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Mitigasi
Pendahuluan
Kenapa penting untuk memahami secara memadai tentang
karakteristik channel wireless ?
To facilitate a suitable signal design
To develop smart transmission/reception technologies
In multiuser communication, channel access scheme must be
shared efficiently.
In cellular system, signal coverage need to be computed as just
necessary (excess power will create interference).
In mobile celluler, threshold level needs to be determined to
maintain connection while traveling from cell to cell.
Teknologi yang berbeda menunjukkan kelakuan yg berlainan pada
wireless channel.
AWGN
AWGN
Fourrier Series/Transformation
Physical channel is designed to have a large BW (twisted
pair, coaxial, fiber optic, microwave link)
Signal BW is confined to meet the channel BW (equalizer)
Wave shaping filter (Sync function)
Fourier
Delay spread
The signal transmitted through a wireless
channel will undergoe multipath propagation.
As a result, multiple copies will arrive at the
receiver at different times causing intersymbol
interference
Multipath fading
Large scale and small scale fading
MHz
Mikrocell
Indoor
Frequency (MHz)
Rms delay
Urban
800 - 900
30 110 us
Suburban
800 - 900
200 350 ns
Indoor
800 900
50 100 ns
Indoor
1500 1800
20 100 ns
0 dB
- 10 dB
-- 20 dB
-- 30 dB
0
10
20
30
40
50
us
Delay spread,
1/
Effect of Fading/Mitigation
Manifestation of signal time-spreading
====================================================
Characterisation
Frequency selective
Flat fading
====================================================
Time domain
Frequency domain
W0 << W
W0 > >W
Signal degradation
Loss of SNR.
Mitigation
Channel equalization,
spread spectrum (rake)
error control
Diversity, error
control, power
control, Orthogonal
modulation (OFDM).
>> Ts
<< Ts
Effect of Fading/Mitigation
( t)
S( )
T0
1/fD
fc - fD
fc
fc + fD
Doppler spread
Effect of Fading/Mitigation
============================================================
Characterisation
Fast fading
Slow fading
======================================================
Time domain
T0 << Ts
T0 >>Ts
Frequency domain
fD >> W
fD << W
Signal degradation
Loss of SNR.
=========================================
Channel models
Ts >> T0
Ts << T0
=========================================
W >> W0
time-frequency
frequency-selective
selective fading
time-nonselective
W << W0
time-selective
time-frequency
frequency nonselective nonselective
The awful
The
worse
The Bad
Fading Simulator
Analytical evaluation of communication behavior in fading
channel is very difficult.
Field measurement is very costly and time consuming.
Fading simulator
Mathematical model
Realization
Computer simulation
Fading Simulator
Most popular fading simulator from Jakes (jakes method).
function y = fading(len, fd, T)
N = 34;
N0 = (N/2 - 1)/2;
alpha = pi/4;
xc = zeros(len,1);
xs = zeros(len,1);
sc = sqrt(2)*cos(alpha);
ss = sqrt(2)*sin(alpha);
ts = 0:len-1;
ts = ts'.*T + round(rand(1,1)*10000)*T;
wd = 2*pi*fd;
xc = sc.*cos(wd.*ts);
xs = ss.*cos(wd.*ts);
for lx =1:N0
wn = wd*cos(2*pi*lx/N);
xc = xc + (2*cos(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
xs = xs + (2*sin(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
end;
y = (xc + i.*xs)./sqrt(N0+1);
Fading Simulator
Example for fading rate fd= 5o Hz ( 30 km/hr at 1.8 GHz)
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
50
100
150
200
250
300
time x 0.67 msec
350
400
450
500
Ringkasan
The major challenge in Mobile Cellular Communications is
how to combat or mitigate the effect of wireless channel.
Wireless channel is characterised by amplitude fluctuation
(fading) and delay spread (frequency selectivity)