvertically,and
4. RiskthattheendorendsofthetowcablewhenErasinsenfromLuftsportgert
toanypartofLuftsportgertshntsstay.
b. Theairplanetowingtestsmabovesizesatacrosswindcomponentof
notlessthan0.2xVSObeperformed.
c. Itmustconformitybedemonstratedwiththefollowingdemands:
1. When the Luftsportger t is in normal towing position, under Benuttion of
rudder and aileron is a Anfangsst Disorder of 30 bank compared ber to
produce the tow plane. The Flugzeugf phones must then be able, the
LuftsportgertwithoutauergewSimilarpilotingskillinthenormaltowing
positiontockzufhear.
2. The Luftsportger t has obtained in an over against the trajectory of the
towingairplanestuff hte position (approximately 15 above the flight path)
andaregeintroducedasaniedrigereposition(belowthepropellerbeamofthe
towingaircraft).MustInbothcases,theFlugzeugfphonestobeableto,the
airsports equipment like t without au ergew Similar flying skills in the
normaltowingpositiontockzufhear.
d. The customarily occurring in operation section Schleppseill gs must be
investigatedanddetermined.
e. AttemptsmaboveseaKISSINGforeachinstallationlocationofthereleasingdevice
and f o r each Tostanding form, f o r the towing airplane should be allowed to be
repeated.
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repeated.
LTFL152Winchtowingandvehicletowing
a. IsthisLuftsportgertforwinddragand/ormotorvehicletowingAligned stet,m
ussensuchtowingdemonstratedatspeedsuptoVWwithout
1. itisdifficult,theFl gel when you lift off the ground horizontally halth and
thetowtolsen,
2. Ofctrl forceswhich exceed the above specifiedinLTFL143, or ge berm

AESSownedSteuerausschlnecessary
3. excessivepitchingvibrationsoccur
4. wduringtheclimbHandkrforcestowards"drbridges"areneeded. Ifegg
netrimisused,wtheclimbusedpositionmustbespecifiedwhile.
b. AttemptsmaboveseaKISSINGRunawayfabovearestirredatcrosswindcomponent
ofnotlessthan0.2xVso.
c. Attemptsm abovesea KISSINGf o reachinstallationlocationandanyarrangement

of the releasing device and f o r each state form, f o r wind drag or motor vehicle
towingistobeapproved,carriedaboveareleads.
NotestoLTFL152
6WindStartattemptsshouldMinimleastbecarriedoutfortheverificationofcompliance
withtherequirementsforwinddragthatuptoVW from thecoverspeedrange. Duringthis
startupsarangeofAusklinkpunktenshouldbeselectedalongtheflightpath,whichtakes
intoaccountthenormaloperatingrangeandthedisengagementinNotfllen.
LTFL153approachandlanding
a. Itmust bepossible m , normalAnfl geandlandingstostoptheLuftsportger ts
withacrosswindcomponentofnotlessthan0.2xVSOdurchzuflead,withoutanau
ergewhnlichenrequirespilotingskillofFlugzeugfhrersandwithoutatendency
touncontrollableoutbreakoccurs.
b. AftertouchdownmaynotbermAESSstrengthtendencytobreak,berschlagoccurto
Nickschwingungeneor.
c. The Bet production of air brakes w while the approach in all permissible lar
VELOCITYspeedsaboveandincluding Lich1.2xV S1 whereV S1 refers to the
state form with adriven or extended air brakes, the greatest the OLS older value
returns may be neither berm AESS owned mendment of of ctrl fte or
Steuerausschl ge cause nor the controllability of Luftsportger ts adversely
chtigen.
LTFL155heightcontrolforceinmaneuvers
Thegyroplanemusthaveaheightcontrolforcewhichincreaseswhenturningoronexitof
maneuverswiththeloadfactor.
LTFLtrim161
(a)General
Afterthegyroplaneistrimmed,itmustmeettherequirementsofthispoint,ohnethatthe
pilots are still exposed by forces or movements to the main control or the corresponding
trim.
(b)lateralandRichtungstrimmung
(1)Quertrimmung
Thegyroplanemustthenbetrimmed,itretractedinstraightflightVS1,wingflapsin
allcrosscountryflightpositions,airbrakes,andwhereapplicablewith1.4x, chassis,
doesnottendtorotateortohangwhentheaileronlosleftandtherudderisheldin
centerposition.
(2)Richtungstrimmung
ThegyroplanemustbesotrimmedthatinstraightflightV
wingflapsinallcross
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ThegyroplanemustbesotrimmedthatinstraightflightVS1,wingflapsinallcross
countryflightpositions,airbrakes,andwhereapplicablewith1.4x,
Retractedlandinggear,doesnottendtoyawwhentherudderisreleasedandthe
aileronisheldincenterposition.
c. Lenngstrimmung
1. If the Luftsportger t does not adjustable in flight trim, has the Equilibriumweight
speed,furallgravitypositions,between1.2xVS1and2.0xVS1are.
2. IftheLuftsportgerthasanadjustableinflighttrim,thishastheerfafterfollowing
claims above cases without the Flugzeugf hrer continue by Kr forces or

movementstothemaincontrollerortheYEARSactsenginedtrim:
i. TheLuftsportgert must Fl gelklappen in landing position, retracted
airbrakesandlandinggearwithinaspeedrangeof1.2xVS1to2.0xVS1
beaustrimmbar.
ii. IntowedflighttheLuftsportgermusttwithinaspeedrangebetween1.4
xVS1andVTbeaustrimmbar.
iii. Inextremelyvertrimmtenstatemustatspeedsbetween1.1
x V S1 and 1.5 x V S1 be the control force is less than 10

daN.
stability
LTFL171General
The gyroplane must meet 173 to LTFL 181, including the conditions under LTFL. In
addition,ithassufficientstabilityand"controlfeeling"underallnormallyoccurtheexhibit
operatingconditions.
LTFL173Staticlongitudinalstability
a. UndertheconditionsandinthespeedrangesthataredefinedinLTFL175,
1. hastheslopeofthecurve"handstrengthbepositiveaboutspeed"
2. must "STICK the slope of the curve above ppelauslenkung not be negative
aboutspeed".Anegativeslopeishoweveracceptableiftheslopeofthecurve
"handstrengthberspeed"sufficientlylargeisanditcanbeshownthatno
controldifficulties.
b. Theairspeedmustintherangeof15%or15 km /h ausgetrimmtenequilibrium
speed,mafactoristhegrOLSerevalueforckkehrenwhenataspeeduptoV NE
and, if applicable, V FE and down to the corresponding minimum speed f u r a
uniformlyAESSstrengthnotberzogenenflightcondition,thecontrolforceisslowly
subsided.
LTFL175Proofofstaticlongitudinalstability
exhibitCurve"handstrengthoverspeed"mustunderthefollowingconditionsasteady
incline:
a. Crosscountryflightstateform
1. atallspeedsbetween1.1xVS1andVNE,
2. Flgelklappeninthepositionfrberlandflugandcircling,
3. Retractedlandinggear,
4. Luftsportgert1.4xVS1and2xVS1trimmed(ifverseewithatrim)and
5. Airbrakesretracted.
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b.Approachstateform
1. atallspeedsbetween1.1xVSOandVFE,
2. Flgelklappeninthelandingposition,
3. extendedlandinggear,
4. Luftsportgert1.4xVSOtrimmed(ifprovidedwithatrim)and
5. Airbrakesfirstretractedandsecondextended.
NotestoLTFL175
1. Frthestateform"airbrakesextended"gengenusuallyqualitativeVersuche.
2. Fl should gelklappenstellungen negative positions, if provided, including s (see
LTFL335).
LTFL177lateralanddirectionalstability
a. TheLuftsportgerLocatedtinasteadystraightflight,somusteachenlargedOLShe
th aileron an increase in sideslip match if aileron and rudder are constantly crossed.
ThisbehaviordoesnothavetofollowalinearGetranslated.
b. In sideslip must not so great any control force reversal be that the control of
LuftsportgertsanauergewSimilarflyingskillofFlugzeugfrequireshinsurer.
LTFL181DynamicStability
AllbetweenthestallingspeedandVDFoccurringshortperiodicoscillationshavewith
a. looseand
b. fixedmaincontrol
greatlygedbe
fumes.
Stallspeed
LTFL201stallcharacteristicswhenhorizontallyheldwings
a. Stalltestsmustbecarriedoutbythespeedpersecondtoabout2km/hisreduced
until either the covered stall is achieved, indicating by a not directly controllable
tiltingforwardorawing,ortotheheightcontrolistostop,Untilreachingastalled
toobjectmustbeabletoproducebypressingthecontrolrollandyawinthesenseof
thecorrespondingcontrols'andcorrect.
b. Whenrestoringthenormalflightmodeitmustundernormaluseofthecontrolmbe
possible,morethan30topreventbank.TheLuftsportgertmayinthiscasehave
nouncontrollabletendencytospin.
c. ThemustnotberziehverhaltenbypushingbermAESSigbeinfluenced.
NotestoLTFL201(c)
Sideslipangleto5shouldnotappreciablychangethestallingcharacteristics.
d. TheHhenverlustfromthebeginningofberzogenenflightstatustotherestoration
ofthehorizontalflightusingBlichermethodandthemaximumLngsneigungafter
tippingagainstabovethehorizonmabovesealevelaredeterminedKISSING.
NotestoLTFL201(d)
The occurring during coating height loss is the difference between the height at
whichthecoatedairconditionoccurs,andtheheightatwhichthehorizontalflightis
againhesufficient.
IftheLuftsportgert(inthestateformfrthewindstart)fromthestraightandlevel
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e. IftheLuftsportgert(inthestateformfrthewindstart)fromthestraightandlevel
flightat1.2xV S1 withaquickpullofSTICKppelstoapproximatehr30L
ngsneigungbroughtthehorizonover,maytheconsequenttippingnotbeviolentand
notsothatimmediateHerbeifcurrencyofthenormalstateisdifficult.
f. Evidence of Erf Settin g of the requirements of paragraph tze (a) to (d) and (g)
mustbeprovidedunderthefollowingconditions:
1. Flgelklappeninanyposition,
2. retractedairbrakesandextended,
3. Retractedlandinggearextendedandretracted,
4. Luftsportgertto1.5xVS1trimmed(ifprovidedwithtrim)
5. Engineperformance:idleandhlogicalcontinuouspower.
LTFL203coatingwhenturning
a. When berziehen in a clean flown curve with 45 bank must m be resembled
normal horizontal flight restore without an uncontrollable tendency to rotate or spin

occurs.EvidenceofErfSettingthisrequirementmustgemAESStheconditionsin
LTFL 201 (f) guided above are leads that the critical berpulling behavior of
Luftsportger correspond ts. In any case, the landing state form with retracted and
extendedairbrakesmustgeprareft.
b. The H henverlust from the beginning of berzogenen flight status until the
restorationofthehorizontalflightusingBlichermethodmustbedetermined.
LTFL207stallwarning
a. Bothinstraightandinturningflightwithairbrakes,Flgelklappen and chassis in
everypositionhasasignificantandunmissverstRURALexistberziehwarnung.
Withmotorizedairsportsequipmentofproofofcompletionmustbeprovidedwith
theenginerunningundertheinLTEL201(f)intendedconditions.
b. The berziehwarnung either by the Luftsportger t inherent Aerodynamic
properties(egSchSHAKING) or by a device that the clearly visible indicating

berziehen,done.
c. Ontheberziehwarnungcanbedispensedwithiftheberziehenfromthestraight
trip
1. itmispossibletoproducearollingmotionwiththecrosscontrolandcorrect
anyposlust,wwhiletherudderisheldinposition
2. no significant tipping ber a Tragfl gel occurs when side and crosscontrol
areheldintheneutralposition.
spin
LTFL221General
a. Theremustbenotendencytounintentionalspinning.
b. TheLuftsportgertneedfromanypointofaspinningwithnomorethanonetos
tzlichen revolution when using the f ur is the Spin Recovery recommended control
movements and without exceedance of permissible lar speed or safe positive
Abfanglastvielfachentonormalflighttockgefbehrtkcan.
LTFL221(b)Acceptablemeansofcompliance
Theprocedure,whichisusuallyregardedasthestandardmethodforSpinRecoveryis
definedasfollows:
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1. Betliketermofthecountersiderudder.
2. Shortbreak
3. EasingofHhensteuers,aufhtorotationrt
4. RuddertocenterandtheLuftsportgertsoftintercept.
c. ItmustnotmbepossiblethattheLuftsportgertbyanybetaccountthecontroller
inanoncontrollablespingert.
LTFL223spiraldivebehavior
Doesthegyroplanethetendencytopassinaspiraldive,hasthestageatwhichthistendency
iseffective,canbedetermined.Itmustbepossibletocompletetheflightcondition,without
changing the speed or by the positive safe Abfanglastvielfache of air sports equipment is
exceeded.Demonstrationofcompliancewiththisrequirementmustbeprovidedwithoutthe
useofairbrakes.
Behaviorontheground
LTFL233towardsstabilityandcontrollability
None of the operation of motorized air sports equipment expected on the ground
Geschwinspeedallowedanuncontrollabletendencytobreakandmadeduringtaxiingthe
gyroplanemusthavesufficientdirectionalstability.
LTFL234offandlandinginacrosswind
Theabilityofthemotorizedairsportsequipment,safetostartinacrosswindandlanding
mustbeinvestigated.Basedontheresultsoftheseexperimentsprovidefortheoperation
aretobeinacrosswindinthemanual.
Otherdemandsontheperformanceof
LTFL251vibrationsandshaking
At all speeds up to at least V DF each part of air sports equipment must be free from
excessive vibration. Moreover, it should in any normal flight condition, including when
usingtheairbrakes,shakingoccurthatissoviolentthatthecontrollabilityoftheairsports
equipmentaffectedundulyfatiguedcrewexcessivelyorthestructuralintegrityisdamaged.
Shakingasstallwarningwithintheselimitsisallowed.
FormotorizedLuftsportgertethisrequirementmustbemetforallpermissiblegenengine
performanceevenwiththeenginerunning.
SectionCstrength
General
LTFL301loads
a. Thestrengthrequirementsarebyspecifyinglimitloads(hnextexpectedoperational
loads) and ultimate loads (which limit loads multiplied by the prescribed security
numbers)set.Unlessotherwiseindicated,arethefixedspecifiedloads"limitloads".
b. Unlessotherwisestated,theairandgroundloadsareconnectedtotheMassenkrlike
tosetfthequilibrium,wherealltheindividualmassesofLuftsportgertstoover
cksichterm are. The loads m above sea KISSING be distributed so that the
distributionofthetatseitherchunionRatioltnissenequivalent,orthoselyingon
thesafeside,annhert.
c. IfthedistributionofuolderloadsandtheinnerKrforcesbydeformationunder
load significantly ge etc. is changed, the ge must MODIFIED distribution over

takenintoaccountare.
LTFL303securitynumber
Asasecuritynumberhas1.5areusedwhennoothervalueisspecified.
LTFL305strengthanddeformation
a. Thestructuralintegritymustbeabletoreceivesecureloadsoccurwithoutleadbende
deformations. For all loads up to the limit loads d RFEN the onpassing
deformations safe operation not adversely chtigen. This is especially true with
regardtothecontrols.
b. The structural integrity must be capable of breaking loads at least three seconds to
carrywithoutafailureoccurs.However,thethreesecondslimitdoesnotapplyifthe
resistanceisprovedbymeansofdynamictestsinwhichthetatschlichen loading
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resistanceisprovedbymeansofdynamictestsinwhichthetatschlichen loading
conditionstobeimitated.
LTFL307Proofofstrength
a. Theproofthatthestructuralintegrityofthestrengthanddeformationdemandsgem
AESSLTFL305gengt,mustfrallcriticalloadingconditionsareprovided.A
computationalproofofstrengthisrecognizedonlyiffrthegewhlteconstruction
is proven based on experience, that the calculation method used reliably ssige
results.OtherwisemaboveseaKISSINGfordetectingloadtestscarriedareleads.
NotestoLTFL307(a)
1. Load tests in conformity with LTFL 307 (a) should generally unter loads
andthecalculatedultimateloadcarriedaboveareleads.
2. The results obtained on the basis of strength tests should be corrected for
deviationsfromthoseanticipatedinthestatementsmechanicalfeatureshousing
and dimensions so that the M possibility that someone structural integrity
due to variations bez resembled the materials and dimensions one under
havingthestrengthdesignvaluelies,isuntrueprobable.
b. Certain parts of the strength Association m above sea KISSING be detected as
describedinSectionDofthisprovisionatgiven.
Note:Inthissectionallthestrengthrequirementsforthedetectionofnotaccordance
withtheLTFLdetected.
Loadsinflight
LTFL321General
a. The load factor of Luftkr fte make the Ratio ratio of perpendicular to the flight
pathofLuftsportgertsactingairforcecomponenttothemassofLuftsportgerists.
In einem positiveload factor, the air force with respect to theLuftsportgerislike t
upwardsgeoriented,
b. EvidenceofErfSettingofthedemandsofthissectionfr the load on the wing
mustbeprovidedunderthefollowingconditions:
1. inanycriticalHhe,intheLuftsportgertoperatesscheduledand
2. frallmmatchedcombinationsofmassandpayload.
LTFL321(b)(Notes)
Innonmotorizedairsportsequipmentheightisgenerallynotcriticaltotheloadsin
flight.
Withmotorizedairsportsequipmentarethepropellertorqueandthepowerusually
atsealevelatitsgreatest.
LTFL331Symmetricalflightconditions
a. IndeterminingtheFlgellastenandlinearTrgheitslastenfrthe333toLTFL
345 specified in LTFL symmetrical flight conditions YEARS must engined H

henleitwerkbaseloadthetatschlichenRatioltnissencorrespondinglyorbyanon
sisafesidelyingNherungsverfahrenovertakenintoaccountare.
b. TheHhenleitwerksadditionalloaddueRuderbetaccountandBsneedswiththe
DrehbeschleunigungskrftentheLuftsportgertsthetatschlichenRatioltnissen
accordinglyorafterlyingonthesafesideNbeherungsverfahrenequilibrated.
c. Whendeterminingtheloadsundertherequiredconditionswillangenommenthatthe
respectiveloadfactorbyaplUSEFULanglegeneratedchangeatconstantspeed.
Angularaccelerationskcanunbeachtetremain.
d. Thefrthepreparationofthedesignloadsrequiredaerodynamicvaluesmabovesea
KISSING by measurement, calculation or on the safe side Absch be occupied

estimation.
unless more
accurate data are available, the gr can OLS te negative
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1. unless more accurate data are available, the gr can OLS te negative
Auftriebsbeiworthinnormalformwithaccepted0.8.
2. ifthedetectedzeromomentcoefficientCmolessthanis0.025,mustCmof
rTragfltailgelandatleastwitharemeasured0.025.
LTFL333VnChart
a. General
EvidenceofcompliancewiththestrengthrequirementsofthisSubpartmustforall
combinations of airspeed and load factor on and within the Beboundary lines Vn
diagramsthatdeterminedbytheinterceptionandgustloadsgepursuanttoparagraph
(b)or(c)areareprovided.
b. Vn
Chart
f
r
Abfangbelastungenstateform:
Wingflapsinthecrosscountryflightposition,airbrakesretracted(seeFigure1)
illustration1
VnChartfRAbfangbelastungen
A
D
n1
n2
VD&
VF
VG
VF0+
VA
n4
n3
e
0
+
c. Vn Chart f r B
enbelastungenstateform:
Wingflapsinthecrosscountryflightposition(seeFigure2)
1. When the speed V B must Luftsportger t be able positive (upward) and
negative(downward)Bwithstands15m/sactingnormaltotheflightpath.
2. When Bemessungsh Maximum speed V D must Luftsportger t be able
positive(upward)andnegative(downward)Bs7.5m/sstandzuhalth,acting
perpendiculartotheflightpath.
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Figure2
VnChartfRgustloads
/s
m
n=1.25(V/VS1)
^2
m
5/ s
0
+
+1
VS1
VD
VB
,
75
0 +
1.25(V/
n = VS1)^2
m/s
m
/
0
+
LTFL335Ratedairspeeds
Thefollowingratedairspeedsareequivalentairspeeds(EAS).
a. RatedOnevergeschwindigkeitenVA:
VA=VS1n1
where:
VS1=calculatedstallspeedwithratedmaximummass,wingflapsinneutral
position,airbrakesretracted.
b. RatedspeedatextendedFlgelklappenVF
1. Fr all landing positions may V F not be less than the gr OLS te of the two
followthevalues:
i. 1.4 V S1 , where V S1 , the calculated at Fl berziehgeschwindigkeit
gelklappenintheneutralpositionandHiswaxedmasse.
2.0V
,whereV thecalculatedissuedberziehgeschwindigkeitwith
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ii. 2.0VSF,whereVSFthecalculatedissuedberziehgeschwindigkeitwith
full
wingflapsretractedandatmaximumweightis.
2.FranypositiveberlandflugpositionmayV F notbelessthanthegrOLS
erethetwofollowingvalues:
i. (Nllt)
ii. 1.05 V
, where V A in conformity with paragraph (a) of this

paragraph,iefrFlgelklappenshallbedeterminedinneutral.
A
3. FrallotherpositionshasVFisequaltoVDbe.
c. Rated speed f r strong B s V B V B
mustnotbelessthan1.15VA.
d. RatedspeedfraerotowV TV T mustnotbeless
thanVA.
e. RatedspeedfrthewindstartVWVWmustnotbe
lessthan1.5VS1toLTFL335(a).
f. BemessungshMaximumspeedVD
The rated speed V D can be chosen by the applicant, everbut they may for non
motorizedsportsaircraftnotbelessthan:
G
D =153 SCw
V
min
Where:
G/S=WingloadingindaN/matratedmaximummass.
Cwmin=lowestpossibledragcoefficientofairsportsequipment.
Formotorized Luftsportgerte the rated speed VD may not be less than 1.2 V H
where V H is the horizontal flight speed at maximum continuous Leistung of the
engine,andtheymustnotbelessthan1.25V A,inaccordancewithparagraphLFG
335(a),whicheveristhehigher.
NotestoLTFL335
1. InFlgelklappentobeusedbothathighspeedsandatlowspeeds,theterm"Fl
gelklappeninneutralposition"inLTFL335(a)andLTFL335
(B)definedasthepositionoftheflaps,whichresultswhenonethirdoftheTOTALth
areaofthebudgetforthecrosscountryflightpositionsissubtractedfromthemost
negativeStellung.
2. In Fl gelklappen which exclude should be employed primarily within the low
speed flight, such as slotted flaps, split flaps and other flaps on herk be extended
mmliche way only in positive direction, the term "Fl gelklappen in neutral" the
retractedorthemosttounderstandupwardsausgeschlageneposition.
LTFL337maneuveringloadtimes
ThesafeinterceptloadsinVndiagram(seeFigure1)musthavethefollowingvalues:
Lufttchtigkeitsgruppe
LuftsportgerAete
n1
+4.0
n2
+3.0
n3
1.5
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n4
2.0
LTFL341Gustloadfactors
a. Unlessamoreaccurate,thetatschlichenRatioltnissencorrespondingcalculation
carriedishrt,mKISSINGtheBenloadfactorcanbecalculatedasfollows:
1koUVa
n=12
Where:
mG
S
=Bengeschwindigkeit[m/s]
=Equivalentairspeed[m/s]
=Liftslopeofthewing[radians]
=Accelerationduetogravity[m/s]
=Bemessungsflgelflche[m]
0=Densityofairatsealevel[kg/m]
=Luftsportgertmasse[kg]
=Reductionfactor,whichiscalculatedasfollows:
k=
0.88
5,3
+
Where:
2
S
= olm
With
lm
mediumFlgeltiefe
[m]
b. Thevalueoffurn,whichwasdeterminedin(a)neednotgrOLSheconsideredto
be:
n=1.25V
S1
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LTFL345loadswithextendedairbrakesandflaps
a. Loadwithextendedairbrakes
1. ThestructuralintegrityofLuftsportgertsincludingLichairbrakesmustf
rtheungnstigstecombinationofthefollowingparameterstobemeasured:
equivalentspeed
airbrakes
VD(EAS)
Fromretracted
uptothefullyextendedposition
Maneuveringloadtimes
From1.0to+3.0
2. It is believed that the H henleitwerkslast corresponds to the static
Gleichgewichtszustand.
3. IndeterminingtheairforcedistributionberthespanmaboveseaKISSING
changesthisdistributionthroughtheairbrakesoveraretakenintoaccount.
b. LoadsatextendedFlgelklappen
Ifflapsareinstalled,itisassumedthatthegyroplaneisexposedtothefollowing
Abfangbewegungenandgusts:
1. TheFlgelklappen(inalllandingpositions)andspeedupVF:
i. Flugmanvertoapositivesafeloadfactorof.3
ii. positiveandnegativeBs7.5m/s,whichisperpendiculartotheflight
pathangreifen.
2. The Fl gelklappen of the most positive to the most negative berlandflug
position, the interceptionof LTFL333 (b) and the Bew ork of LTFL 333
(c),exceptthatthefollowingisnotaboututakenintoaccountmustbecome:
i. grOLSerespeedsthanthatoftheFlgelklappenstellungcorresponding
VF
ii. Maneuvering load times corresponding to points above the line AD or
belowthelineGEinFigure1.
c. Flgelklappenspeedlimit
When flaps are used as resistanceinstitutions for the purpose of VELOCITY

keitsbegrenzung(airbrakes),therequirementsinLTFL345(a)mustbemetatallflap
positions.
d. If a device is provided which automatically limits the flap load, make the airsports
equipmentliketf above that critical combination of airspeed and flap position r are
measuredthatthisfacilityzulsst.
LTFL347Unbalancedflightmodes
ItisbelievedthatthegyroplaneisexposedtotheunsymmetricalflightconditionsofLTFL
349andLLTF351stUnbalancedaerodynamicmomentsaboutthecenterofgravitymustbe
fair,balancedaccordinglyorlyingonthesafesidebygroundforces.
NotestoLTFL347
Itisbelievedthatthegyroplanetoinitiatetherollandsideslipstateretainsafteractuation
oftheoaritsinitialpositionuntiltheresultingadditionalloadshavereachedtheirmaximum
value.
LTFL349Rollflightmodes
The gyroplane must for rolling loads resulting from the aileron deflections and Ge speeds
underLTFL455,aremeasuredinconjunctionwithaloadfactorofWenigleasttwothirds
ofthepositivemaneuveringloadtimesunderLTFL337th
LTFL351sideslipstates
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The gyroplane must be 443 dimensioned for sliding loads on the vertical stabilizer under
LTFL441andLTFL.
LTFL361strainofthemotorcarrier
a. TheMotortrgerandhisUnlkngungmaboveseaKISSINGfrfollowinginfl
bessesized:
1. F r secure propeller torque corresponding to takeoff power and propeller
speedwithsimultaneouseffectof75%ofthelimitloadsfromtheloadcaseA
inLTFL333rd
2. F r secure propeller torque corresponding h | Next continuous power and
Propellerdrehzahlwithsimultaneouseffectofthelimitloadsfromtheloadcase
AinChapterLTFL333rd
3. Instead of the safe propeller torque is under (1) and (2) to set the safe
motortorquewhenthepropellerhasitsownpropellerbearings.
b. Frconventionalpistonengineswithdirecttransmissiontothepropellerinthe
paragraph(a)istoaboutugetcksichtigendesafemotortorque,bytheaverage
torqueismultipliedbytheappropriatefactorfromthefollowingtable:
Twostrokeengines
Fourstrokeengines
1cylinder
8th
2cylinder
3cylinder
2.5
4cylinder
1.5
5ormorecylinders
1.33
1.33
Remarks:
Theterm"direct"transmissionincludesadirectdrive,geardriveortoothedbeltvolume
transmissionotherdrives(egcentrifugalclutch)andunconventionalenginesneedthe
appropriatefactortobeagreedwiththepatterninspection.
LTFL363pageloadsonthemotorcarrier
Themotorcarrieranditssuspensionhavetotakeaccountofapageloadonaseitliches
safeloadfactorofnotlessthanonethirdofthesafeloadfactoroftheloadcaseA(1/3.Are
measuredn1).
LTFL375Winglets
a. Whenwingletsareinstalled,thentheLuftsportgermusttfrthefollowingloadsbe
sized
1. pageloadcorrespondingtothemaximumsideslipangleofthewingletatVA
2. BenlastenthatatVBandVDperpendiculartothewingletFlactche
3. MutualinfluenceoftheaerodynamicloadsofFlgelandwinglet
4. Handkrfteonthewingletand
5. Loads on the Fl gel end according to LTFL 501, if the winglet the ground
overlead
can.
NotestoLTFL375(a)
Forthewingsoftheimpactofthewingletshouldfocusonthefollowingvariablesinto
accountwhothe
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1. Changetheliftdistribution
2. ZusUSEFULbendingandtorsionalmomentsonWingletanschlusspunkt
taking into cksichtisupply of aerodynamischen and Massenkr ften

thewinglet
3. Trgheitskrsapsand
4. InfluenceoftheresistanceontheFlgeltorsion.
b. Ifnodetailedcalculationmethodisapplied,thenkcantheloadsfollowderma s
arecalculated:
1. ThebuoyancyatthewingletconsecutivesideslipatVA
L=1.25 C
Wm
l
max
2
A
With
Clmax=maximumliftcoefficientofwingletprofile
SW=areaofwinglet
(2)ThebuoyancyatthewingletathorizontalgustatVBandVD
LWg=aWSWVUk
2
With
U=horizontalgust,describedwithasizeasinLTFL333rdaW=
buoyancyincreaseofwingletProfiles[rad]
=BenfaktorfromLTFL443
TheloaddescribedaboveLWgmustnotbegreaterthan
LWMax=1.25ClMaxSWOV2
2
3. Attheendofthewingletahandforceof15daNmustbevalued
i. horizontallyinwardandoutwardenparalleltoFlgelachseand
ii. inthehorizontaldirectionparalleltotheforwardandbackwardRumpfl
longitudinalaxis.ZussuddenlymaboveseaKISSINGmountingloadsto
LTFL591overaretakenintoaccountwhenthewingletnotperpendicularFl
gelebenestands.
Controlsurfacesandcontrolsystems
LTFL395loadsthecontrolsystems
a. Allflightcontrolsystems,includingLichtheConngeanditssupportingstructure,
mussenfbesizedrstressesthatatleast125%oftheconstructedRudermomente
the mobile Steuerfl like to chen among in LTFL 415 LTFL 455 preregistered
conditionsmeet.Indeterminingthehingemomentsreliablearessigeaerodynamic
valuestobeset.Theinfluenceofauxiliaryflaphasoveraretakenintoaccount.In
nocasedRFENtheloadsbelessinanypartoftheplant,astheyareinuseby60%
intheLTFL397(a)specifiedhandandFukrresultfte.
b. FrthedimensioningunderlyinghandandFukrforcesmustbeassumedtoact
ontherespectivecontrolhandlesorpedalsinthesamemannerasinflight,andthat
theycarriedGegenkrbalancedforcestotheRuderhebelanlenkpunktenwhothe,
LTFL397loadsbypilotforces
Zus like suddenly to LTFL 395 (a) m above sea KISSING control systems for the
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a. Zus like suddenly to LTFL 395 (a) m above sea KISSING control systems for the
direct control of Luftsportger ts to its L le, transverse or vertical axis (main

controlsystem)andsonstermcontrolsystemsthataffecttheflightbehavior,andtheir
fasteningorSttzpunktetotheConngen(thelatterincluded)fursecureloadsto
bemeasured,resultingfromthefollowingFlugzeugfhrerkrresultften:
Componentcontrol
Hhensteuerung
Bettigungskraft
[Dan]
35
crosscontrol
20
pagecontrol
90
Airbrakes,spoilers,Flgel
fold
Schleppkupplung
35
Typeofloadapplication
[Adoption:simpleleversystem]
TrainandpressureonSTICKppel
Lateraltransversemovementofthe
control
knppels
Forwardpressureononeruddercan
derpedal
Trainandpressureonthehandle
35
Trainonthehandle
LTFL399doublecontrolsystems
Dualcontrolsystemsmustbedimensionedasfollows:
a. F r simultaneous Bet account through both Flugzeugf phones in the same
directionand
b. f r simultaneous Bet account through both Flugzeugf hrer in the opposite
direction,
wherein0.75timesthe(a)forcessaidinLTFL397issetforeachpilot.
LTFL405subcontrolsystems
Inadditiontocontrolsystemsasfortheextensionandretractionofthelandinggear,trim
control, etc. must be sized for the highest forces exerted by a pilot as expected in this
control.
NotestoLTFL405
ThedimensioningunderlyingHandandFukrfteshouldnotbelessthan:
(A) Hand forces at small hand wheels, cranks, etc., which can be applied only from the
fingerandhandjoints:P=15daN
(B)Handforcesatleversandhandwheelswhichareappliedwitharmstrengthwithoutuse
ofthebodyweight:P=35daN
(C)Handforcesatleversandhandles,whichareappliedundercountersupportsthearm
orunderChamferingtionofthebodyweight:P=60daN
(D)inFukrfteseatwithsupports(egFubremsenkrfte):P=75daN
LTFL411Elasticbehaviorofcontrolsystems
a. TheplaceofFlugzeugfhrersfurabetaccounttheaerodynamicSteuerflchen
verfPORTABLEcontrolrashmayundernoflightconditionbythecontrolsystem
auftreelasticstrainstendbermAESSbereducedstrength.Ifthereareinthecontrol
systemcableswhosetensioncanbeadjusted,mustfrdemonstratingtheBerein
humorwithallrelevantrequirementsofthesmallestvalue(thevoltage)maybeused.
LTFL411(a)Acceptablemeansofcompliance
An elastic stretching or compression is acceptable provided that LTFL 143
andLLTFare629safelymet.
b. WithropecontrolmabovethepermissibleKISSINGlarcabletensionsunderBer
accounttheauftrethetemperaturechangesareset(seeLTFL689).
LTFL415loadsduetogustsattackontheground
The control system must be of the control surfaces to the stops or, if available, be sized
accordingtothefollowingcalculatedRudermomentstothedetentsforsecureloads:
MR=klRSRq
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Itis
MR=secureruddertorque[Nm]
lR=meanrudderdepthbehindtherotational
axis[m]SR=rudderbehindtheaxisof
rotation[m]
=Dynamicpressureataspeedof50km/h
k=factorforthesafehingemomentfromgroundgustsHeisshowninthefollowing
Table1:
Table1
Steuerungsflche
k
Remarks
aileron
aileron
0.75
0.50
lockedaileroninneutralposition
Aileronsfullylined
+Momentattheone,
Momentattheotheraileron
Hhenruder
0.75
rudder
0.75
Hhenruderfullyupward
()Orfullydown
(+)Knockedoutorinthepositioninwhichitlocks
canbe
Rudderfullylinedtotherightorleftor
lockedinthecenterposition
Hhenleitwerk
LTFL421baseload
a. UndertheHhenleitwerksgrundlasttheloadistobeunderstood,whichisnecessary
in any specified flight condition with no angular acceleration to maintain the equal
weighttotheQuerachse.
b. TheHhenleitwerkmustfrbasicloadsaremeasuredthatatanypointoftheVn
diagramandinthepositionsoftheairbrakesandFlgelklappengemAESS occur
LTFL333andLLTF345th
LTFL423operatingexpense
Thehorizontaltailmustbedesignedforthelargestoperatingexpense,theexpectedby
thoselaunchedbythepilotNickmaneuversatallspeedsuptoVDmayoccur.
LTFL423(Acceptabledetectionmethods)
Theloadsaretobedeterminedbyasuddeneruptionoftheelevator,thefollowingcases
shallbeconsidered:
a. SpeedVA,fullupwarddeflection
b. SpeedVA,fulldeflectiondown
c. SpeedVD,onethirdofthefulldeflectionupward
d. Speed V D , one third of the full deflection downwards. The following assumptions
shouldbetaken:
1. TheLuftsportgertisinitiallyinlevelflight,andneitherattitudenorairspeed
changeitself.
2. TheloadsarecarriedTrgheitskrbalancedforces.
LTFL425Gustloads
Unlessamoreaccurate,trueandfaircalculationiscarriedout,haveonthehorizontaltail
actingforcesfromtheequationcalculateswhoto:
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P=Po 1 oS H'Uk V1
H
d
d
Where:
=Hhenleitwerkslast[N]
Po
=Hhenleitwerksgrundlastactingonthehorizontaltailbeforetheexposure
aBusing[N]
O
=AirdensityinMeereshhe[kg/m]
=Benfaktor(ifnotmoreaccurate,trueandfair
kH
Calculationcarriedishrt,thesamevaluecanberecognizedasthewings.)
=Flfaceofthetailplane[m]
SH
=BuoyancyincreaseofHhenleitwerks[inradians]
H'
U
=Bengeschwindigkeit[m/s]
V
=Airspeed[m/s]
d/d =Changeofdownwashanglewithangleofattack
LTFL427Unbalancedloadsatmotorizedairsportsequipment
Theinfluencefromthepropellertotheloadoffinsandruddersistoconsiderifan
impingementcanbeexpected.
Rudderloads
LTFL441operatingload
Theruddermustberatedforoperatingloadswhichoccurunderthefollowingcondigen:
a. fullrudderdeflectioninthegrOLSsablethespeedsVAandVT
b. onethirdofthefullrudderdeflectionatspeedVD.
LTFL441(Notes)
At air sports equipment, whose horizontal tail is supported by the vertical tail, should the
tailsurfacesandtheirconnectionassociationincludingtherearpartofthefuselageforthe
preregisteredloadsontheverticalstabilizerandtheinducedbythehorizontaltailRollmo
ment,whichactsinthesamedirection,dimensionedbe.
ForTtails,theinducedsidesliporrudderrollmomentifnotamoreaccuratecalculation
isperformedapproximatedasfollowswhoeverto:
V2b
MRO =0.2S
O
H
H
2
Where:
MR0=inducedrollingmomentathorizontaltail
[Nm],SH=areaofthetailplane[m]
bH=spanofthehorizontaltailplane[m],
=Sideslipangle[inradians].
LTFL443Gustloads
a. The rudder must f r B side be en referred to the in LTFL 333 (c) values be
measured.
b. Unlessamoreaccurate,thetatschlichenRatioltnissencorrespondingcalculation
RunawayfuishrtthatBmustbecalculatedasfollows:
PS=SSSOVUkS
Where:
PS=gustloadontheverticalstabilizer[N]
S =liftslopeoftheverticaltail[inradians],S S =surface
ofthefin[m]
V=airspeed[m/s],U=gust
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V=airspeed[m/s],U=gust
speed[m/s],
kS=gustfactorheistobesetat1.2,
o=airdensityatsealevel[kg/m].
NotestoLTFL443
At air sports equipment, whose horizontal tail is supported by the vertical tail, should the
tailsurfacesandtheirconnectionassociationincludingtherearpartofthefuselageforthe
preregisteredloadsontheverticalstabilizerandtheinducedbythehorizontaltailRollmo
ment,whichactsinthesamedirection,dimensionedbe.
For Ttails, the induced gust load rolling moment if not a more accurate calculation is
performedbeapproximatedasfollows:
MRO=0.2
VUbH
O
SH
kS
2
Where:
MR0 =InducedrollingmomentatHhenleitwerk[Nm]
SH
=Flfaceofthetailplane[m]
=SpanofHhenleitwerks[m].
bH
Supplementaryconditionsfortail
LTFL447Superimposedtailloads
a. AssumingthattheLuftsportgertinaloadstatecorrespondingtopointAorDofthe
Vn diagram is (the state with the greatest OLS older H henleitwerksbaseload be

over cksichtigen), is the asymmetrical distribution of the H henleitwerksgleich
weightload441astheverticalstabilizerloadsbyLTFLtosuperposethatenlarged
therollmomentOLSert.
NotestoLTFL447(a)
1. If no detailed calculation is made, then the asymmetric distribution can be
calculated,inwhichtheairloadismultipliedononesidebythefactor(1+x)
andontheonthesidebythefactor(1x).
2. FrpointAoftheVndiagramisx=0.34.FrpointDisx=0.15.
3. TheasymmetricalHhenleitwerkslast does not have with the induced rolling
momentofaTtailunitaresuperposed.
b. Itmustbeassumedthat75%ofBetaccountloadsfrtheHhensandSeitenleit
factorygemAESSLTFL423andLLTF441actsimultaneously.
LTFL449AdditionalloadsonVtailed
AtairsportsequipmentwithVtailmustatspeedVBareexpectedtogustthatengages
perpendiculartooneofthecontrolsurfaces.
aileron
LTFL455aileron
Theaileronsmustberatedforoperatingloadsthatoccurunderthefollowingconditions:
a. theaileronsmustingrOLSsablethespeedsVAandVTarefullylinedand
b. theaileronshouldatspeedVDareturneddownbyonethirdoffullrudderdeflection.
Loadingbygroundforces
LTFL471General
ThespecifiedinthissectionsecureloadsbygroundforcesaretoberegardedasexternalLas
th and inertial forces on the structural integrity of an air handgun einwirken. In each
specified ground load condition, the external reactions with the linearen inertia and the
rotationalaccelerationforceshavetobesettotrueandaccordinglyorafterlyingonthesafe
sideapproximationmethodintobalance.
LTFL473assumptionsforexposuretogroundforces
a. The requirements of this subsection m above sea KISSING with Bemessungsh
waxedmasserffallswhothe.
The f r the soil contamination in this subsection gew hlte secure Landesto
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b. The f r the soil contamination in this subsection gew hlte secure Landesto
multipleinfocusofLuftsportgertscanbesetwithn=.3Alternatively,avaluecan
berecognized,whichisatalandingwithasinkrateof1.5m/sresultwrde.
c. ItcanbeassumedthattheLuftsportgertmassebalancingFlgelauftriebwduring
the entire Landesto is it made, and acts through the center. The Lastvielfache of
BodenkrftemaythereforeequaltotheTrset gheitsload factorminus onewho
the.
LTFL477chassisassembly
LTFL479toLTFL499applyLuftsportgertewithconventionallandinggearassembly.For
unconventional chassis types it may be necessary to examine additional conditions for the
Lantiondependingonthearrangementanddesignofthelandinggearunits.
ErluterunengtoLTFL477
In connection with the requirements of this Subpart bogies are considered convennell, if
theyareasfollows:
1. Asinglewheeloracoaxialdoublewheelinthewakeofthefuselageortwolaterally
arranged separately Einzelr like the (with or without Sto d like fighters) directly
below or almost below the center of gravity of Luftsportger arranged ts, together
with a nose wheel or auxiliary skids on the keel of hull, a Hilfskufe from the main
wheel(orthercountries)forwardto
runs to the nose section and the other from the wheel back to a point that lies
approximatelybelowthewingtrailingedge.TherearHilfskufemaybereplacedor
supplementedbyaspur.Bothrunnerscanbereplacedbysuitablereinforcementsof
Rumpfverband.
2. Aspringloadedmainbladeatthekeelofthehull,whichproceedsfromthefuselage
noseandtoapoint,theapproximatehrunderFlgelhinterkantelies,laughedlike
runs.Thisbladecanalsobeaspurorawheelergarecomplements.
3. SkidstoTragflmountedchenspitzen.
LTFL479Normallandingconditions
a. FuranormallandingisassumedthattheLuftsportgeristinthefollowingattitudes:
1. InLuftsportgerthwithaspurand/orspuranormalhorizontalattitude.
2. InLuftsportgerthwithbugrcountries,attitudes,where
i. thebowandtheHauptrliketheoverthegroundatthesametimeuhear
and
ii. the Hauptr of the ground over hear and the nose wheel just clear
aboveisaboveground.
b. The vertical load component P VM of the main landing gear must gem AESS 725
determinestheconditionsinLTFL.
c. The vertical load component P VM of the main gear is a backwardacting horizontal
load component P H to connect that the resultant at an angle of 30 engages the

vertical.
d. InLuftsportgerthwithbugrrathertheverticalloadcomponentonthenosewheel
intheinparagraph(a)(2)(i)tocalculatethisparagraphspecifiedattitudelikethisand
witharearwardactinghorizontalcomponentaccordingtoparagraph(c)ofthisPara
graphtocombine:
PVN=0.8mg
Where:
m=Gyroplanemass[kg],
=Accelerationduetogravity[m/s].
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=Accelerationduetogravity[m/s].
LTFL481skidlandingconditions
ForthedesignofthespurandthesurroundingstrengthAssociationandthetailafinallythe
mounting of the ballast has the load on the spur at a spur landing (main landing gear free
fromground)asaredeterminedfollows:
P=
4
mg
iy 2
2
iy
+L
Where:
=Spurload[N]
m=Gyroplanemass[kg],
=Accelerationduetogravity[m/s]
iy=radiusofgyrationofairsportsequipment[m],
=DistanceofthespurfromthemainfocusofLuftsportgerts[m].
LTFL481Acceptablemeansofcompliance)
Ifiy(radiusofgyration)cannotbedeterminedbyamoreaccuratemethod,avalue
iy=0.225LR
are recognized. In this case, L corresponds to R of the total length of the hull without
Seitenruder.Forthedesignofthespurnexttotheabovecalculatedverticalloadspuralso
lateralloadsshouldbetakenintoconsideration.
LTFL483conditionsunicyclelandings
Whenthetwowheelsofthemainlandinggeararearrangedseparatedlaterally(seeLTFL
477(1)),whichunderLTFL479(a)to(c)and(d)(2)separatedmentionedconditionson
each wheel apply, with a possible limitation of the bank is to take into consideration. To
calculatethekineticenergysafemustifnotamoreaccuratedeterminationiscarriedout
thefollowingformulamaybeused:
=1mredVv2
Where:
2
mred=m
1
Vv=settlingvelocity=1.5
m/s,m=gyroplanemass
a
[kg],
2
a=trackwidth[m],
ix=radiusofgyrationofairsportsequipment[m].
ix
LTFL485landingswithlateralforce
Ononesidemainlandinggearisaforcetobeset(bothfromtherightandfromtheleft),
2
whichactsperpendiculartotheplaneofsymmetryonthegroundcontactpointofthewheel
orskid.Themagnitudeofthisforceis0,3Pvwhileactingwithhalftheverticalcomponent
ofLTFL473rd
LTFL497Servingthespur
a. If the center of gravity of the unladen Luftsportger ts in L seen the longitudinal
direction,behindtheBodenberiscurrencypointofthemaingear,thefuselageend
including must Lich spur and empennage for receiving the loads to be measured
resulting from a case of the spur from the gr OLS th forward leaning position of
Luftsportgersimilarresultinthetailpositionts.
IfthefocusofLuftsportgertsunderallloadingconditionsbehindtheBodenberis
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b. IfthefocusofLuftsportgertsunderallloadingconditionsbehindtheBodenberis
currencypointofthemaingear,needsabove(a)tobenotfacing.
LTFL499Supplementaryrequirementsfornosewheels
TodeterminethegroundloadsonnosewheelsandthesuspensionsandtheONassumption
that the shock absorbers and tires are weight loaded according to the resting load, the
followingconditionsmustbemet:
a. F r forwardly loads m above sea KISSING further force components at the axle
followingGrOLSehave:
1. Averticalcomponentof2.25timesthestaticloadonthewheeland
2. aforwardcomponentof0.4timestheverticalcomponent.
b. FrpageloadsmaboveseaKISSINGthesecurepowercomponentsonBodenber
guidepointfollowingGrOLShavee:
1. Averticalcomponentof2.25timesthestaticloadonthewheeland
(2)asidecomponentfrom0.7timestheverticalcomponent.
LTFL501rotarylanding
Throughappropriateactionistoensurethatatthetrailingedgeattackinggroundforcescan
beabsorbed.OnthegroundcontactpointofabladeendasecureloadT=20daNistobeset
paralleltothelongitudinalaxisoftheairsportsequipmentrearwarddirection,whereinthe
torquecreatedbytheatthespur/tailwheelorattheBugkufe/nosewheel
actinglateralforceRcompensate.
R
T=20daN
L
R=T*b/(2*L)
b/2
emergencylanding
LTFL561General
a. AlthoughtheLuftsportgertdamunderemergencylandingconditionsinterredmay
be,itmustbesobemeasured,thateachoccupantgeschundertheconditionsspecified
inthefollowingclaimscondigenisTZT.
b. Thestructuralintegritymustbesuchthateachoccupantintheeventofaminorcrash
landingwith proper use of safety belts has a good chance of escaping serious
Verletzungen,isassumingthefollowingconditions:
1. TheoccupantisreferredtoinTable2belowbreakaccelerationsindependently
ngigapartactingsubject:
Table2
ascAERTS
Forward
Laterally
descAERTS
4.5g
6.0g
3.0g
4.5g
2. A less than 45 to the L longitudinal axis backward and upward acting
breaking load corresponding to 4 times the Luftsportger tmasse engages the

frontpartofthehullanditwillpickthe/theforemostpoint(s),thefr the
attackofsuchLastsuitableis(are).
c. Luftsportger te with retractable landing gear m be sized KISSING so that each
occupantgeschatalandingwithlandinggearretractedunderthefollowingconditions
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isTZT:
1. adescrtsdirectedTrgheitsbruchlastaccordingtoanaccelerationof3g,
2.acoefficientoffrictionof0.5atthebottom.
d. ExceptasprovidedinLTFL787ofsupportingassociationmustbesuchthatuptoa
load, equivalent to those laid down in paragraph (b) (1) of this section set accel
nigungswerten,eachmassatLOSLseninaslightcrashlandingahomesathurtk
might,isheldinplace.
e. FrmotorizedLuftsportgerte with behind and aboveabout the Flugzeugf hrer
seat arranged Motor has a Bruchtr gkeitslast corresponding to 15 g are accepted

forward.
f. FueltankltermaboveseaKISSING,withoutleak,thosereferredtoin(b),(1)Tr
gheitslastenwithstand.
LTFL563burdenoftherescuesystem
a. Thestructuralintegritybetweentheconnectionpointsoftheropesoftherescueand
the seats and seat belts must be such that it in case of a bet like a Entfaltungssto
account of the rescue according to the manufacturer of the Retprocessing system
information may carry. If the suspension ropes attack at several points of strength
Association, must each connection point at which a supporting cable on structural
integrityofattacksaloadcarryingkcanthattheEntfaltungsstotimesthefactorof
1.3 corresponds. The betroffene strength Association Close t a the connection
points,seatsandattachmentpointsoftheseatbelts.
b. ItmustbeassumedthattheEntfaltungsstointhefrthestructuralintegrityofung
nstigstendirectionacts.
towingcapacity
LTFL581aerotowing
a. ItisbelievedthattheLuftsportgertinitiallyinasteadyhorizontalflightataspeedV
T is,andthatactthetowloadstothetowinthefollowingdirections:
1. forwardinthehorizontaldirection,
2. inthesymmetryplanefromthehorizontalmeasured20forwardasclike
rts,
3. in the symmetry plane from the horizontal measured 40 forward desc
likerts,
4. in the horizontal plane of the plane of symmetry of measured 30
forwardsincewrts.
b. It is believed that the Luftsportger t initially under the same conditions as under
LTFL 581 (a), and the load on the tow rope due jerky bean spruchung pl rises
suddenlytothevalue1.2Qnom.
1. The resulting zus USEFUL rope load must by translational and Rotati
onsmassenkr be compensated fte. This zus tzlichen loads are the loads
superpose,resultingfromtheconditionsaccordingAESSgiveLTFL581(a).
2. F r Qnom is not less than a 1.3 times the Luftsportger th to put waxed
massentspeakingload.
LTFL583Winch,AutoTowing
a. ItisbelievedthattheLuftsportgertinitiallyinahorizontalflightwiththespeedVW
is, and that the tow loads on the towing coupler forward and downward measured
fromthehorizontalatananglebetween0and75attack.
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b. FrtheGrOLSetheropeloadneedsofthesmallerofthetwofollowingvaluesare
recognized:
1. 1.2timesgemofQnomAESSLTFL581(b)or
2.theloadsatwhichequilibriumisestablished,either
i. atfullausgeschlagenemupwardHELEVATOR,or
ii. atHwaxedbuoyancyofTragflgels.
Ahorizontalinertiaforcemaybeassumedtocompletetheequilibriumofhorizontal
forces.
c. ItisbelievedthattheropeloadundertheconditionsaccordingtoLTFL583(a)pl
suddenly to the value 1.2 Qnom (see LTFL 581 (b)) increases. The resulting zus
tzlichenloadsmaboveseaKISSINGbythetranslationalandRotationsmassenkrfte
ofLuftsportgerbetsausgeglichen.
LTFL585strengthofthetowcouplingattachment
a. Thetowcouplingattachmentmustfur a secure load of 1.5 Qnom (see LTFL 581
(b))besizedinLTFL581andLLTF583attacksdefineddirectionsinthe.
b. ThefixturemustSchleppkupplungsfurasafeloadoftheGrOLSeofHwaxed
massofLuftsportgertsbesizedatanangleof90totheplaneofsymmetryofthe
airsportsequipmentlikeattackts.
LTFL587bungeelaunch
a. WhenstandingonthefloorreadytostartLuftsportgertisthebungeeasforwardtete
court traction corresponding to the maximum 1.2 times. Flight mass at the start of
eachhookinRichisbetween0and20attackdowntothehorizontal.
b. The same tensile force as described under LTFL 587 (a) engages directed as a
reactionforceattherearontotheholdingdevice.
c. Atthestarthookengagesinthehorizontalplaneatalateralangleof90totheflight
zeugllongitudinalaxis,aforcecorrespondingto0.5timesthemax.Airmassat.
Othercharges
LTFL591loadsintheestablishmentandteardown
AsecuremountingloadofplusandminustwicethewingtipAufliegelast(determinedeither
onahalbspannweitigenwingwithBearingofthewingtipandtherootorrestingontheon
the wingtips total wing provided that this corresponds to the conditions in the
establishment and teardown) is be played the Kragende of (to clamped at the root of
thinkingthe)wingandmustbereceivedbyhim.
LTFL593Handforcesonthehorizontaltail
Eachhorizontaltailendofasteadyhandpowerisin
a. verticaldirection
b. horizontaldirectionparalleltotheLlongitudinalaxis
tobesetcorrespondingto5%oftheratedmaximumweight,butatleast10daN.
LTFL597loadsbyindividualmasses
Theattachmentofallsinglemassesthatarepartoftheequipmentofairsportsequipment
mustbeabletoaccommodateloadsthatmatchthemaximumdesignloadfactorsresulting
fromthespecifiedflightandgroundloadconditions.
SectionDDesignandconstruction
LTFL601General
Thesuitabilityofstructuralfeaturesorparts,thesubjectofanapplicationnoexperienceand
whohaveasignificantinfluenceontheoperationalsafety,mustberejectedbythroughtests.
LTFL603Materials
Suitability and durability of materials used for parts, the failure of which could adversely
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Suitability and durability of materials used for parts, the failure of which could adversely
affectsafety,must
a. beprovedonthebasisofexperienceortestsand
b. each material has recognized specifications match, to ensure that its strength
andothercharacteristicswiththedesignassumptionspreparedtovote.
LTFL605manufacturingprocess
The manufacturing processes must give consistently flawless resistance organizations. If
manufacturingoperations(suchasgluing,spotwelding,heattreatmentorGRPproduction)
requireforthispurposetheclosesupervision,theymustbecarriedoutbyallrecognizedth
workingprocedures.
LTFL607securingfasteners
For all fasteners within the strength and organization of the control and other mechanical
systems,whichareessentialforthesafeoperationofairsportsequipment,recognizedsafety
meansandmethodsmustbeused.Inparticular,noselflockingnutsmustforboltsthatare
subjected in operation rotational movements may be used, unless that in addition a non
systembasedonfrictionprotectorisused.
LTFL609protectiveofcomponents
musteachpartofthesupportingassociation
a. in operation against sch lethal infl sse or reduced strength due to some causes
includingLich
1. Weathering,
2. corrosionand
3. wear
beadequatelyprotected,
b. sufficientprecautionsfrEntlVENTILATIONandDevownDRAINAGE.
LTFL611arrangementsforverification
Precautions must be taken for testing (including testing the major components of the
resistanceorganizationandcontrolsystems),thecloseexamination,repairandreplacement
ofanypartofthemaintenance,adjustmentrequiresinordertoexactcurseTensandcorrect
operation,lubricationormaintenance.
LTFL612arrangementsforestablishmentandteardown
The design of air sports equipment must be such that damage or permanent deforrules in
settingupandteardownbeavoidedbynotspecificallyinstructedhelpers,especiallywhen
suchdamagesarenotreadilyapparent.Incorrectassemblymust
beexcludedbyappropriatedesignfeatures.Thegyroplanemustbecheckedforcorrect
installationeasily.
LTFL613Staticstrengthpropertiesandcalculatedvalues
a. The strength properties of the materials used m above sea KISSING by gen be
occupiedquietlyattemptstodetermineksocalculatedvaluesonastatisticalbasis
can.
b. The calculated values m above sea KISSING so gew be selected such that the
likelihoodofinsufficientstrengthofanysupportingcomponentduetomaterialrelated
scatteringuonlyisgering.
NotestoLTFL613(b)
Materialspecificationsshouldbeobtainedeitherespeciallycreatedorpublishedaspartof
the detection method standards. In determining the calculated values, the material
properties should be amended to the extent by the designer and / or expanded, as for
manufacturing reasons (eg construction method conditionally or with respect to the
forming),themaschinelleprocessingorsubsequentheattreatmentappearsnecessary.
c. If under normal operating conditions bearing in one component or the Fes
tigkeitsverbandattainedtemperaturehasasignificantinfluenceonthestrength,soits
impactmustaboutabovearetakenintoaccount.
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NotestoLTFL613(c)
Temperaturesupto54Careconsiderednormaloperatingtemperature.
LTFL619Increasedsecuritynumbers
a. The303prescribedinLTFLSecuritynumberistoshowtherelevantcombinationof
inLTFL621toLTFL625,LTFL657,LTFL693andLTFL619(b)preregistered
securitymultiplesmultiply.
NotestoLTFL619(a)
Thecombinationstobeappliedinthesecuritymultiplesshouldincludeallfactors
mentionedbelowandapplicablefortherelevantpart:
1. theinconformitywithLTFL621derivedsafetymultiplesincastings
2. therespectivehlogicalsecuritymultiplesgemAESSLTFL623,LLTF625,LTFL
657,LLTF
693orLTFL619(b)and
3. thecaseoftwopointbearing(twohingefactor)pursuantAESSLTFL625(e)
prescribedsafetymultiples.
b. Frallpartsoftheresistanceorganization,the621toLTFL625,LTFL657andL
LTF693arenotcoveredbyLTFL,whosestrengthbut
1. isuncertain
2. beforenormalreplacementdeteriorateinoperationkmightor
1. because of uncertainties in the manufacturing or Pr subject fverfahren
considerablescatter,
thesafetymultiplesmustbechosensothatthefailureofthepartbyungening
resistanceisunlikely.
LTFL621securitymultiplesincastings
Incastings,thestrengththereofbyatleastonestaticloadtestisandnachgewiesenthatare
checkedonlyafterasummaryprocedure,asafetymultiples(castmultiples)of2shallbe
applied.Thismultiplecanbereducedto1.25,ifthisreductionisduetoattemptsatleast3
castingsamplesandifthiscastingsaresubjectedtogetherwiththeotherproducedcastings
avisualandRntgenprexaminationorarecognizedequivalent,nondestructivetesting.
LTFL623securitymultiplesforbearingstress
a. Frallpinandtenonjointsistoputasafetymultipleof2to
1. theinflsserelativemovementsduringoperationand
2. Hittingorvibrationsatplay(loosefit)toaboutcksichtigen.
b. Rowingjointsandlinksinthecontrol,havingtheprescribedLTFL657andLLTF
693securitymultiples,erfcasesalreadyinparagraph(a).
LTFL625safetymultipleswithfittings
Forallfittings(connectingpiecesthatareusedtoconnectbearingBaugliedernoneanother)
thefollowingapply:
a. F r all Accel ge whose strength is not proven by load tests with safe load and
breakingload,theactualloadingconditionsintheAccelgenandbeimitatedintheir
surroundings,afittingmultipleofatleast1.15mustbevaluedfr
1. allpartsofthefitting,
2. Allfastenersand
3. allLochleibungenintheinterconnectedBaugliedern.
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b. The fitting multiples need not be recognized when it comes to connections that are
supportedbyextensivetestresults(egcontinuousVerbondsofBeplankungsblechen,
weldingconnectionsandSchftverbindungeninwood).
c. Integralbeschlgearetobetreatedtothepointasafittingwherethetypicalcross
sectionoftherelevantBaugliedsisreached.
d. F r each seat or each lap and shoulder belt must be demonstrated by calculation,
tests,orboth,thathisattachmenttothesupportingassociationisabletoinLTFL561
prescribed Tr gheitskr ften multiplied by the fitting Much fold 1.33
withstanding.
e. WhenusingonlytworudderbearingsperSteuerflcheorFlgelklappefrthese
bearings and the main fixing Association berleitenden components to multiply the
securitynumberbyafactorof1.5.
LTFL627fatiguestrength
Thestructuralintegritymustbedesignedsothatjobvoltageaccumulationswherevariable
duringnormaloperation,maylieabovethefatiguelimitvoltageswillbeavoidedasfaras
practicable.
LTFL629Flapping
a. TheLuftsportgertmustinallstateformsandateveryzullarspeeduptoatleastV
to be free from flutter, aerodynamic tipping (divergence) and rudder effectively

reversing. In the area of permissible lar speeds further suffisponding D must
Dampingbepresentsothataeroelasticvibrationsdecayrapidly.
D
b. Evidenceofconformitywiththerequirementsofparagraph(a)mustbeprovidedas
follows:
1. by a ground vibration test including Lich an analysis and evaluation of the
detected vibrations and frequencies, to identify flatterverd chtiger
combinations,eitherusing
i. anarithmeticprocesswithrespecttotheoccurrenceofcriticalvelocities
intherangeupto1.2VDor
ii. anotherapprovedmethod,
2. bysystematicattemptstoflutterexcitationinflightatspeeds
uptoV DF .These tests must show that sufficient attenuation is prehanden

andthatwhenapproachingVDFisnorapidreductionindamping.
3. byVersuchsflge,areprovedthatatAnnapproximationtoVDF
i. thetaxeffectinallthreeaxesnotungewsimilarrapidlyabffallsand
ii. from the course of the static stability th and trims any atsign of an
impendingAuskippensofFlrules,tailplaneandfuselageresult.
NotestoLTFL629(b)
ForLuftsportgertewhoseVDisnotgreaterthan170km/h,thetestagencymay
waiveeggnentestaccordingLTFL629(b)(1).
tail
LTFL655installation
a. Portable Steuerfl chen m above sea KISSING be arranged so that no hindrance
untereinanof or may occur by other solid components when the Fl chen is being
held in a beliebi gene position and the other aboveseabe moved over its full scale
range.Thisrequirementmusterffallsare:
1. undersafeload(positiveandnegative)furallSteuerflchenandber their
fullscalerangeand
2. undersafeloadonthestructuralintegrityoftheLuftsportgertsexceptSteuerfl
chen.
Ifadjustablefinsareused,mthese jacks with Conn gen be provided that their

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13.8.2016
b. Ifadjustablefinsareused,mthese jacks with Conn gen be provided that their
Verstellmlimitpossibilitytoarangeofsafeflightandasafelandingpermissible
sst.
LTFL657rudderhinges
a. Au it in ball and roller bearings m above sea KISSING rudder hinges a safety
multipleof6.67againstreachingtheBruchlochleibungtheirsoftestbearingmaterial
have.
b. Withballandrollerbearings,thepermissiblemayssigenominalloadonthebearing
notbeberschritth.
c. RowingjointsmaboveseaKISSINGsufficientstrengthandrigidityagainstpossess
aboutloadstowardstheaxisofrotation.
LTFL659massbalance
Theholderandthesubsequentcomponentsforconcentratedmassbalanceweightstorowing
mustbedimensionedforthefollowingsafeaccelerations:
a. 24gnormaltotheplaneofRuderflche
b. 12gofthefrontandrear
c. 12gparalleltotheruddershaft
controller
LTFL671General
Eachcontrollermustbeeasy,expeditiousandnecessarilyenoughsothatitcanfulfillits
tasksaperfectly.
LTFL675attacks
a. EachcontrolsystemmustConngehavethateachmovableaerodynamicFldecisive
areache,ofthissystembetistaken,certainlimit.
b. AllConngemaboveseaKISSINGbearrangedsothatwear,gameoradjusting
the controls, the control characteristics of the Luftsportger ts by change in Be

movementrangeofSteuerflchenotadverselychtigen.
c. EachstopmustbeabletocarrytheloadsthatmatchtheBemessungsbeconditionsof
theplant.
LTFL677trimcontrols
a. Suitable precautions m above sea KISSING be taken to an unintended, incorrect or
ruggedTrimmruderbetpreventaccount.Inadditiontothetrimcontroladeviceshall
beprovidedthattheFlugzeugfhrerthedirectionoftrimcontrolanditsimpacton
themovementofLuftsportgerindicatests.Auadditionabodymustbepresentthat
the Flugzeugf indicates the position of Trimmor Goose within the adjustment
phones.ThesefacilitiesmaboveseaKISSINGfrtheaircraftfhrerbevisibleand
solocatedanddesignedtopreventmixupswhothe.
b. Auxiliary rudder controls m above sea KISSING be selflocking, au it when the
rudder has a suffirelevant compensation and no guided having hrlichen flutter

characteristics. Selfretardant auxiliary rudder controls m above sea KISSING
sufficient rigidity and reliable likehaving ality in the part of the plant, between the
auxiliary rudder and connecting the Hemmgliedes on the structural integrity of the
Luftsportgerists.
LTFL679parkingfacilitiesinthecontrolunit
Ifadeviceispresentwhichservesforlockingofthecontrolunit,aslongastheairsports
equipmentisontheground,facilitiesmustbeavailable,the
a. theFlugzeugfhrerunmissverstndlichwarnwhenthelockingdeviceis
engagedandthe
preventthelockingdeviceontheflyisengageable.
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b. preventthelockingdeviceontheflyisengageable.
LTFL683functiontestswithcontrolsystems
ThroughfunctiontestsmustbedemonstratedthatthemeteredfortheCalculationLTFL397
loadssystemisfreeof
1. terminals,
2. excessivefrictionand
3. excessivedeformationwhenthecontrolfromtheflightdeckofactuated.
LTFL685architecturalelementsofthecontrolunit
a. AllstructuralmemberseachcontrolsystemmaboveseaKISSING be designed and
installed so that Verclamp, chafing and interference by any passenger ste, loose
Matingndeorfreezingmoistureisprevented.
b. ItmaboveseaKISSINGFacilitiesatFbehrerspaceavailablethatpreventFremdk
bodytoplacesgetkcan,wheretheyjammedthesystemwrden.
c. ItmaboveseaKISSINGprecautionsaretakentopreventthebeatingofcablesorrods
gegenotherparts.
d. AllpartsoftheflightcontrolsystemmaboveseaKISSINGdesignedorclearlyand
permanently geindicates that the risk of incorrect installation, to faulty operation of

theCONngfuheark,mightbeassmallasmheldpossible.
LTFL685(d)Acceptablemeansofcompliance:
1. AnautomaticconnectionineverypartofHaupthhensinflation,oftheAUFRmost
of Luftsportger is connected tes, is an acceptable method for detecting the

conformitywiththisrequirement.Thereshouldbefacilitiesprovidedthattheproper
function of Haupth ensure hens inflation. As a rule, this should be by a Sichtpr
donetion.
2. F r the other control systems to be demonstrated that no aeronautically
uncontrollable situation can arise, such as Restricted Impregnated movement or

Verterminals of the control system when a part of the control system w while the
AUFRstensofLuftsportgertesnotisconnected.
LTFL687springmembers
The reliability of all spring members used in the control system must be demonstrated by
experiments in which the operating conditions are imitated, unless that failure of a spring
neitherflutternorunsafeoperatingcharacteristicscauses.
LTFL689cables
Ancablesfollowingrequirementsapply:
a. All CABLES ge m above sea KISSING be designed so that the entire range of
movement under loading operating conditions and also as a result of expected

operational temperature Swan effects not Found DANGEROUS Ver change the
cabletensionoccurs.
b. Allglidingabovecurrencies,sheaves,endstopssseandSpannschlssermabove
thelouverThevisualexaminationoftroltrainACCESSIBLEbe.Inthesedemands
canbedispensedwithifitcanbedemonstratedthatnoadverselychtigungtheLuftt
chtigkeitthesepartswithinthetoloccurslaruptime.
c. AllpatternsandGrOLSsofsheavesmaboveseaKISSINGsuittheropeswithwhich
theyareverturns.AllsheavesmbeKISSINGprovidedwithtightfittingprotective
devicesthatprovideaninWiropeskiporpreventblocking.Allsheavesmussen
areintheropeplane,sothatthecablesdonotrubagainsttherollflankskcan.
LTFL689(c)Acceptablemeansofcompliance
Theinnerdiameteroftheguidegrooveoftherollershouldnotbelessthan300times
thediameterofthesinglewire.
GlidingabovecurrenciesmaboveseaKISSINGbeinstalledsothattheynochange
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d. GlidingabovecurrenciesmaboveseaKISSINGbeinstalledsothattheynochange
of cable direction of more than 3 herbeif lead, au is if verified by tests or

experienceitthatevenagrOLSerervalueissatisfactory.TheKrmmungsradiusthe
slidinghrungenemaynotbesmallerthantheradiusofapulleyfrthesamecable.
e. Inallparts,thepivotingmovementsausflead,mKISSINGSpannschlbesserso
beconcludedthatitisintherangeofmovementfreelyadjustkcan
LTFL693connectingjoints
Joints (in bar controls), the angular movements are subjected to ball and roller bearings
excepttoachievetheBruchlochleibungthesoftestbearingmaterialasafetymultipleofat
least3.33exhibit.Forropecontrolsthesecureunitmultiplemaybereducedforsuchjoints
to2.0.Withballandrollerbearings,thepermissiblenominalloadmustnotbeexceeded.
LTFL697controlofflapsandairbrakes
a. EachFlgelklappensteuerungmustbedesignedsothattheFlgelklappenineach
StelmentthattheErfstayisbasedonSettingtheperformancestandardsthatare
each,auitif
1. thecontrolorganbetistakenor
2.theFlgelklappebyanautomaticdeviceforlimitingtheFlisadjustedgel
foldloador
3. it is proved that a different adjustment than under (1) and (2) shall also
approximateisannually.
b. ControlofFlgelklappenandairbrakesmustbedesignedsothattheyextendnot
accidentallyorbeadjustedkcan.TheoccurringBettigungskrforcesandthe
adjustmentspeedsdRFENsogreatatanyapprovedflightspeedbethat
characterizedthereliabilityofLuftsportgertsadverselychtigtkmight.
c. The air brakes or other widerstandserh m Rising institutions KISSING with the
consequencesthepreparedtovote:
1. If the device consists of several parts, m KISSING all parts of a oneZigen
controlbetbetaken.
2. Ithasmbepossible,thedeviceatanyspeedupto1.05V NE extend,without
damage to the structural integrity of herbeizuf lead, and the Einrichtung at

anyspeeduptoVAnotretractwithahandforce20daNBerschrides.
3. Thetimefrtheretractionandextensionofthedeviceisnecessary,mustnot2
Secustomerexceed.
LTFL699Positionindicatorsforflaps
Forthewingflapactuationmeansmustbeprovidedtoindicatethepositionofthewingflaps
duringandafteroperationofthepilot.
LTFL701flapscompound
Themovementofthewingflapsonbothsidestotheplaneofsymmetrymustbebroughtto
amechanicalconnectiontotheconstantvelocity,unlessthatthegyroplanealsoshallinsure
reflightcharacteristicswhenthewingflapsretractedononesideandextendedonthewalls
renpageare.
LTFL711unhooking
a. Tow,thefutoberWinchingusedmaboveseaKISSINGbedesignedandinstalledso
thatthetowingcableautomaticallytriggeredstiswhencableoccursbackwards.
b. ThesuitabilityofSchleppkupplungusedmustbeverified.
c. ItmustbelargelyruledoutthatthetowropeorthecableshieldtoBolzenorother
projectionshang on the tow itself or on the structural integrity of the surrounding

towcouplingincludingLichthechassishntscanremain.
There is evidence that the Foreign sehandkraft of Flugzeugf hrers under a rope
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d. There is evidence that the Foreign sehandkraft of Flugzeugf hrers under a rope
loadofQnominalldirections(seeLTFL583)notinLTFL143(c)prescribedforce
Bersch rides and the Foreign semechanismus among all operating conditions
properlyfreeworking.
e. ThetotalbettigungswegthecontrolhandlefrthetowreleaseinFhrer space
allowedincludingLichlostmotion120mmnotaboveexceed.
f. TheoperatinghandlefrthetowreleaseinFbehrerspacemustbearrangedand
designed that in LTFL 143 (c) aufgef Hardness Bet ment force can be easily
applied.
g. TheForeignsemechanismusmustbeeasilysubjectedtoavisualinspectionkcan.
LTFL713Schleppkupplung
Dependingonthe(the)startmode(s)forwhichtheauthorizationissought,thegyroplane
mustbeequippedwithoneormoreTow,fulfillthefollowingconditions:
a. Tow,thefuraerotowingtobeusedmaboveseaKISSING
1. be designed so that the likelihood of accidental notching as small as is
possible,and
2. asfarforwardasmbeincorporatedresembledthehulltotheprobabilityei
nesFoundhrlichen Aufb umens w (see LTFL 151 (a), (3)) as small as

duringaerotowingkeepresembledandorderundertheconditionsaccording
to LTFL 581 (a), (3) on Luftsportger t a topheavy moment to produce its
angularbutnotmorethan25maybeallowed.
b. Tow,thefuarerwinchand/ormotorvehicletowingusedsollen,mKISSINGbe
equippedwithadevicethatautomaticallyreleasesarethetowwhentheLuftsportger
twinchorthetowingvehicleberfliegt.
c. If more than one Schleppkupplung incorporated whose Bet must account be
designedsothatallthesameforeignsen.
landinggear
LTFL721General
a. TheLuftsportgertshallbedesignedsothatitnoGefhrdungitsoccupantscanland
onunscriptedsoftground.
b. Luftsportger te with retractable landing gear m be designed KISSING so that
normalLandungenwithgearretractedmarepossible.
c. Rof,skidsandskidandtheirinstallationmaboveseaKISSINGbedesignedsothat
theHremainntsatowingcableislargelyexcluded.
d. If the main landing gear only from one or more R countries, so the airsports
equipment must t with mechanical braking devices, eg. As wheel brakes, be

provided.
e. Thetailskidtoastodbeprovidedmpfendendevice.
LTFL723WorkUp
Theproofofadequateenergyabsorptionmustbeprovidedinthetest.
NotestoLTFL723
Whentheenergyabsorptioncapacityisnotsignificantlyinfluencedbythestunningshockis
compressed static tests can be performed. But if a significant impact beforepresent, so
dynamictestsshouldbeperformed.
LTFL725landingswithhorizontalwings
a. The Landesto the receiving devices (including Lich the tires) m above sea
KISSING be able to absorb the occurring during landing kinetic energy without
reachingthestop.
TheGrOLSekineticenergyhastobedeterminedontheassumptionthatthemassof
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13.8.2016
b. TheGrOLSekineticenergyhastobedeterminedontheassumptionthatthemassof
Luftsportgerts of gr OLSth flight mass equivalent and that the rate of descent is
constantand1.5m/sconcerninggt.LiftandweightareinBalance.
c. Whenadoptingunder(b)thegravityaccelerationmustnot4gexceed.
LTFL729suspensionmechanism
a. Eachsuspensionmechanismandthesupportinghimstrengthassociationmustfrthe
grOLSthflightloadfactortobedesignedwithlandinggearretracted.
b. FrRetractsistoprovideevidencethat,untiltheHMaximumspeedfr
LandinggearcontrolVLOareKingsnenretractedandextendedwithoutdifficulty.
c. ALuftsportgertwhosesuspensionisnotmechanicallymanuallybetistaken,an
auxiliarymeansforloweringthelandinggearmusthave.
LTFL731Wheelsandtires
ThestaticratedloadofeachwheelmustcorrespondtotheapplicablerequirementsforBo
denbelastungen determined maximum static load or exceed this. For twin and tandem
landinggearseachwheelmustbeabletocarry70percentofthemaximumflightweight.
Designofthecab
LTFL771driver:General
a. The F hrer space and its equipmen Stung m above sea level it KISSING each
FlugzeugfhrerallowhisdutieswithoutbermAESSstrengthconcentrationorErm
complytraining.
b. ItmaboveseaKISSINGfacilitiesbeprovidedpursuantAESSLTFL 31 (c) carried
alonghardshipsballastsecurelyinLuftsportgertattachtokcan.
LTFL773viewfromtheflightdeck
Eachflightdeckmustbefreefromglareandreflectionsthatcouldobstructtheviewof
Flugzeugfhinsurerandmustbedesignedsothat:
a. rangeofvisionFlugzeugfhrersfrsafeFcurrencyofLuftsportgertslarge,is
geenoughclearandundistortedand
b. eachFlugzeugfhreragainstberweatheringKISSINGgeschTZTis.Rainand
icingdRFENhisviewoftheflightpathinnormalflightandwnotduringlanding
bermAESSiggreatlyadverselychtigen.
LTFL773(b)Acceptablemeansofcompliance
AccordancewithLTFL773(b)canbeachievedthroughacorrespondingopeningin
theVerglasung.
LTFL775windshieldsandwindows
a. Glazing and window m above sea KISSING consist of a material whose Bruchst
bridgenotseriousinjuryfuhearkcan.
LTFL775(a)Acceptablemeansofcompliance
Forglazingofsyntheticresinsthisrequirementshallbeconsideredsatisfied.
b. FrontandsidepanelsofglazingmaboveseaKISSINGatranslucentssigkeitswert
ofatleast70%haveanddRFENuponreviewofthenatuNATURALcolorsdonot
materiallyfdelete.
LTFL777controlsandoperatinginstitutionsinthecabs
a. AllcontrolsandoperatinginstitutionsinFhrerspacembearrangedKISSINGso
thataconvenientBetaccountmis possible and confusion and unintended Bet

accountbeverstops.
NotestoLTFL777(a)
Thepreferablybeselectedarrangementoftheenginecontrolleverisfromleftto
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Thepreferablybeselectedarrangementoftheenginecontrolleverisfromleftto
right
: Vergaservorw WARMING or alternative air supply control (if required),
power,propeller,mixturecontrol.
b. The controls and operating institutions in F hrer space m above sea KISSING be
arrangedsothattheFlugzeugfhrersittingandwhenwearingalapandshoulderbelt
eachcontrolmember
canoperateuptofullscale.Thedogmaynotbeobstructedbycomponentsofthe
cab(considerwinterbekleidung)throughhisclothing.
c. In Luftsportger th Dual control m above sea KISSING least the following sub
controllersofeachofthetwoFlugzeugfhrerseatsfromitsuse:
1. unhooking
2. airbrakes
3. Flgelklappen
4. trimming
5. MeansforeastopenandCanopyjettisoning
6. Foreignsemechanismustherescuesystem
NotestoLTFL777(c)
On a double trimming can be omitted if it is proved that in unfavorable trim
position the elevator control forces are sufficiently small and that there is no
difficultyincontrolling.
LTFL779actuatingmeaningandeffectofthecontrolsandoperatingcontrolsin
Fhrerraum
Thecontrolsandoperatinginstitutionsinthecabsmustbedesignedsothattheyact
folgendermalows:
Bettigungssinnandeffect
Controlandoperatinginstitutions
aileron
RightWing:totheright(clockwise)bow
descAERTS
Hhenruder
rudder
trimming
airbrakes
Flgelklappen
backward:BugascAERTS
Rightpedalforward:Bugright
accordingtothecontrolmovements
Pull:brakesgoout
Pull:Flgelklappendriveoutorbeat
downfrom
throttle
propellergovernor
mixture
switch
UnhookingfRtheSchleppkupplung
Foreignsemechanismustherescuesystem
forward:powererhoehen
forward:Magnificationerungspeed
forwardorupward:richmixture
down:from
Pull:Adevicethatunlatches
Pull:Foreigneyelets
LTFL780colorcodingandlocationofcontrolsandoperatinginstitutionsinthecabs
Thecontrolsandcontrolsshallbemarkedanddisposedasfollows:
control
member
color
location
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13.8.2016
releasingdevice
f
R
the
yellow
Schleppkupplung
airbrakes
Trimcontrol(onlyfR
longitudinal
trim)
Handleforopeningthecabin
nenhaube
Handlefordroppingthecabin
nenhaube(ifany)
othercontrollersandloading
servinginstitutions
blue
grewn
wei
red
toBettigungthroughtheleft
hand
toBettigungthroughtheleft
Handorinthecaseofdouble
seaterLuftsportgerten,be
tweenthetwoFlugzeugfh
rersitzen
preferablytoBettigung
bythelefthand
notmandatory
not,itonlyneeds
beeasilyaccessible
clearlabeling,but
notyellow,blue,grewn,white,
red
oryellow/black
foreign
f
semechanismus
R the yellowblackstriped
mustbecomfortableaccessing
rescuesystem
IfthesamehandlecausesboththeopeningandtheCanopyjettisoning,itmustbe
markedinred.
LTFL781shapeofthehandlesofcontrolbodiesintheFlightDeck
Thehandleofthereleasingdevicemustbedesignedsothatareleaseforceof20daNcan
alsobeappliedwithtightenedglove.
ExplanationofLTFL781
ThecontrolbodyshouldbeformedasaThandle.
LTFL785seatsandseatbelts
a. Each seat and the supporting him strength association must f r an occupant mass
accordingAESSLTFL25(a)(2)andfuberthemaximumloadfactorcalculatedthat
the specified flight and ground load conditions, including Lich of in LTF L 561
describedNotlandeconditionscorrespond.
b. EachseatandthesupportinghimstrengthAssociationmaboveseaKISSINGalsothe
ReaktionskrfteongroundtheinLTFL397(b)prescribedloadsrecordkcan.
c. Seats, including Lich cushion, d RFEN at loads on the Flugzeugf act stirrer
correaccordinglyLTFL581andLTFL583,doesnotdeformsuchthattheFlugzeugf
hrerthecontrolandoperatinghandlescannolongerreachsafelyormaloperationm
ispossible.
d. Every seat in Luftsportger t shall be designed so that each occupant is seated
comfortably.
e. The strength of the seat belts may not be less than that resulting from the breaking
loadsoftheflightandgroundloadconditionsandtheemergencylandingconditions
according AESS LTFL 561 (b) taking into gives account the geometry of the
harnessandseatarrangement.
f. EachseatbeltmustbeattachedsothattheFlugzeugfhrerallaccelerationsoccurring
duringoperationsafelyinitsoriginallyGEnglichensittingorlyingposition
willhold.
LTFL786protectionagainstinjury
RigidpartsofstrengthAssociationorrigidlyfixedequipmenletterofagreementm
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a. RigidpartsofstrengthAssociationorrigidlyfixedequipmenletterofagreementm
aboveseaKISSINGwherehenecessary,bepaddedsothatthe(the)occupant(s)in
slightcrashlandingsbeforeVerinjurygeschisTZT(are).
b. Part of the strength of association m aboveseaKISSING designed or mounted that
violationsofinmatesundertheLTFLin561(b)(2)specifiedconditionsareunlikely.
LTFL787luggagecompartment
a. EachluggageckraummustfritsspecifiedonthenoticeBeladungshchstmasse
andfrthecriticalloaddistributionsattheYEARSenginedgrOLSthloadfactor
bebemeasured,resultingfromtheflightandgroundloadconditions.
b. TheLuggageckraummustbedesignedsothattheoccupant561geschbeforebeing
struckbybepathendscontentunderemergencylandingconditionsaccordingtoLTF
LareTZT.
LTFL807emergencyexit
The flight deck of air sports equipment must be designed so that in cases risk unhindered
andquickexitispossible.
Inaclosedcabtheopeningsystemmustbesimpleandcleartooperate.Itmustworkquickly
andbedesignedsothatitcanbeoperatedfromanyseatintheunbeltedINSASseninand
outsideofthecab.
LTFL809rescuesystem
a. The attachment of the rescue system must f r the maximum. Load factor be
dimensioned that the specified flight and ground load conditions including
correspondLichdescribedNotlandebedingungen.
b. InthecaseofBetaccountoftherescuesystem,mabovesealevel,thestorageand
thesurroundingstructureableKISSINGbeampossiblyoccurringRckstoforce
take.
c. TheBetmentdeviceshallbemountedsothattheyfromFlugzeugfphones,even
underaccelerationconditions,unhinderedaccessibleandeasytobet'sterm.
d. The cell must be between the connection points of the ropes and the seats and on
schnallgurten (including Lich) to be able, the Entfaltungssto the rescue system

accordingAESSLTFL563(a)(b)tocarry.
e. Itmustbedemonstratedthatthecorrectfunctionoftherescuesystemunlikelywill
not.
f. Therescuesystemmusttheangleofthecockpitwhensoadjustksurchargecanthat
the injury f r the pilot is low. Here, both a possible wind impact and the loss of
aircraftpartstoaboutcksichtigen.Unlessweitereworkreceivingaid(suchasanair
bagorarigidchassis)arepreview,theLshouldngsneigungswinkelthecockpitat
impactbetween20and40are.
LTFL831ventilation
a. TheFhrerspacehassufficientundernormalflightconditionsbelftetbe.
b. Thecarbonmonoxideconcentrationmustpartin20,000partsofairnotaboveexceed.
c. WithopenorunverkleidetemFbehrerspacemustensurethattheoffpuffgasethe
enginecertainlyarenotinhaledbythecrewknnen.
LTFL857Electricalgroundconnections
a. IftheLuftsportgertfurwinchormotorvehicletowingAlignedis stet must be
tween the metallic parts of the tow and the STICK consist ppels an electrically
conductiveconnection.
The cross section

of the electrically conductive ground connections must at
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b. The cross section of the electrically conductive ground connections must at
Kupferausfhtionisnotlessthan1.33mmbe.
LTFL881GH
Reliabledevicesforsafetransportandforliftingoftheairsportsequipmentmustbe
provided.
LTFL883Groundclearance
a. TheLeitwerksflchenshouldhaveaminimumgroundclearanceof0.10mwhenthe
Tragflchenspitzethegroundoverleads.
b. IftheTragflchenspitzethegroundoverleads,totheYEARSenginedaileronat
fulldeflectiondownwardsnotthegroundoverhear.
LTFL885cowlings
Detachablepanelmustbesecurelyconnectedtothestructuralintegrity.
PowerPlant
LTFL901DefinitionandInstallation
a. Theapplicantmustdemonstratethateachcombinationofengine,exhaustsystemand
propellerinaLuftsportgert,furoneMusterprtionisprovidedwiththejeweili
geneLuftsportgertconsistent,satisfactorymannerandwithinthespecifiedsizes
zencanbeoperatedsafely.
b. Forpowerplantforchoosethepartsthat
1. frpropulsionarenecessaryand
2. affectthesafetyofthepropulsionunit.
c. Theenginehastobebuilt,arrangedandinstalledsothat
1. asafeoperatingproceduresensured,and
2. itfrthenecessaryPrtestsandmaintenancetrainACCESSIBLEis.
Notesto(c)(1):
Asproofshallberecognized:
Statictestwiththecompletepowerplantofatleast3hoursduration.
First,theenginemustbefor1hourwith75%ofmax.runtimeperformance.
Connectingenditistooperateaccordingtothefollowingprograms:
10timesstartingandswitchingoff,startingand5min.
Idle5min.Fullload
5min.Coolingrun(idlespeed)
5min.Fullload
15Min.75%continuouspower
15min.Fullload
Stoptheengineandletitcooldown,repeatprogram.Here,thepowerplantorthecell
mayatanypartialdamageoccurwhichaffecttheoperationalsafety.
LTFL902Luftsportgertewithretractablethrustersorpropellers
Luftsportgertewithretractablethrustersorpropellershavethefollowingdemandshefill:
a. TheretractionandextensionneedswithouttheriskofBeschendingandwithout
beSonderer skill and special expenditure of force or berm AESS strength time
expenditurerequired,mbepossible.
b. Thefoldingdevicehastobelockedintherespectiveendpositionkcan.The air
sportsequipmentliketefphonesmustbedisplayedbyanysuitablemeansthatthis
mechamechanismisfullysecuredorretracted.
c. Front doors d RFEN not impede the extension and retraction and m KISSING
againstAirstreamliketermbesecuredopen.
MustbefittedsothattheWwarmthofthemotordoesnotcausefireormaycause
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d. MustbefittedsothattheWwarmthofthemotordoesnotcausefireormaycause
anotherhazardouscondition.
e. Whentheengineiscollapsedandwduringtheextensionandretractionmayfuel
andlubricantnotFoundhrlichenquantitiesfromtheengineoritsconstructionand
accessoriesemergerteilen.
LTFL903engine
Themotormustbeincludedinthesampleinspectionofairsportsequipmentorbe
admittedasapattern.
Inthesampleinspectionofairsportsequipmentincludedmotorexamination:
Whenthemotorisdesignedforaspecificpatternofairsportsequipment,thecontinuous
testcanbeperformedinthisgyroplanethan50hourflighttest.
Theflighttestshouldincludeatleast:
50starts,
5Fgeofatleastonehour'sdurationand
30Steigflgeatleast500mabovesealeveloverreason,thestartingpoweratleastmust
betakenfiveminutescontinuously.OftheseSteigflgenshouldMinimleast15insummer
temperatures(atleast20Catthebottom)carriedleadswhothe.
Theinstallationinstructionsofthemotormanufactureraretobeconsidered.
LTFL925safetydistancesforpropeller
Inuncladpropellerssecurityclearancesatmaximumweight,themostunfavorablecenter
ofgravityanditspropellerintheworstinclinesettingmaynotfallbelowthefollowing
values:
(A)distancefromtheground:Atleast170mmbetweenthepropellerandtheground.Here,the
suspensionmustbeweightloadeddormantandthegyroplaneinnormalhorizontalstartposition
orrollattitudeare,whicheveristhemostcriticalsituation.Additionally,inahorizontalstart
positionasafedistancebetweenthepropellerandthegroundbepresentwhen
1.thecriticaltirecompletelydepressurizedandYEARSenginedshockstrut
rubasedspringsarecompressedor
2. thecriticalshockstrutatthestopandtheYEARSenginedtirespringsare
compresseddormant.
b. DistancefromLuftsportgertteilen:
1. Atleast25mmradialclearancebetweenthebladetipsandtheadjacent
Luftsportgertteilenplusthezustzlichenradialdistancewhichis
necessarytoschavoidlethalvibrations,inparticularthespringtravelof
theelasticruleUnlkarengungtoaboutcksichtigen.
2. At least 13 mm L ngsabstand between Propellerbl LEAVES or their
WurzelverliningsandotherLuftsportgertteilen.
3. SafedistancebetweenotherrotatingpartsofthepropellerortheNabenhaube
(Spinner)andotherLuftsportgertteilenunderalloperatingconditions.
c. Distancefromtheoccupant:
anappropriatedistancemustbebetweenthe(the)propeller(s)andtheoccupantbe
EXISTINGto,soitisnotpossibleforthebeltedintheseatoccupanttoinadvertently
comeintocontactwith(the)propeller(s).
FuelSystem
LTFL951General
a. Eachfuelsystemmustbeconstructedandarrangedsuchthatafuelflowisensured
withtheamountandthepressureasfrtheproperoperationofthemotorrequired
underallnormaloperatingconditions.
Eachfuelsystemmustbearrangedsothatfrthesupplyofanengineonlyfroma
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b. Eachfuelsystemmustbearrangedsothatfrthesupplyofanengineonlyfroma
containerlikeolderfuelisremoved,unlessthatAirspaceumeofcontainerlter
aremutuallyconnectedsuchthatthecontainerlteruniformlyAESSigempty.
Thefuelsystemmustbedesignedsothatnovaporlockmayoccur.
LTFL955fuelflow
a. Casetanks.
Thefuelflowwithgravityfeed(bothmainandreservesupply)foreachenginemustbeat
thestartperformanceoftheengine150%offuelconsumption.
b. Plantswithfuelpumps.
Thefueldeliveryofeachconveyorsystem(bothmainandreservesupply)must125%of
thestartfuelatthesetforthemotorhigheststartingpowerbewear.
LTFL959Nonausfliegbarefuelreserve
Thenonausfliegbareresidualfuelquantityforeachtankmustbeestablished,inwhichthe
mostdifficultfuelsupplyconditionscurrencyrendtakeoff,climb,approachandduring
landing,whichisthefueltankunderthrown,firstasaminimumtheamountsignsshowing
intermittentsupply.
Youmustnotbegreaterthan5%ofthetankcapacity.
LTFL963fueltankGeneral
a. Eachfueltanklterneedstovibratorystresses,Massenkrften,Fllarly
keitsbelastungenanduolderKrften,whichitmaybesubjectedinoperation
withoutwithstandversay.
b. Ifthe"sloshing"ofthefuelinthetanklikelterfocusofLuftsportgertes
significantlyvercanchange,mbeprovidedKISSINGfacilitiesthatthe
"spillover"toanacceptableMadecrease.
LTFL965examinationoffueltanks
Eachfueltankmustwithstandwithoutfailureorleakageanoverpressureof0.1bar(1.5
psi).
LTFL967mountingthefueltank
a. EachfueltanklterhassoTieredbeTZTthatconcentratedloadsthatresultfrom
themassofthefuel,canbeavoided.Darberaddition
1. m above sea KISSING, cushion if necessary be provided to chafing between
eachtankanditsAbstpreventandestimates
2. thematerialsthatthedistancesaboveestimationorpaddingthedistancesabove
are used estimation, d RFEN not absorptive be hig or m above sea

KISSINGbetreatedtoaDurchtrLIMITATIONwillfuelprevented.
b. Eachcontainerltereinbauraummustbelbeftetandprovidedwithdrainagetothe
accumulation of combustible Fl larities or D etc. to prevent fights. Each of the

container like older adjacent room must also good bel be ftet and provided with
drainage.
c. Nofueltankltermaybeontheenginesideofthefirewall.Betweenthefueltank
lterandthefirewallmustbeagapofatleast15mmmaybepresent.
d. Itmustbedemonstratedthattheinstallationofthecontainerlteroperationof
LuftsportgerDisabledtesorthenormalmovementoftheoccupantinanywayand
thatleakingfueltheoccupantcannothitdirectly.
e. A Besch evaluating the structure due to a hard landing, when the landing gear
aboveisaboutthebreakingloadclaimedaway,theloadsbutwithintheemergency
landingliegenmaynotatafractionofthefueltanklterorthefuellinefuhear.
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LTFL971fueltank
a. Each fuel tank lter must, if it is permanently installed, have a dischargeable sump
whichiseffectiveinallnormalgroundandflightattitudesandStoragecapacitygen
of0.10%ofthecontainerlterfassungsvermgensor120cmhasmafactoristhe
grOLSerevalue,possess,unless
1. ThefuelsystemhasatrainfordrainingnglichesAbscheidegefAESSor
adepositionchamberwithaStoragecapacitygenof25cm,
2.each fuel tank lterauslass is arranged so that in normal bottom layer of water
from all parts of the container lter for Abscheidegef AESSor the chamber l
runs.
b. ThedrainagemustbeeasytrainACCESSIBLEandeasytobethisterm.
c. Eachdrainthefuelsystemmustbelockedbymanualorautomaticmeanssicherin
theclosedpositionkcan.
LTFL973fillingfueltanks
Thefillingofthefueltankmustbeoutsidetheparticularforthepassengercompartment,
unlessthefueltankmustbetakenforfillingoutofthisroomout.Moldedfuelmustnotin
the fuel tank compartment or any anderen Part of air sports equipment, except in the
containercanitselfarrive.
LTFL975ventthefueltank
Eachfueltankmustbeventilatedintheupperpartofitsexpansionspace.Furthermore,
itmust
a. eachBelftungsauslassbesoarrangedanddesignedthattheriskofitsblockageby
iceorotherFremdkbodytoaminimumlevelbeschrisnt,
b. eachBelVENTILATIONbedesignedsothatanextractionoffuelthroughvacuum
wavoidshingnormaloperation,
c. eachBelVENTILATIONoutsideFoundareleads.
LTFL977fuelstrainersandfilters
a. A fuel filter between the fuel tank must lterauslass and the carburetor inlet be
installed(orthemotordrivenpumpifavailable).
b. EachstrainerorfiltermusteachdrainingandcleaningeasytrainbeACCESSIBLE.
LTFL993fuellinesandfittings
a. Each fuel line must be installed and fixed that berm AESS owned vibrations are
preventedandthatthestresseswithstandsltarisingfromthefuelpressureandthe
accelerationsinflight.
b. Each fuel line connected to components of Luftsportger secured tes that their
situation zueiNander ver change k can must take precautions f u have r

resilience.
c.Frflexiblehosesmustbeproventhattheyfraresuitedtotherespectivetouse
items.
d. Allfuellinesandfittingsintheareafeuergeffromtheenginehrdetis,mabove
seaKISSINGbeatleastfireretardant.
e. Leakage from any fuel line or connection may not at hei e surface like chen or
equipmen impinge stungen, so that a fire can be caused, nor may the home sat
directlyhit.
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LTFL995fuelvalvesandcontrolequipment
a. TheremustbeadevicethatallowstheLuftsportgertfhrerermtheenginein
flightremedyglicht,thefuelsupplyquickly.
b. Noshutoffvalvemaybeontheenginesideofthefirewall.
c. Thelinesectionbetweenthefuelshutoffvalveandthecarburettormustbeasshort
asbepossible.
d. Each fuel shutoff valve must be either fixed Conn ge or effective pegs in the
positions"on"and"to"have.
lubricantsystems
LTFL1011General
a. Whenanengineisequippedwithanoilsystem,itshallmeettheenginewitha
sufficientamountlsupplyofatemperaturekcanthatthefursafecontinuous
operationspecifiedHwaxednotworthexceeds.
b. EachoilsystemmusthaveafrtheHwaxedflightdurationofLuftsportgertes
sufficientusableStoragecapacityhavegen.
LTFL1013lubricantreservoir
a. SchmierstoffbehltermaboveseaKISSINGbeinstalledsothatthey
1. the requirements acc AESS Chapter LTFL 967 points (a), (b), and (d) erf
casesand
2. allcyclicloads,MassenkrftenandFlssigkeitsbelastungenthatoccurinthe
operationkcanwithstand.
b. The lubricant supply must without removal of trim parts (except handhole cover)
withouttheuseoftoolsDaytonaPleaseftkcan.
c. If the Schmierstoffbeh lter is installed in the engine room, it must be made of
fireproofmaterial.
LTFL1015examinationoflubricantcontainers
LubricantreservoirmustbesubjectedtothetestslistedinLTFL965,however,pressure
testsmustbecarriedoutatapressureof0.25bar(5psi).
LTFL1017lubricantlinesandfittings
a. LubricantlinesmaboveseaKISSINGLTFL993erfcasesandeachlubricantline
andfittingmustbemadeoffireproofmaterial.
b. BelftungsleitungenmaboveseaKISSINGbearrangedsothat
1. atnopointcondensationoreastl,whichcanfreezeandleadverplugkcan
accumulatemight
2. theAusminventionofBelftungsleitunginfoamingneitherafirehazard
isstillleakingfromthepipelubricantwindshieldofairsportsequipmentlike
tefhrerscanpollute
3. theBelnotftungsleitungintheairinductionsystemoftheenginemfriend
4. with swivel motor a lubricant outlet by Bel ftungsleitung at fullst
constantlyfoldedmotormnotispossible.
cooling
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LTFL1041General
Thedeviceforenginecoolingmustbeabletomaintainthetemperaturesofallcomponents
oftheengineandenginefluidswithinthetemperaturelimits,whichhasprovidedforall
probableoperatingstatesoftheModoormanufacturerortheLuftsportgerteherstellerhas
setfortheseoperatingconditionsasrequired.
Intake
LTFL1091Airintakesystem
Theairinductionsystemfortheengineneedstoensurethesupplyofthenecessary
quantitiesofairtotheengineunderalllikelyoperatingconditions.Thepenetrationof
foreignbodiescarcases(grass,dirt,etc.)mustbepreventedeffectivelybymeansofafilter.
exhaustsystem
LTFL1121General
a. TheexhaustsystemhasasecureDepguide the exhaust gases without Feuergef
hrdungandwithoutairpollutionbycarbonmonoxideinthefr the Luftsportger

tefhrerlimitedhoursthroomgewhrleisten.
b. Eachpartoftheexhaustsystem,itssurfacelikesurfaceiswarmenoughto
combustibleFllaritiesorDfightstoentzends,mustverbatimsohousedand
shieldedthattheLeckagefromanyplant,thecombustibleFllaritiesorDfightsf
leads,nofireinfollowimpingementofFllaritiesorDstrugglingtoanypartof
theexhaustsystem,aclosingLichtheshieldsfrtheexhaustsystemcaused.
c.Smtliche parts of the exhaust system m above sea KISSING from adjacent flammable
partsofairsportsgerthgenbeseparatedbequietlyremoved,orbyfireproofshields.
d.ExhaustdRFENnotFoundDANGEROUSNheofAbllouverThefueland
Schmierstoffanlageemerge.
e. AllpartsoftheexhaustsystemmaboveseaKISSINGbelbeftetsothatitatno
pointbermAESSmayighohentemperatures.
LTFL1125exhaustpipe
a. ThefluepipemustbemadeoffireproofmaterialsandhavearrangementstoSch
thebyexpansioninadultspreventWARMINGtooperatingtemperature.
b. ThefluepipemustbemountedsothattheyallvibratorystressesandMassenkr
ftenwithstandslt,whichtheyaresubjectedduringnormaloperationkmight.
c. Parts of the exhaust pipe, which are connected to components between which
Relativbewegungeneoccurkcan,muhaveKISSINGflexibleconnections.
Operatingdevicesandauxiliaryequipmentoftheengine
LTFL1141General
Theportionofeachenginecontrolunitintheenginecompartment,whichmustbeoperated
incaseoffire,mustbemadeoffireretardantmaterialatleast.
LTFL1145ignitionswitch
a. ItmaboveseaKISSINGswitchbeprovidedtoeachZdisablendkreis.
b. Each Z ndstromkreis must independently be switched ngig and f u r his bet
accountmaynotbetlikehisaccountofanyotherswitchrequired.
c. ZStartSwitchmaboveseaKISSINGbearrangedordesignedthatunintendedBet
accountisverstops.
d. TheZStartSwitchmaynotasthemainswitchfareusedrothercircles.
LTFL1149propellerspeed
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Speedandpitchofthepropellermustbelimitedtovaluesthatensuresafeoperationunder
normaloperatingconditions.
a. Wduringtakeoffandtheclimbattherecommendedspeedfrbestclimbhasthe
propeller,theenginespeedatfullgeOPENEDthrottletoaspeedbelimits,theh
chstzulssigespeednotaboveBerschrides.
b. WduringaglidingVNEatclosedthrottleorwhentheenginemustpropellercause
any engine speed, the above 110% of h chstzul lar motor speed or propeller
speed,mafactoristhesmallervalueis.
Fireprotection
LTFL1191BrandScot
a. TheenginemustbeoftheabovebrigenpartsofLuftsportgerbeseparatedtesby
firebulkheadsUmmantepaymentsorotherequivalentdevices.
b. FirebulkheadsandsheathsmaboveseaKISSINGsoexecutedbeleadsthatFl
larities,gassesorflamenotFoundhrlichemMaefromtheenginecompartmentto
otherpartsofLuftsportgerreachteskcan.
c. Fire bulkheads and sheaths m above sea KISSING gesch fireproof and resistant to
corrosionbeTZT.
Notesto(a),AcceptableMeansofCompliance
Thefollowingmaterialsaretobeusedforfirebulkheadsorsheathsasfireproofwithout
specialtestsarecarriedoutwiththem:
a. Stainlesssteelsheetof0.38mmthickness,
b. Flowsheetsteel(platedwithaluminumorotherwiseagainstcorrosiongeschTZT)
of0.5mmthickness,
c. Fireprotectionvalvesofsteelalloysorcopperbasedalloys.
LTFL1193enginecoverandgondola
Forpaneledengineinstallations,thefollowingapplies:
a. Cowlings m above sea KISSING be so constructed and installed as to all
Schwingungsbeanspruchungen, mass and Luftkr withstand ften, where they will

besubjectedinoperationknnen.
b. ItmaboveseaKISSINGinstitutionsexist,whichcauseleakagesubstancesfromall
partsofthelininginthenormalgroundandflightdocumentsquicklyandcompletely
flowawayskcan.LeaksubstancesdRFENnotDeflecatlocationsaboveare
leads,wheretheyformafirehazard.
c. Allpartsoftheenginecowling,theresultoftheNexposedheightofpartsofthe
exhaustsystemorinsequenceacteduponbygaseshightemperatures,mKISSING
fireproofexecutedhisleads.
SectionFequipment
General
LTFL1301Functionandinstallation
a. EachpartoftheequipmenStungmust
1. beappropriatetothetypeanddesignofitsintendedfunction,
2. toidentify,inaccordanceifrequiredAESSitsfunctionoritsloadingoperating
limitsoranyapplicablecombinationofthesefactorsbebeschriftet,
3. gemAESSthefurtheseequipmenStungspecifiedlimitsbeinstalledand
4. workproperlywheninstalled.
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NotestoLTFL1301(a)
1. Thesmoothfunctioningshouldnotbyicing,heavyrainorhighhumidity
adverselybechtigt.
2. If Flugsicherungsausr stungsger t installed, should demonstrated
whothethattheelectricalsystemisnotinitsfunctionadverselychis
taken.
b. GerteandotherequipmenstungendRFENneitherfritselfnorbyitsimpact
ontheLuftsportgerlikeitssafeoperationFoundthurdles.
LTFL1303Flugberwachungsandnavigationequipment
Thefollowingairtrafficcontrolunitsmustbeinstalledinallairsportsequipment:
1. anairspeedindicator
2. anHaltimeter
Withmotorizedairsportsequipment,amagneticcompassisadditionallyrequired.
LTFL1305enginemonitors
Inmotorizedairsportsequipmentfollowingenginemonitoringdevicesshallbe
installed:
a. The pressure, temperature and Drehzahlanzeigeger te that calls the engine
manufacturer,orwhicharenecessarytooperatetheenginewithinitsborders
b. freachfueltanklterafuelquantityindicator,thefrtheLuftsportgertf
hrerwhenitisbuckled,isvisible
c. aneastlvorratsanzeigerfreachBehlter,egdipstick.
LTFL1307otherequipment
Foreachpassengeraseatbeltmustbepresent.
DeviceInstallation
LTFL1321arrangementandvisibility
TheFlugberwachungsandnavigationdevicesmustbelocatedclearlyandbeeasytoread
foreachpilot.
NotetoLTFL1321
Tomeetthisrequirement,itmaybeinneedfortheairtrafficcontrolunitsarealso
duplicatedinnonmotorizedairsportsequipmentwithdualcontrols.
LTFL1323airspeedindicatingsystem
a. EachairspeedindicatingsystemmustbecalibratedsothattheairspeedtrueFlugge
speedinMeereshheatNormalatmosphreahchstzullarerrorsinthesystem
ofnotmorethan6km/hor5%,mafactoristhegrOLSerevalue,indicating
namely f r following speed range: 1.2 Vs 1 to V NE and with Fl gelklappen in
neutralpositionandretractedairbrakes.
b. Determiningtheerrorcurveoftheairspeedindicatingsystemmustbemadeinflight.
c. TheairspeedindicatingsystemmustfrspeedsbetweenVsoandatleast1.05times
ofVNEtobedesigned.
LTFL1325Staticpressuresystem
a. EachGertwhosegolikeuseisconnectedtothestaticpressuremust,soentlbe
ftet thattheinfluence of the airspeed of the Luftsportgertes,theeast opening and

closingsofwindows,moistureorotherFremdkbodytheaccuracyofGertenot
significantlyadverselychtigen.
b. Thestaticpressuresystemmustbesodesignedandinstalledthat
1. safedischargeofimmersioninwatermispossible,
ScrubthelinesandbermAESSstrength deformation or constriction at Kr

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2. ScrubthelinesandbermAESSstrength deformation or constriction at Kr
mrulesinthelinesisavoided,and
3. the materials usedpermanently f r suited the purpose intended and gesch to
corrosionareTZT.
a. Gerteandtheirlines
1. The lines of the aircraft engine MONITOR te m above sea KISSING
demandsinLTFL993erfcases.
2. Lines, the flammable, pressurized Fl larities f u hear, m KISSING to the
pressuresourcewithconstrictionbe provided ments or other safety devices,

sothatwhenalinebreakisnotabovebermAESSigmuchFlcanescapeality.
b. ExposedSchauglser,whichserveasafuelquantityindicator,mKISSINGagainst
BeschgeschdigungbeTZT.
Electricalsystemsandequipment
LTFL1353Designandinstallationofcollectorbatteries
a. CollectorsbatteriesmaboveseaKISSINGdesignedinaccordancewiththeprovisions
ofthispointanditsbuilta.
b. Explosive or toxic gases that the storage battery during normal operation or due ir
quietlyamescaperesembledfailureofthechargerorthebatterysystem,dRFEN
notingefhrlichenamountsLuftsportgertaccumulatekcan.
c. CorrosiveFllaritiesorDvaporsthatescapefromthebatterykcan,d RFEN
not Sch to the surrounding Festigkeitsverb or important at adjacent equipmen

stungsteilenfuhear.
LTFL1365Electriccablesandequipment
a. Eachelectricallinemusthaveasufficientcrosssectionandproperlyversetsmaybe
attachedandconnectedsothatshortcircuitssseandfirearelargelyexcluded.
b. FreachelectricGertneedabeberstromprotectivedeviceavailable.Noguard
mustfrmorethanafubeflightsafetycircuitessentialbetruer.
Otherequipment
LTFL1431AirTrafficControlDevices
EachexistingAirTrafficControldevicemustmeetthefollowingconditions:
a. TheequipmendStungandtheirantennasRFENneitherfraloneorbytheway
theyoperate,evenbytheirinfluenceontheperformanceoftheLuftsportgertsand
itsequipmenformStunghazards.
b. The equipmen Stung and their operating and berwachungsorgane m above sea
KISSINGbearrangedsothattheyareeasilyoperatedkcan.Theirinstallationmust
besuchthattheyavoidtheformationofoverheatingenoughbelareftet.
LTFL1441oxygenplantsandsupply
a. SauerstoffanlagenmabovecorrespondKISSINGanapprovedtype.
b. SauerstoffanlagendRFEN neither f r form a hazard alone nor by the way they
operate,evenbytheirinfluenceonotherparts.
c. ItmaboveseaKISSINGinstitutionsexist,whichthecrewermequalized in flight
the features PORTABLE amount of oxygen in each container determine lter

immediately.
OxygenRESERVOIR lter m above sea KISSING be installed so that they do not
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d. OxygenRESERVOIR lter m above sea KISSING be installed so that they do not
constituteasourceofdangerincrashes.
LTFL1449meansfordetectingtheoxygensupply
Theremustbefacilities,itallowsthecrewtodeterminewhetheroxygenisdeliveredtothe
masks.
SectionGLimitationsandInformation
LTFL1501General
a. All1505toLTFL1525aufgefinLTFLhardshipsoperatinglimitationsandother
limitations and information that f u r safe operation are required m above sea
KISSINGbedetermined.
b. Theoperatinglimitationsandotherinformationthatfursafeoperationarerequiredm
aboveseaKISSINGtheFlugzeugfhrertrainbe ACCESSIBLE, as prescribed in

LTFL1541toLLTF1585th
LTFL1505airspeeds
a. AllairspeedsmaboveseaKISSINGastheairspeedindicatordisplayedspeeds(IAS)
aredefined.
NotestoLTFL1505(a)
Speeds (EAS), which arise from the structural limits should be converted
accordingly.
b. TheHMaximumspeedV NE must0.9timesthehoursnextinflighttestnachge
designatedspeed(VDF)notaboveexceed.
c. VDFallowedtheBemessungshMaximumspeedV D notaboveexceedandnotless
than 0.9 times the Bemessungsh Maximum speed according AESS be LTFL 335
(f).
LTFL1507maneuveringspeed
ThemaneuveringspeedmusttheratedmaneuveringspeedVAunderLTFL335
(A)notexceed.
LTFL1511speedforoperatingthewingflaps
With no positive wing flap position (see LTFL 335) be within the maximum Geschwin
speedforoperatingthewingflapsVFEnotbegreaterthan0.95timestheGeschwinspeedV
F accordingtoLTFL335(b),forthestrengthoftheassociationisdesigned.
LTFL1513speedforextensionandretractionoftheengine
Therangeofairspeedsforextensionandretractionoftheenginemusttogethermenwiththe
associatedoperatinglimitsareset.
LTFL1515speedforlandinggearoperating
The maximum permissible speed for operating the landing gear V LO must be set for
retractablelandinggear,ifyouarelessthanthemaximumspeedV NE is.Youshouldvary
butnotlessthanVTorVWbeofwhicheverisgreater.
LTFL1517speedinroughair
ThespeedinroughairVRAmaythedesignspeedwithmaximumgustsstressfreeflightVB
,whichwasestablished335(c)inLTFL,notexceed.
LTFL1518rateforAerotowandwinchlaunchandcartowing
a. ThehchstzulssigespeedfraerotowingallowedtheratedspeedV T whichin
conformity has been established with LTFL 335 (d), and the demonstrated in flight
testsspeed,notaboveexceed.
b. The h chstzul ssige speed f r winch launch and car towing may the Bemes
sungsgeschwindigkeit V W which in conformity has been established with LTFL

335(e),
andthedemonstratedinflighttestsspeednotexceed.
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13.8.2016
LTFL1519massandcenterofgravity
a. The in LTFL 25 (a) defined H waxed mass must be established as an operating
limit.
b. Themassofnonliftingpartsmustbeset.
c. The boundary layers 23 defined in LTFL f r focus m above sea KISSING be
establishedasoperatinglimitations.
d. The mass and the YEARS engined gravity positions m above sea KISSING in
conformitybedeterminedwithLTFL29th
LTFL1521enginelimitations
Theenginelimitsmustbesetsothattheydonotexceedthecorresponding,fromtheengine
manufacturer and specified by the propeller manufacturer limits, unless the applicant has
satisfactorilyestablishedthatinconnectionwithde,Aircrafthigherlimitscanbeusedsafely.
LTFL1529ServiceManual
A maintenance manual containing the information considered by the manufacturer for
propermaintenanceisessential,mustbecreated.Themanufacturermusttakeintoaccount
whendrawinguptherelevantinformationatleast:
a. Descriptionoftheequipment
b. Abschmierpl by specifying the H ne ufigkeit of smearing, the lubricant and the
SchmierfllaritiesthatareusedinthevarioussystemsmaboveseaKISSING
c. Drblocksandelectricalloadsthatfrthedifferentsystemsareapplicable
d. TolerancesandadjustmentsforproperfunctioningoftheLuftsportgeraretsneces
dig
e. Amethodforjackingup,liftingandhaulingontheground
f. AmethodforweighingtheSteuerflchenandhchstzulssigevaluesfrMatch
thebearingpinandbacklashofthecontrolcircuits
g. The gem AESS LTFL 411 (b) f u r rope controls to be determined zul lar cable
tensions
h. Specifyingtheprimaryandsecondarystructure
i. HufigkeitandextentofPrteststhatfrtheproperlyAESSemaintenanceof
airsportsgertsarenecessary
j. SpecialmaintenanceproceduresfrtheLuftsportgert
k. SpecialPrfverfahren.includingthelistofspecialtools
l. DetailsfrtheWsupplyanddeterminingthecenterofgravity,thefr the st
approximatelyfreefreeoperationoftheLuftsportgertsarenecessary
m. Determining the runtime and lifetime time limits (or replacing overhaul of parts,
accessoriesrteilenandadditionaldeviceswhicharesubjecttotheabovetimelimits,
unless those limits are aufgef in the under (n) above sea hardships documents
specified)
n. List of maintenance documents f r parts, accessories Login Password Not
attachmentswhichindehngigfromLuftsportgertbeenapproved
o. Materialsfrsmallrepairsareneeded
p. Recommendationsfrthecleaningandmaintenance
q. ClickfrtheestablishmentandAbrcosts
r. Indicationofcontactpointsfrthegroundtransportation
s. Listoflabelsandmarkings,aswellasthemountinglocations.
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13.8.2016
Markingsandlabels
LTFL1541General
a. TheLuftsportgerbetmustbeequippedwith
1. the1545to1557LTFLsetinLTFLmarkingsandLetteringgeneand
2. allzustzlicheninformation,Gertekennzeichnungenandlabelsthatfursafe
operationarerequiredifitungewhavingsimilardesignfeatures,operations,
oroperatingcharacteristics.
b. Allinparagraph(a)ofthisparagraphspecifiedmarkingsandlabels
1. maboveseaKISSINGbeplacedinaprominentplaceand
2. dRFENnoteasilyremoved,verchangedordifficulttoreadkcan.
c. TheMaunitsfrtheindicationofairspeedonthelabelsmaboveseaKISSINGbe
thesameasthoseusedontheairspeedindicator.
LTFL1543devicesmarks:General
Foralldevices:
a. IfmarkingsonthecoverglassofGerbeattachedtes,dafmustr be ensured that
thecoverglassitscorrectpositionagainstberofdialbehlt.
b. AllBgenandstrokesmaboveseaKISSINGbewideenoughandpositionedsothat
theyfrtheFlightzeugfphonesareclearlyvisibleanddonotcoverpartsofthe
dial.
LTFL1545Fahrtenmesser
Thefollowingmarkingsshallbeapplied:
a. FurVNEaredradialline
b. frtheupperwarningrange,ayellowarcthatofV NE toManVvergeschwindig
speedAsufficient
c. f r the normal operating range a gr ner sheet whose lower limit the Geschwin
speed 1.1 Vs 1 at H waxed mass, (Fl gelklappen in neutral position, see LTFL
335)theandlandinggearretractedandtheupperlimitManvergeschwindigkeitV A
forms
d. frtheoperatingrangewithFlgelklappenaweihebow,thelowerlimitofthe
berziehgeschwindigkeit 1.1 Vso at H waxed weight and the upper limit of the
permissiblessigeHMaximumspeedVFEfrpositiveflapdeflectionforms.
Foreachenginemonitoringdevice,suitablyapplicabletothetypeofdevice:
AlllargestandifapplicablethesmallestlimitsforsafeoperationMssenbe
markedwitharedradialline.
LTFL1553fuelquantityindicator
Eachfuelquantityindicatormustbemarkedsothatithorizontallyattitude"zero"on
indicateswhenthecontainerinremainingquantityoffuelcalculatedinaccordancewith
LTFL949notusablefuelequivalent.
LTFL1555markingthecontrolandoperatinginstitutions
a. AllcontrolsandoperatinginstitutionsinFhrerspace,exceptforthemaincontroller,
mKISSINGbeclearlyidentifiedintermsoftheirfunctionandoperation.
NotestoLTFL1555(a)
Thedesignationofthecontrolsshouldinsteadoflabelspreferablymadeeasy
understandableandcommonlyusedsymbols.
The Foreign semechanismus f r the rescue system is unambiguous and clearly
56/59
13.8.2016
b. The Foreign semechanismus f r the rescue system is unambiguous and clearly
visible to markdrawing and shall be located so that faulty operation with large it
maybelikelytobejoined.
c. The colorcodingof the control and operating elements maboveseaKISSING with
theconditionsspecifiedinLTFL780preparedtovote.
d. Froperatingdevicesofthefuelsystemapplies:
1. Eachfuelselectorswitchmustbemarkedsothateachforcestoffbeh
lterappropriatepositionisvisible.
2. Iftheoperationalreliability,theparticularorderintheuseofthe
container,etc.requiresolder,musttothetankselectorswitchesornext
totheorderinwhichthecontainersetc.aregivenaretouseolder.
LTFL1557Miscellaneousmarkingsandlabels
a. Luggageckraum:EachLuggagebeattachedckraumhasalabel,onwhichtheload
limitisspecified.
b. Theintroductionllopeningsfrfuelmcutswereorbeinadditiontothefiller
capswiththeminimumspecification.
c. Fueltanklter.TheausfliegbareKraftstofffassungsvermgenofeachcontainerlter
musteitheronthetankselectorswitchorthequantityindicator(ifpresent)oronthe
fueltanklterbemarkedwhenthistranslucentandinflightfrtheLuftfahrzeugf
visiblephones.
d. Startingtheengineinflight.IftheflyRestrictwhenstartingtheengineONSmust
beobserved,adiesbezmustPossiblelabelingbepresent.
e. InLuftsportgerthwithLanderadorrcountriesshouldthetirepressureonorin
theairsportsequipmentetc.aregivent.
f. Ifremovableballastisused,theinstallationfmustrbeprovidedtheballastwitha
Belettering,theinstructionsfrthecorrectplacementoftheexitingableballastfr
allBeladungszustndecontainslt, f r the the respective removable Balload is
required.
g. Loadingplan:InanyLuftsportgerthasfrtheLuftfahrzeugfhrerclearlyvisible
asignwiththefollowinginformationbeprovided:
maximummass
Maximum and Minimum payload to the driver , said at motorized
air sports equipment, the maximum payload with full fuel tanks must be
indicated.
h. Hchstzulssigenominalstrengthoftheweakpoint.
LTFL1559Notesonoperatinglimits
Inallairsportsequipmentfollowingspeedsmustinviewofthepilotbegiven(unless
markedontheairspeed):
a. thehchstzulssigespeedfrwinchlaunchandcartowingVw(ifwinchstartand
cartowingisallowed)
b. thehchstzulssigespeedfraerotowingVT(ifaerotowingishepermitted)
c. theManvergeschwindigkeitVA
d. thehchstzulssigespeedfrtheloweringthelandinggearVLo,ifapplicbar.
FlightManual
LTFL1581General
FreachLuftsportgertmustermustbepreparedandsubmittedtoaflightmanual.
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13.8.2016
a. FreachLuftsportgertmustermustbepreparedandsubmittedtoaflightmanual.
Each flight manual shall include at least the conditions laid down in LTFL 1583 to
LTFL1585specifications.
b. Subdivisionofthedetails:AllpartsoftheFlightManualofLuftsportgerts which
contain upLTFL1585 specified in LTFL 1583 specifications,mKISSING from

allotherpartsoftheFlightManualofLuftsportgerbeseparatedtsanddRFENnot
easyentremovedorfeaturebedeleteskcan
c. Zus USEFUL Information: All in LTFL 1583 to LTFL 1585 not specified
information, the due ungew of similar design, operation or operational

characteristicsfurarethesisafeoperationrequiredmsizesforVerfareprovided
supply,
d. Units:TheindicationofairspeedonthedialandtheAFMbookmustbeineachcase
inthesameunit.
AcceptableMeansofCompliancetoLTFL1581
FlightandMaintenanceManualcanbesummarizedasaclearseparationcanbeseen
throughthetableofcontents.
LTFL1583operatinglimits
a. Speedlimits:ThesemetersaboveseaKISSINGinclude:
1. Information that f u r demanded in LTFL 1545 mark the speed limits on the
airspeedindicatorisrequiredandtheimportanceofeachistheserlimitvalues
andtheimportanceofontheAnzeigegercolorsusedt.
2. The speeds V RA , V A , V LO , V T , V W and their meanings, where on
reversible.
b. Masses:thisshallbeindicated:
1. theHwaxedmassandHwaxedmassofnonliftingparts,
2. the unladen mass plus the mass of the rescue system and the position of the
emptyweightpunkts,themassoftherescuecomponentofWmustbegungs
emptymass,
3. thecompositionofthepayload,ie,occupant(s)and,ifavailable,Luggageck.
c. Load:TheinformationrequiredforthispurposemaboveseaKISSINGinclude:
1. theinformationrequiredunderLTFL23and25massandbalancelimitsalong
withthegemAESSLTFL29partscontainedintheemptyweight,
2. Information which makes it the Flugzeugf hrer erm resembled determine
whether the center of gravity and distribution of load at the various loading
combinationsstillsetpermlarrange,
3. DetailsfrthecorrectplacementoftheremovableballastfreachBecharge
state,frtheremovableballastisneeded.
d. LoadFactors:ThefollowingpositivesafeAbfanglastvielfachespecify:
1. furVA,pointsAandGinFigure1ofLTFL333(b)appropriatemultiples,
2. furVNEpointsDandEinFigure1ofLTFL333(b)appropriatemultiples.
e. BungeeStart:ThefollowinginformationmaboveseaKISSINGbemade:
1. Hchstzulssigetractionoftherubberropeat100%elongation.
f. Aerotowandwinchlaunchandcartowing:Thefollowinginformationfr Aircraft
towingwinchlaunchandcartowingmaboveseaKISSINGbemade:
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13.8.2016
1. theHchstzulssige nominal strength of the tow rope or the predetermined
breakingpoint,
2. thelowestinconformitywithLTFL151(d)fixedSeillnge.
3.Inwinchlaunchandcartowingthevaluesfrthecableforcelimit.
g. Fustart(EvenStart):IstheLuftsportgertfuStartingorderhig,mKISSING
allfrsafeFubestartthenecessaryinformation.
LTFL1585Operatingdataandprocedures
ItmustincludeinformationaboutnormalandemergencyproceduresandotherAngaben,
whicharenecessaryforsafeoperation,aremade,including:
a. Stallspeedinthevariousstateforms
b. eachHhenverlustofmorethan30metersoranyLngsneigungofmorethan
30degreesbelowthehorizon,thewwhilerecoveringthenormalattitudefora
Manoccursver,asdefinedinLTFL201
c. each H henverlust of more than 30 meters, the w while recovering the
normalattitudeforaManoccursver,asdefinedinLTFL203
d. Sideslippropertiesinthestateshapewithextendedairbrakes
e. atnoteigenstartfELIGIBLEmotorizedLuftsportgerbeincludedinthmust
AFM pointing out that the Luftsportger t not f r own start allowed. Au
additionmustbeclearfromthetextwhatstateformsfrthetowarepermitted
f. if necessary, special procedures for starting the engine in flight (eg airsports
equipmentlikethwithretractableengines).
LTFL1587Performancespecifications
Thefollowinginformationmustbecreated:
a. Displayerrorintheairspeedcalibration,
b. thedemonstratedcrosswindvelocity.
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13.8.

LTFL 785 seats and seat belts LTF

occupant is between 70 kg and 100 kg without using ballast according to LTFL 31

each atreversible requirement that provision of the operating behavior

b. removableballastusedforErh increasethemassofanoccupantto keep thecenter

1. towed flight, when the Fl gelklappenzustandsform is changed in steady

d. The customarily occurring in operation section Schleppseill gs must be

2. Ofctrl forceswhich exceed the above specifiedinLTFL143, or ge berm

c. Attemptsm abovesea KISSINGf o reachinstallationlocationandanyarrangement

claims above cases without the Flugzeugf hrer continue by Kr forces or

x V S1 and 1.5 x V S1 be the control force is less than 10

normal horizontal flight restore without an uncontrollable tendency to rotate or spin

properties(egSchSHAKING) or by a device that the clearly visible indicating

load significantly ge etc. is changed, the ge must MODIFIED distribution over

b. Certain parts of the strength Association m above sea KISSING be detected as

b. EvidenceofErfSettingofthedemandsofthissectionfr the load on the wing

345 specified in LTFL symmetrical flight conditions YEARS must engined H

KISSING by measurement, calculation or on the safe side Absch be occupied

accurate data are available, the gr can OLS te negative

, where V A in conformity with paragraph (a) of this

2. It is believed that the H henleitwerkslast corresponds to the static

2. The Fl gelklappen of the most positive to the most negative berlandflug

ii. Maneuvering load times corresponding to points above the line AD or

When flaps are used as resistanceinstitutions for the purpose of VELOCITY

2. F r secure propeller torque corresponding h | Next continuous power and

taking into cksichtisupply of aerodynamischen and Massenkr ften

direct control of Luftsportger ts to its L le, transverse or vertical axis (main

b. f r simultaneous Bet account through both Flugzeugf hrer in the opposite

Vn diagram is (the state with the greatest OLS older H henleitwerksbaseload be

load component P H to connect that the resultant at an angle of 30 engages the

2. A less than 45 to the L longitudinal axis backward and upward acting

breaking load corresponding to 4 times the Luftsportger tmasse engages the

c. Luftsportger te with retractable landing gear m be sized KISSING so that each

e. FrmotorizedLuftsportgerte with behind and aboveabout the Flugzeugf hrer

seat arranged Motor has a Bruchtr gkeitslast corresponding to 15 g are accepted

3. in the symmetry plane from the horizontal measured 40 forward desc

4. in the horizontal plane of the plane of symmetry of measured 30

to be free from flutter, aerodynamic tipping (divergence) and rudder effectively

uptoV DF .These tests must show that sufficient attenuation is prehanden

Ifadjustablefinsareused,mthese jacks with Conn gen be provided that their

b. Ifadjustablefinsareused,mthese jacks with Conn gen be provided that their

the controls, the control characteristics of the Luftsportger ts by change in Be

b. Auxiliary rudder controls m above sea KISSING be selflocking, au it when the

rudder has a suffirelevant compensation and no guided having hrlichen flutter

permanently geindicates that the risk of incorrect installation, to faulty operation of

of Luftsportger is connected tes, is an acceptable method for detecting the

2. F r the other control systems to be demonstrated that no aeronautically

uncontrollable situation can arise, such as Restricted Impregnated movement or

movement under loading operating conditions and also as a result of expected

of cable direction of more than 3 herbeif lead, au is if verified by tests or

1. If the device consists of several parts, m KISSING all parts of a oneZigen

damage to the structural integrity of herbeizuf lead, and the Einrichtung at

projectionshang on the tow itself or on the structural integrity of the surrounding

nesFoundhrlichen Aufb umens w (see LTFL 151 (a), (3)) as small as

c. If more than one Schleppkupplung incorporated whose Bet must account be

b. Luftsportger te with retractable landing gear m be designed KISSING so that

equipment must t with mechanical braking devices, eg. As wheel brakes, be

b. ItmaboveseaKISSINGfacilitiesbeprovidedpursuantAESSLTFL 31 (c) carried

thataconvenientBetaccountmis possible and confusion and unintended Bet

d. Every seat in Luftsportger t shall be designed so that each occupant is seated

b. Part of the strength of association m aboveseaKISSING designed or mounted that

schnallgurten (including Lich) to be able, the Entfaltungssto the rescue system

The cross section