The Radio Amateurs' Journal

-:1 1

- -

.-

With the new RME 45 you'll han peak performance on

the high as well as the low frequenc ies. There 's no sccrct
about how it was done-e-even though some of the ex perlence h.ts bun gained wh ile producing for the Armed
Forces.

*
It was acco mp lished by the usc ol locta l tubes . .. shorter
leads .. . reduced d istributed capacity .. . temperature
compensating padden .. . and a score of additional refinements-each mald"g ils individual contribution to
increased efficiency .

The RME 45 combines careful workmanship with usc of

operation, sound engineering and brilliant performeRct' .

Literature Describing the

RME 45 uill be sent on reouest

,1( looo.T"i,., J Kif '

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T he: rr ansmine rs sho w n o n th is pag e

w ere d evel oped and built fo r th e e m e rgency se r vices- p olice, fire a nd
transport ation- b y l ink R adi o Corpo ratio n of N ew York Ci ty. Recognino n such as that e njoyed h)' the Link o rg an izatio n in this field is builc
upon soun d eng inee r ing a nd t he rig h t choi ce of equ ipment com po ne n ts.
Th at Eimac t ubes occup y t he impo rranr sockets in these vit al transmitte rs is fitt ing ac knowledgem e n t o f their inhe ren tly supe rior p erform.
a nce capab ili ties. Th ac Fred M. l ink specifics Eimac tubes is con fi r ma.
cio n of t he fac t th at Eimac tubes arc firs t choice o f lead in g elect ronic
e ngi neers thro ug ho ut the wo rld.

FOLLOW THE LEADERS TO

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194~

THOUSANDS

OF TESTIMONIALS

Tho usa nd s of testimonials e re i n t he files 01 HoUicfofters . They ere

from memben of th e armed services all over the world. The y te ll

how Hol1 i croftersbuilt co mmunica ti o ns equ ipment hos performed

d ependably and brill iantly o n all the bailie fronh of the world .
Many o f these lelle rs ore signed by lic ensed amateurs who include
the ir call le tte rs with th e ir sig na tures. A h igh percentage of the
leite rs co ncl ude w ih senti ments like the se -we quole : ,." 0 , ig con
toh it 'i klt the HT -9 took i f in the Australian jun gle s, ifs the rig l or
my shock all., the wa'" . . . " W hen , buy my communications equip .
ment it will h . Ho l/icral, .,s" ... "After we heve won this war and I
can g et a hom tide' there will not be thft slightest doubt as '0 the
equ ipment' w ill use . . it will b e Ho/licrohers" . . . " Me e tin g
Ho/licr o fters g ear in the ser... ice was li k e seeing someone from home
.. . I ufed ' 0 hove o ne
your reeei",erf ot W7FNJ ... hope'o ho...e
m or e o'ter th e wo" .. , " b e in g on old hom mYfelf I know whot went
into the 299 . . ." Thu, d o e , the voice of th e omoteur come pouring
i nto Hallierofter, head q ua rt ers, prov id ing informat ion , gu idance a nd
furt her i ns pi ra tio n to Hallier ofte n e ngi ne e n. Amoteun will find in
Ha llierofte r, peaceti me o utp ut ju st the equ ipm ent th ey ne ed-re fine d
a nd d e vel oped i n the fir e of war and co nti n ui ng to live up to the
we ll e ar ned rep utation as " the rad io man', radio: '

0'

I UY A WAR laND rODA Y'

COPYR IGHT

haIIi[raftl!rs

19~5

THE HUL ICIIAHEIIS CO,

RADIO

OF
THE HAlliCRAFTERS CO ,. WORLD 'S LARGEST EXCLUSIVE MANUFA CTURERS
COMMUN ICAT ION S EQUIPMENT. CH ICAGO 16 , U. S. A.
SHORT WAVE
RADIO

CQ

~: '~.: :~ :'.~:. :~ :~ :~.:~:. :~ .:~ :~.

. :.:;:;:. .1:.:..

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:f~~~i;~1j~fi~

Published by RAD IO MAGAZINES, INC.

Joh n H. Potts
Editor
Sa nfo rd R. Cowan . . Publisher

ca, Published by

CONTENTS

RADIO MAGAZINES, IN C.

Executive & Editorial Offices

342 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
Telephone MUrroy Hi ll 2 -1346

SEPTEMBER, 1945

VOL. 1, No. 9

COVER
T y pe SG Shi p Red nr Operating Posit ion (Courtesy

/l aytheoll Jlrl1l llj ucturipu) Co .)

AR T IC LES

Editorial Staff
Edito r. Pre. ideol

Excit er and B-1-' Amplifier for the 144- 1-18 me

ZeIr. Bou d .., W8QMR.WLNG . ell2PI .

... W4P C. ell-LU4A ..... . AlNOCi. le Editor

Band , by L . W . .M uy, J r. W5 AJG

,
A crYiltal-eontrollt>d job y OIl CUti go on the air ll'itll

J oho H . P o tt e

Law re nce Le K . eh m an ,

W II O P
A..i.lant Edi to r
Frank C . ) O OMI. W 6 AJ F . . Co nt rib u l in ll: Edito r
Robert Y . C h a pm a n , W IQ V .. Adv i.o ry Edi tor
E ve ly n A . Ei~ n be rl' .... . Ed itori..1 Production

Busine ss Stoff
S.nfo.d R. C o w. n

See'j--T'ee.

Chari" H . Fe rr ell

Adv. M ana ..e.

EJ aine C. \\'il _ o

Adv. Prod u ction

e irel. r..1.na..e.

D iana R ei _ m a n

PAC I F IC COAST R EPR f-<;E NTATIV E

H . w. Dickow
13&7 40th A ve. S u Franci.co 22. Calif.

CREAT RR ITA IN R EPR ESENTAT I VE

(F o r S ubecripricn s)
Rad io Socie ty of Crorat Bri ta;n.
N e w Ru ai in H Olla... Litllor Ru _1I 5 1..
Lon.! on. W .C . I. En,I.. n.!
Q

S""'-c,i p t iOQ Rat.... in U . S . a nd P ..... S2 .S0 pe r

yaa'. 2 yora.a S 3 yora,a SS. All o t h orr countriee.
SJ 5 0 pe r y ..u in eq uival.. n t U . S . c u u e ney .
Si n ele cop&ee. 2S eeet e. S u b.c ribe r muat allow 3
.., lI a fo r . d d,...... chanll:..... EcJitorial malter con t,;"u t ed and a cce p ted will be paid fa, a t cu,ren t
apace rat.... a nd will be aubi~t to any reviai ODa
or ominion a d _med e"pedient b y th e EcJito, .
~1a t e ri a l aubmiued muat contain a ...If ad
dreue-d . at a m ped . ret u ,n envelope and eb e
a u t ho r mu a t a ..eee t o hold t he publiaher of CQ
b ar m le.. fromo a ny manner of aui t or da m a,e
daim r....u h in i hom the publication thereof
a n d / o , a n y iII u. I , a tio.n ac;c:o m pa n yinc Mme.
Pu " li.her re...rv.... rie h c t o e eee pa 0 ' ~jec t a ny
ad ve rti. in l m atter . u bmiued . CQ. prin t ed i n
U . S . A. Co py ri Ch t 19 45 by R a dio M . c . zi n....

1lO W

Don' t Let It Ph use YOII , by Jr. II . A nderson ,

\ ' ESA A Z
Clarif ying th e matter of phase relaiionrhipe with
er um ple from fam iliar radio eireuit

ll

Punorum ic Reeopt ion, by /1arl'ey / )ollack , 11'2 /1 J) L . . 1H

Th is nl'1l' receirinq ,~y.~tf'ltl Im.'l wide ap plication.'!
i ll ham radio. l "ou rail tell fit fl glance j ll .-:t how
act il'(>a bu w! i.'l and locate stutions more quirkl y

T elevision Scanning a wl ~ynchroni za ti on, fl y U . W ,

S outhwell} H"GO./ W
.I sim ple explanat ion oj (J comple.r subject,
Jlam,'l CUll do lot.'! to hdp trlerision-r-a nd i(/( j UlI.'

~.?

Radio Amateu r's Worbh('d , ::'<"0. -I -Rece-it"er

" "ol .-:e ( " lrni l'1,'l
, \ nli-,

.,_ :'\.

MISCELLANEOUS
Zero Bins (E d itoritJl)
Cryst al C hirps

Advert ising Index

5
_

3a
_.40

._.

September, 1945

R :\OIO A'\L-\TE UR EOITIOi\

SE I' r F.MIIF.II

1)ubli1l1wd by

S Y I.VA~ I..\

EL ECTllie PHOUUCrS

I ~ C..

ElIlpuriulII . '-a .

191-5

FOR~IER GOVERN~IENT

TUBE PURCHASES NOW

AVAILABLE TO ~IIA~I S" - SYLVA N IA TESTED, GUARANTEED

Sy lvan ia Elect r ic a nn ou nces the fo]lo\..ing tube

l)'p e ~ uvui luhle. throu g h Sy lvania di st ri hu tors.
Se vcru l of th e t yp es rel eased a re of pa rt icu lar
int erest to tile a ma teu r opcru tur.

T he c u rren t list is us fo llows :

38 - " 'cll kn own s tu nd u rd output pentod e.

39/ 44 - Wcll known standard H.F. Amp lifi er.

2X2/ 879 - Thc sta nda rd high voltage, low c u rrent rect ifier (or osc fll oscn pe use.
7Gl/ 1203A-A sma ll loc k-in diode rect ifier suitah le (or lI!" C in vacuum tube volt meter p robes.

6/3 volt 150 rn a. heat er.

75/1 201-:\ loc k-in triod e for use a s a low
power ()~cillaluF or ampl ifier up to 750 me. 6.3
volt 150 m ao heat er,
46-St and ard power ampli fier. S u it able fur Class
B or C a m p lifie rs a nd used in many amateu r
tr ansmitt e rs.
0))3/ \' 1{ 150 - \" e ll k nown volta ge re gu lat or.

SYLVANIA

EF50 - ,\ 9 pin com p letely sh ie ld ed I\ .F . A mpl ifi e r some what si m ilar to T y pe 7\\'7. H ea le r
rating 6.3 \'Hits a t ;-300 m ao
1626- A tr a n smitti ng tr iode req u ir ing 12.6 m ils,
2S0 mao heat er supply. Fou r wa tts o ut put a t
250 volts plat e [ mux. }.
1629 - S ame cha ructeris tics 8!' Ty pe 6 5 excep t
fur oc ta l base a nd hea ter rat ing of 12.6 \ o lt~.
150 m a o
38142 ( VT 52 ) - Simila r to T ype 43 e xcept fo r
it s fi lament ratin g of 7.0 vo lts, 1.18 a m pere!".
5 BP l - \Ve ll known 5" ca thode ray t ube wit h
the usua l green trace. Ma k es a gUild s cope with
1500 to 2000 mi t a node sup p ly.
5 BP-t -Sam e as SUP I except fur t he !:'Cft'('11
whi ch give- a white t race .
VT25A- T hi s is th e sa me a s the regular Type
10 h ut has a In w 10 1's Lase. This ite m sh ou ld Lc
in te rest in g 10 amateurs.
A ll tubes arc avai lab le und er the fa m iliar
1.-265. ur on ran-d orders.

ELECTRIC

MJURS OF flUO RESCENT LAMPS. FIXTURES. WIRING DEYICES; ELICTRIC LIGHT BULBS: RADIO TUBES; CATHODE RA,. TUBES; [ U CTRONIC DEVICES

CQ

ZERO BIAS
A

I'Hol'm:T IIEI:\ti o f Il~)

parti('ul:tr honor

in

hi:-;
"I

countrv. wt- might refrain from IHI

to ld ....0 " 1'0" couccrninu OUT A ugu.. t editoria l
ill which \n' .It'du('('t! t i ll' po-sihilitv of a n ('a rly
aw l nhrupt ending of tlu- wa r wit I; J n pnu , witil
t i ll' corcl lnrv th at t he F C C mi gh t find it feu ...ihlt'
to n'act ivute a ma teur ... tntions muvh sooner tha n
( xJ)(( ttd . \ri th in the mo nth, \ '-.1 Da v ha... <'01111'
to p:l....... :111( 1 the Boa rd of \rll T CClTllt;IUnitation..
h:l.. :tln'al ly notified the Fedvrul Communionlion.. Connni-... ion that it he... 110 ohjection to
lift illl! t he ham radio han 011 11:!- II.' ..) 1U('J!81\"('It..
for a period of ninetv dev-. " Befort, amateur
aetivitv Illay Ill:' r(''''UI~H'd. upproprinte action by
the Ccnuui-... iou will hf' W'('l':,';:lry, It i:- e xpected
tha t aft ..r nill(,ty day~ the Commission will ('011- idcr the udvisahilitv of uut horizinz amateurs
t o utilizr- t ill' fIT'qu('lH'y h:llu l of 144 to 14S megu~'y (' l('~ ill lieu of the ha nd 112 t o 11;';'5 mega cyr-Ies
fornu-rlv ulkx-nn-d t o t ho ama teurs."
Yo ur Edi tor has discussed this mat ter witl~
l' uu l .-\ , Porter, Chairma n of the FC C, and ha s
Ie -n I'Il('C 1t IIat, insofnr nsot h 1'1' 11:1 m l~ nre ('0Jl('(' rued ,
flO m- t ion (' :111 lip taken until t IH'\' art' released bv
tlu- m ilita ry authorit ies . W hile 'it is to be hop(';'
that n 'st ri r-tiuns un t he-e h:ind..; wil l be lift ed with
sim ila r cele rity . a jllstifi(/bh~ clplay (a..; co nt rast ing
with ti lt' red-tape variety] would not be int olera ble . \Yith im media t e resumption o f ) 12) 1'-).;)...111(' t ra nsmission . the ham today is lx, tt('r o ff
t lmn h i" proJ,!:('nitor of 191 5. \\"e ...hall ha\'e 1>(,<,u
Ill'rmitt ('d t o n'su mc olx'ration IllOJ'(' Ilu i('kh ' a nd
wit hout pr:H't i('ally rC'IHl iidinJ,!: a ...t a t iou -\;'hi('h
limy han' I)('(,u d i...m a ntl('c! b y order of the gO\'l'rn nu'n t. Trm', we an' lX'rlllitt pd only one of our
h:IIl(I..; t l'mporarily-bll t t here wa... only a ...inp;le
h:lIul h:u'k in HHS. T o lw l;urt', ) 12 o r l-l-l Ol('p;a('y('lt,:o; i ~ not a DX band - h u t Ilei th('r was 200
tllt'tl'r:-; I Wl'l1ty-:'(,V(,1l y t'a rs ap;o. Two hundred
wa.... \l ~I t1 Ial'v;d~ ' for loe:ll m,l(-ehl'w~ in thc immcdiatl' Jlo:-it -wa r period,
Wh ile 1-lI- J.tS-mc opNation lIl ay hold little llllurt' for the olO or ~().
nll'tf'!' addil,t ~, a larg;e m a jorit y of the latte r arc
:->till ill the arnwt.l forces, On t he o t her hand , it is
probahll' tllllt mo~t of the h mn... a t home, tl wl
rea dy to a nt il them~h'e~ of a n FC C di rect i\T to
o ppn up, ha ve JI:?-Jl o-m('jZ:u'y('}c ('(Iuipment 0 11
hlllu l (wh id l i ~ f{'ndily ('o nn'n ilile to l-H-mc
o pl'ra tio n) . Orderly n"('oll \'('~ion to a pe:l('t't illl(' md io :-:et-u p b prohably ju... t lt~ imponant
0\\"11

September, 1945

in industrial ndju ...ttuent . Bo t h mnv lit, :1('eompli.lu-d "Of/Ill'!' than numv un- inr-liur-d to
:I.';

11t ' li t , \ " "

Whither the WERS?

It was only a few mouths bar-k t ha t t he morihu nd \\':11' E n u'rV;I'IH'y R ad io Servi ce n-er-ivr -d u
.. hot ill the a nn, 111111 .;("('llll'd likclv 10 carrv on
quite a while for g l ' Il ('J':tl di:':l"te~ eun n uuuivntion ill co-operation with till' B pd Cre-e I II the
W( ':-:1. th.. W EHS r-ontinur-d uef ive on IHOrt' of a
war-time basis, with till' citizenry still l'II}('J'gvney-con-cious as a result of thc .lup balloon
!)t)mh,,- -oJl(' of which was wafted us fur I'a:-t :1"
Det ro it. But it'" nil over 1l0W, and it would nppeur that the Wa r E nw rV;t'Jl('y Ra d io ~ ' n' i ('l' i...
finnl lv defunct . It i.. unfortu nate , Ill'l'a ll"'l' thc
work uerom plislu-d hy the \\'EH~ was e xeelb-ut.
t hi' wel l-disci pli ner I orgu nia ut ion Iu nr't iollt,t I
:'I! ultlt hly, a nd 1I11lt'h 1II01H'y wus in vest ed in
vqu ipment , TIl(' \\' I-: U:o; is v irt un llv forced ou t o f
"'Xi:o;It'IH'I', a nd t he 112-l ll t-llI('g::Il.'j:c!e baud thev
O W'P ocr-upied (us did t ilt' pre-wa r ha ms] has l)('t '~1
a".;i J,!:nl'd t 0 govenune II t serv k-es.
.-\ pos... ible solu t io is t o hold t he o rgan izution
in tavt-e-i n everyt hi ng r-xeept uu me-e-n nd effor-t.
t he simple elect rical ,,!lift to the )-1-l-I11(' um nteu r
hand where, due to wnr-ti nu- t ra ining und di :-eipline, it might fu nction ilion' effccrivr-lv than
tht' " EIll{'r~l'nry Corp:-" of pn'-Pparl i l urhor
days , D rop ping th... " "",n thl' " E mrrp;l'Il('\' H:ulio
:;'r\' il''''' ' would })(' ('OIH IKk'{'d of as...'O<.ia te ~1I1l 1 full
ml'mht'l'l5-t hC' latt er hdll ~ li('el l.--ed a nHl t(' lI ~.
'1'1 It' " a"SO(,13
' t(":;,
" 0 f (OUJ':".(', wou II
( I)(' t I Hl:'l'
patrio t ic (it izell:-i who t'('('ur('cl rC'Strietl"(l rn diot('l('pl ume opera tor Jlt'nn it :-i in o rder t o olM 'ra tt'
with the " ' EHS, hU I wh idl daN; of lie{'I1...(' do('...
1I0t authorize t lH' o pl' ratio ll of llll amatl'llr st at ioll
cx('(' j)t Hilder the I)( 'r:o;olml su per\'i~ ioll of a
li('ell :->I'll :lIn nt pu r. II 0 wl'\'I'r , there i:o; no I'l'aSOIl
wh y t he a......ocillte:-; :-;llOlIld n' t bl' actin' in (' XI'( ' U tin' ('ll p:lcit ies, and in lIIa tl\" illstall(,('~ h... t ill'
J.,"1li lhllp; s pirit in hoh l in ~ tl!l' \"EHS to/.(el llt'r alld
rl'eonn~rti n /.( t o t he EH='. It would be 011(' o f t he
n min job" o f t he EH~ h a m ~ , or full nwmllt,J'l!.. to
:t..;"i"t
the n:s:soei at(s in oht nillin p; arnaH'ur
li('('n~'", It should not 1)(' t ()( l difficult a ('hon', as
the t1~"O('i:ltes by uow will han' hl't'll thorouv;hlv
bitt('n by the bu g!
.

,-_

..

. to .

_""' CC Y 0 0 C R . "G

.... .. 0

co

EXCITER

AND

R-F AMPLIFIER

FOR THE 14 4 -14 8 MC BAND

A Sim p le Crystal-Controlled Unit lor the New Ham Band

LEROY W. MAY, J R., WSAJ G

description of a I-l-l -me threet ube exciter unit with sufficient output to
drive a ~in~ll'..tu be ao-watt roof amplifier, is
pert inent, in view of the fact that the 144-14S-mc
band has definitely been I'('t us..ide for amateur
operat ion, and will replace the Fortner 112-11lj-mc
alloca t iOI I.
The exciter portion of the ri~ is mounted on a
masonite panel S%," x In" to fi t on a standard
relay ruck , while th e single tube r-f am plifie r
occupies II t}Y2" x 19" panel of the same construetion . To provide shielding between inpu t and
output circuits 011 the final the chassis plate of
the amplifier is made of sheet aluminum ;)72" x
16}.1". T he two unit s a re coupled by mentis of
hulrpin link coupling. (T he exciter may be used
with all untcn nu itself-e-nlthough the useful
power out put is only on t he order of a few watt s
opcrut ing Ht t he ~i " en pin te volt llJ,!;(' ,)

HE t-OLLOWIXG

The Crystal Problem

Since this new ham bund of
harmouieally related to any
a~",igH lIwnt~, the fundumentul
will have to he n-eonsiden-d

H4-J-lS me is not
of our previous.
crystal freque ncy
so u.., to provide

Fig. 2 . The exciter unit as seen from above. The plate

lines are held in place with standoff' insulators! and th e
outp ut couplinCJ hairp in is mo unted on fee dthro uCJ h
insulators

proper finul multiplication. Quit l' a ft"" vombiuut ions ure possible. To maint ain ti ll' number of exdu-r staJ,!;l's at three and st il l reach t he new hand ,
a cryst al whose fundumentul frequency was somewhere between 6,000 kc and G,Wn kc was selected.
At presen t it may take a little ingenuit y to obtain
u crystal plate between these frequencies. As a
hint, contact you r ham friends who work with
ai rcraft radio equipment . .-\ blank or plate may
lw found and dressed u p with a little rubbi ng,
In :1I\Y eveut , the r i~ can be tuned usi ng a r -rnc
crystal, a1lC1 when crystal plates around u-mc become plentiful only moderate retuning will he
Jl('C(,~-;"',an'

Fig. 1 . Und~r 't' i ~w of the exciter unit. The 832 st.!lge is

at the upper right, with by~ss condensers grouped
around this socket. The sodcet at the up per left
furn ish~s power to the ampl ifier

Se ptc:nber, 1945

CsillJ,!; a pluto of this frequency allows a Gu)

quadrupling tri-te crystal oscillator to 24 mcwhich is easy. The second stage is a tiLt.) doubler
to .tS lilt'. ~ t :lJ,!;l' number 3 is a triplet to l l-l mc .
T his is also simple-r-wit h the propt'r tube,
which turned nut to be the dual beam .S;l2 good
fo r full ratings to 200 me . Used us :1 push-pu ll
t ripler with resonant plate lines, it is a smooth
worker, a nd, as before stated, may he used to feed
t he a ntenna di rect ly wit h a few watt s output.
,r hile only 300 volts arc used on the S:32 as a
triplet, t his potent ial could be Increased to t>OO

mort' output socurcd if it hi de- ired to Iced

the unteuua. P lt'llty of d rivi ng excitation i-,
uvui lablc fru m t he tiLH doubler. T he cfficir-ncv
of t his t riph-r stuge i.... estimated a.... between :~;)
and -10 pcn'ent ,
T he fina l amplifier elllploy,.; another tYI)(' "t?,
a:' a st ruight amplifier. .-\J!;aill using rc....onant
. lines in both plate and grid circuits. the estimated
d liciplH'y of this Cia:"... C amplifier is a con-crvatin'ti.) percent , More ubout this later.

Constructional Details

3 111 1

As tan h(' S('('II from the puotogruphs uf the

exciter unit, F ig.~. I , i! and 3, the input power
socket is at the left hack of the masonite eha:,sis.
T Il(' erystul socket follows-e-thcn the ti U; ostillutor awl filially the lilt, doubler. The mctul type
is preferuhle in this latter stage as less lead inductuncc i.... present . \f h ile the glass tube i:-<
satisfactory , a little mort' output is usually
6L6 G
DBLFl .

6L6G

AD.

' ~~'
"

~
.. L2

CI#
I

"

:r

"

\)1.TAL-

R3

CS~

IL

C3 7f

~CS

<

ry LI

C6 T t

<

,; ;; :

:I:

:I:
6.3 V

~ JI

I, "

R7

J2

3OOV,

'--osc. MA

6 .3 11

~
L3

...CS

' P6 "

~ 3OO'l

L4

C:. ...

6.0 TO 6.166

~C

CS

....l..

~"
-

!'C4

RS

CS , "

R2

J.

==j

RI

C2

DBLR.MA

R4

R4

'r

" OU T -

I
R4

,\

50011_

63V~

IN

500'1 MODUL AT ED

POWER

TRIPLER
J4
PLATE

~v
MA - ~

NNI

RIO .

' 3001l

-I ts

\SH:l::>TiNG

,..,_ 8 3 2

C6

:I:

IL ~

L6

r"f.

.....i. ~)t

"B , . )

6,311

RB

1~
<

LS

L7 ........

--r
1-_

cs

6 ~~

I
C6 =

J R9

cs

>

V ~J3
~~

"' GRO
~A

Fig. 4 . Diagram of the exciter unit. Coil d imensions are important in the 'ollowing parts listLll-12 turns No.12 enamel 1" die. 1 3/","I(l ng
S-50-ma flashlight bu lb
L r-3 /8" dia copper tubing spaced 1'12" center- to .
C,-1OO p,1J.' midget variable
center 14" long
( 2-50 ilIA' midgd variable
L ~-No. 10 bare copper wire 6 " long U-shaped
C,-3-30 1A1A' mica compression trim me r
R,-15,OOO ohms '12 watt carbo n
C. -.002 lA' mica
R l -5oo ohms 2 watts carbon
( &- .005 Il' mica
R:t-20,OOO ohms 2 watts carbon
( 1l-.0005
mica

R.-5,ooo ohms (with slid er) 25 watts

J I- oSC . plate ma jack, insul ated
Rs-150,OOO ohm s 1f~ watt carbo n
h -Db lr plate ma jack, insulated
Rll-500 ohm s 5 watts
J 3-Tr ipler grid ma jack
Rr-10 ,000 ohms 10 watts
J .-Tripler plate ma j a c ~ insulated
R ~-25 ,OOO ohms 1 watt ca rbo n
l l-12 turns No. 26 D~C 1'(,," form %" lon9
Rg - 2 ,500 ohms 10 watts
l z-7 turns No . 12 enamel 1 ' dle . 1" lon9 .
R t q-15,OOO ohm s 10 watts
l s-4 turns No . 12 enamel 1" d ia. 1" 10n<J
XTAl-Setween 6 .0 and 6 .16~ me
l . and l s-2 turns No . 12 ename l 1" d la. close-spaced

IJ'

CO

uvuiluhlc with t he m~al t ype . T he 8.12 triplet.

with associated plat e lines , Is at the fro nt. This
layo ut provides for short lends and simple construction . Filnuwnt and plat e power to drive the
sa:? <truight-through amplifier is ob ta ined from
t he '-)-pnHl~ socket which ( ' IUl he seen at the extreme front left.
T a k in g the :-ta~t's in order-c-rcferrina to the circuit scheuuuic Pig. 4- t hc flU. crystal oscillator
ie the conventional tri-ter with the plate circuit
tuned to the fourth harmonic of the cry-tal plate,
or 2-1 tu c. .-\ good active crystal and low-to....."
plate tank t-in-nit are essential if sufficient output
i:o to he obtained-a well-established practice.
The pla te potential here is aoo "011.>5 and also on
the doubler and t riplet tubes . Individua l droppine: resistors arc provided for each stage, though
a single resistor of the prolH'r wattage can of
CO U I":"C he used .

Fi,. 5. Amp lifi ~r circuit fo r 30 watts inp ut.

The Follow.

in, parts are used-

( ,5-.005 IJ.f mica

( , -.0005 JJf mica
J 6-Amplifi~r

,rid ma jack
J ,.-A mplifie r plate ma jack, insulated
LIl-No. 10 bere copper wire 5" lon, U
L IO- '.4" copper rods 1" spacin, eenter-tc-eeeter 9"
lon,
L I I - 3 /B " d le. copper lubing spaced l'/i" center-tocenter 14" long (same as l 7)
L Ir-'.4" copper tubing spaced 1 1ft" center-tocenter 14' lon9
R I l - 30,OOO ohms 1 watt
R 1z-25 ,OOO ohms 1 watt
4shaped

500'"

"""'-Am",

SHORT ING"' ,

BA.

J7

' PL AT E

MA

\....I)....L12

u_

.... 832 AMP.

..l..'
--------- --'"'"'

.,

-:I: -..l..

C.

."
NtM

C6

C~ ~

:I:

6 . 3 11

' 0- n l

,:'oo

I
SHORTING
BAR - _

J6

'JUT

EXCITER

SOCKET
OUT-

'MW
.6

September, 1945

--.

Fig . 3. Further m ~chan ica l d eta ils are shown in th is rearview photo of the e . ci t ~, unit. The 1Il1a1and 6L6a tub ~ s
have been re moved

The OL6 douhlpr "is excited through a :l-:m IJo JA f

trimmer-type condenser which is very convenient
for proper adjustment and is recommended illstead of the usual .~ jJ Jl f fixed m ica capacitor.
Such a cou pling condenser can he a djustr.. l for
peak out put uud load on the crystal o....clllntor . As
in the oscillator stage, u good low-loss variable
condenser und tank coil, mou nted so as to buve
very short loads , or preferably m ounted direct lv
UpOIi t he t u ui ug-condcuscr. arc dcsirn b lc.
Xo
t rouble should he expe rienced he re a.'S o pe rat ion
is pt'rfect ly norma l. H oweve r, II loop-t ype ubsorpt ion wa ve-meter is a practica l necessit y ,
T ime ou t should he take n t o build one , if no nc is
uln -udy uvallnble. Since the frequencies invol ved
in multiplying are a h it different from the m ore
fa m ilia r o nes of past d a ys, a litt le e xperime nting
will be necessa ry to ca lib ra te t he meter. By
list ening Oil u receiver . t he 2-l-mc harmon ic is
easily ide ntified when tun ing t he oscilla to r ~ t ll ge
t h ro ugh roso nencc .T he crysta l plate tank will a lso
a llow t ripling- with the const unts ShO'H l a nd t h is
:kd harmonic, o r 18 me, is to be avoided . T he
4S-lllc out put fro m the doubler ca n hardly be
missed a:- it is t he only harmonic that fa lls with in
n-c LIC runge of the coil ami condenser. T his is
abo true or t he Ll-l-mc tripling stage ir the plat e
rod spnciug :\:0; shown in the circuit diag-ram
caption is followed . \Yhi le the Sth harmonic or
2 lO mcgucyclcs is discernible , this le only when
the short inz bar is within a fe w inches or the
plat e-an obviously improper se t t ing.
The push-pull 8.1:! tripler is perhaps.. the easies t.
t u get g-oillj.!; of any stuge-e-assuming the previous
two :,tagps nrc Iinod up and o pera t ing. T he inpu t
urid r oil. which is link coupled to the 6 LI) doubler,
is made solf-re-onunt with the tube ca pa cit y and
adjusted hy ,.pr(':uling or squeezing the turns . It
may he ...eeu from the photog-mph showing the
u nder side or the exciter (F ig. i) that quit e a 1"('sp cctuble coil is necc-s...a rv , attesting to the fa ct
t hat t he :',.' t! hu:o; a low input ea pacity-c-uct ual ly
7..) JlJlf.
It i,. l"tat cd in the tube manual t ha t t he total
grid circuit fl':oi:ot:tII c(' or the ~t? ,.hould nol eX(,('I:,,1
2;),000 ohllls Ix'r tuhe o r t)O.OOO ohm~ per ullit.

will be set ubout an inch from t he shorted end for

t he low-frequency end of the band. T he flexible
connect ions to t he plates of the &12 tripler are
about :J / S" lon g. The out put hairpin link for
t he exciter is a pproximately 6 inches long a nd is
formed into propcr shnpe with Xo. 10 solid bare

copper wife.

AmpliAer O.t.il.
Fig. 6 . (Above) Rear view of the ampl ifier unit. The
alum inum c hauis plate se rves as a shield between the
e xciter and ampl ifier. The input coupl ing hairpin is
beneath the chassis plate
Fig. 7. (Belo w) Underneath the amplifier chassis. The
5-prong plug Fits the socket in the exciter to furnish
plate and fi lame nt power to the amplifier. Again by
pass and screen components are grouped around

the 832

This docs not provide sufficien t bias for proper

tripler opcratiou. T o obta in the. necessary rcmainde r for II plat e flow a ngle of GO degrees , a
cat bode b ins resistor of 2,;'00 ohms is also emplovcd . Plent y of drive from t he --is-me doubler
is obta ined for t ripler operation, a nd , as prcviously stated , un estimated efficien cy of around
35 to 40 percent is obtained . " 'ith 300 plate volt s
on the t riplet, resonance at the t hird harmonic of
48 mega cycl es (l 44 me) is indicated by the usu al
plate CUITt'nt clip as t he short ing bar is slid along
the rods. This d ip will probably he more pronounccd thnn the di ps in t he oscillator, q uad ruplet
or the fi L6 doubler circ uits .
One precaution to be observed wJten usi ng the
&12 tripler is to mnke certain that the heater
potent ial is flo full G.:j volts. Poor t ripling action
wn..'S corrected when the writer d iscovered. that
the fi la ment transformer wus only putting out
5.2.::' volts under load although tilt' 61.6':-: stages
were operating satisfactorily at this reduced
voltugc.)
Some experimentation was tried with the plate
uud grid resonnut rods to determine the optimum
spar-ing. For maximum Q or selectivity, the con duct or radi us should he about one-fourth of the
center-to-center line spacing.
H owever , (or
higher im pedance, which is usually desired in
anyth ing hut oscillator control, a higher ratio is
desirable. The chassis will accommodate a bout 14
inches of line, so 3/ 8" co pper tub ing spaced 172"
was selected . Act ually, t he sliding short ing b a r

10

T he 832 r-f amplifier is mounted on a n alumim un chassis plate wit h t he grid line a nd pickup
hai rpin on the bottom of the plate and the plate
line and antenna hairpin on t he top side of the
elm. 'is plate. Thus t he shieldi ng between input
and output circuits is com plete a nd no neutral izing is required. The grid circuit resonant lines,
differing somewhat from the t ri plet a nd urnplifier pla te lines , a re 34 N co pper rods spaced one
inch center t o center a nd 9" long. This shortens
the total length and sim plifies placement of parts.
The grid link hai rpin is a piece of X o. 10 solid bare
COPllCr wire five Inches long- similar to t hat of
t he tripler described a bove.
T he final amplifier is simplicity itself. T he circuit is shown in Fig. .5, and constructional details indicated in the photogra phs, Figs. G, 7 lind
S. T he input Wid shorting bar is adj usted for
maxi mu m roctified grid current. .-\hout :~ rna
will a m ply d rive the &12 nnd t his is , of co urse,
[Conti nued OIt fI" g P 40]

Fig. 8 . (Above) Top side of the amplifi er. The p late

lines are suppo rted by stand-off insulaton similar to the
exciter set-up. Plate and glid circuit jacks a,e at the left
Fig . 9 . (Bel ow) Completed exciter and a mp lifi er com bi natio n already 10 go as soon as tubes are p lugg ed.;in
(end the FCC .. y . OK)

CQ

DON'T LET IT PHASE YOU!

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHASE RELATIONSHIP
IN ELEM ENTARY CIRCUITS, AMPLIFIERS
AND ANTENNAS

w.

H . ANDERSON , VE3AA Z

H E lIL!.} ~U X I ~I

that u picture is worth a million

words i!' perhup... nowhere more directly applicuhle than in the C:l:-'C of circuit action
analysis. All hut H very small minority of circuits
are concerned with alternating currents and
voltages, especially those of a sine type, where
t ht" wa ves of current or voltage at a certain point
in t ill' circuit will be similar in Conn to a rela ted
wave at some other point. However , the waves
mny l>t' cousideruhly displaced from one anot her
in regard t o t imo. It will he noted from some of
the subsequent exam ples t hat t he ti me relation:-,hip ve ry largely det ermines t he beha viour of the
circuit . This displacement is termed a difference

. _ - ~,-

,,
,

Fig. 1. Timed iffe-re-nce- In

a sine- w.ve
ex p resse d a,
curve C.)
and as a vec-

-"

to, (b)

in " phase' and is genera lly express...cd in degrees.

with :moo represen ti ng a co mplete cycle.
Two IHJs,... ible met hods of po rt ray ing such u
co ndi t ion a re shewn in F i g. I -in this case, t wo
uneq ual sine waves displaced by 45. A further
d ist inction is made by the terms " lag" or " lead ."
In Pig. 1 the dotted wnve is said to lcad-a pa....sa ge of time being by convention denoted by
movement to the ri~ht as in (a) , or in counterclock wise rotation (b). Obviousl v c lag of X O
could al-e be described as a lead of (360-X) 0
aw l vice versa, so it is not customary to speak of
Jlh:l.~, angles exceeding l SOo. T IU' com pa rat ive

,R

"'~.
~
- - -"

APPLlEO
VO Li AC-f

Fig. 2. V ector re presentation of a se ries ci rc uit

September, 1945

CURR ENT
........THROUGH R

C~RENT

THROU<><

x,

..----""- ,,
,

_~

TOTAL
, CURRE NT

Fig. 3. Phase re latio nships in a pa ralle-l ci rcu it

simplicity of F ig. I (b ) as against (a) , natu rally

IC': u!:5 to t he greater popularity of t he "vector"
diagram, ruther t ha n bothering to d raw the

vunous SIne wa ves.

If th e freq uency of t he wa ve is known, t he
phas e au alc can he translat ed in to terms of t ime .
This is often done ill video a mplifiers to ascertain
if a certa in phase deluy or lead will . hl urr t he
image 011 t he sen-on.

Basic Electrical Laws

I n any a nalysis of phase relatiouships, it mus t
he horne ill mind that actually two sepn rute vir-

TOTAL CURRENT

APPl iED VO LTAGE.I R

A series re-sonant circuit-when Xe equels XL

cult conditions are being compared-in other

words, at least three and often four terminals arc
involved. T o speak of a phase shift occurring
"ne ro: ' " any single clement mny lead to qu ite
erroneous eouclusions.}
Considering it a xiomat ic that the voltage uoro....s
and current through a pure resistance arc in
phase, the various fundame ntal elect rical laws
relat ing to phuse shifts may he t a bulat ed as
follows:
1. T he cu rrent t hrough a condenser leads the

11

---.""
"\

'-

--- ~=F
-

n :i

, ""
.---.

.. -

Fi,. 5. Conventio n. 1 d iagram of a triod e resist.1 nce.

coupled amplifier

,"uhllJ!;t' ucro-- it lt~ 00,

Corollurv-c-The
volu un - lau-, tilt' current by 00.
The current t hrough :1Il inductance bg:, (he
vultngv ucro- it by ~)()o.
Corollary-The
yuhllgt' h-ad- t he ClITrt' 1It by 00.
I n lilly ~('rj(':" circuit. rr-zurdh'ss of the number
of (I(,IIl('llt~. the same current Hews through
('llth nu-mber.
In :l1lY parallel circuit. the same voltage i..,; applied to each brunch,
I II lilly inc lur-t ivelv-r-ou pled circuit . the :-<'('OIH!:try euuplos into tln- primary an impcduur-e
which i... :'011I(' fraction of tilt' secomlnrv .~I rice
impedn m-e, (kp<'lldiul! on tilt' d"gn 'f' of r-oupling, b ut wit h the :,ign reversed.
In any iud ueti volv-coupled circu it . the vultuzo
induced will uct ill :,ed,,:, with the socondu rv
nud luu the ('\IITI'lIt ill t he prima ry hy noo.
I II the :-t'('oIHla ry of lI ny r-uuph-d eircuit , the

f.

S.

4.
ij.

O.

7.

Phase relatio nships as ex isting in the circu it of Fig. 5

current flow due to the induced voltage will

dpllt'nd on the (hara('ter1:.:th;o; of the ~'OIl(bfY
:-('ri('~ ('in'uit without n 'J,!:anl to the primary.

un less of enur-e, it is de-ired to speak in terms of

:llI~lp:, gren t er t 11:1Il 180.
The simplest type of circuit will he of the form
of Fig. 2. ~ i ll {'e the current ill this case ie common
to both elements, its vector is laid out a random
1f'IIJ!1h horizoutul ly. .-\ verticul distance downward frrnu tilt' origin and a length along the horiaout ul ure murked off in proportion to the maenitilde of the capacitive rcnetuuce and resistance
respevtively. The-e vectors actually represent
tln- \"Olt:IJ!(':-:' ucro-c till' two element - but since
till' current i- eonuuun and unknown, obviously
t he vcluure drops will lx-nr the sumc proportion
a:- t he illlllt'flam(<. The vector for the conrh-n-er

ilL-ATE
VOLTAGE

Gqlo
VOI..TAGt

Fig . 7. How the action of the tesi stance-coupl~d

amp li fi er loo ks in vectors at high frequency
Fig . 8. R-C a mplifie r relationships at low frequencie s
Fig . 9 . Critical phase shift in the coupling circuit

draw n downward liS the vultu ge ac ross 1.1 ('011don-or 1a J!~ t he current through it (H il le 1) .
;\ I't'etallj.l;ll' i,. t hen sket ched , t he dluuonnl
rcprescntin g t he a pplied vultugr -. This will t11'-
ton nino t ill' sen}p if t he a pplied volta ge is kn own .
:\11' 1 conclusion - lHay 11(' d ru wn us 10 t he angle of
vclt neo lll j.l; hehi nd t ilt' curren t (or what is exru- tly
the same t hi ng. tho current load uheud of the
voltage) for th e circuit us a unit.
In t ho ( 'lIS(' of pa ral lel circuits, Fig. .J. t ill' upplil'tl volnuro is r-otumon, a nd is laid otT ulouu t he
horizonta l uxis. The cu rrents a rc then calcula ted
- a ppliptl \"ultage over resistunce (f:1N) ant i
j ..

applied voluun- over iud uet ive renutuuce (!':/ XL)

- (nid off in appro priate directions , the n-ctauclc
com plet ed, and thr- total current determined.
T he circuit in F ig. -$ involves two tY )l('''' of
T(':H'tmu('.
\ p(to r", 3rt' plott('t1 U:-- lX'fofl. the
yt'('Wn; ill quadratufe witli the f('f('f('lll'e \"(,(tOoI'

Me thod of A pp licatio n

To draw thp VI'(tor tli:tgrnm of any circuit , the

prO(p(hlr' is to .!"(h'('{ :-010(" "oltage or curIT'llt a~ a
flf('rtIIt( v('('tor awl lay it off horizontally ami tu
till' right of th' point of oriJriu. T h('n the variou~
otlwr "('Non: :tn' t1nl\nl from the orildn at appropriate angh':, from this ref('f('fl{'C y(,(tor. Sin('(' the
cml\"('lItion i:, for \"(("tor~ to rotate ('ounter-doekwise, a ny \"((tor point illj.l; u pward will IX' ahe:l(l of
tll(' n'ft,'f('Jwp \"(,(tor :l ilt! conver::-ely any ' f(tor
poin ti ng dowllward will be hehind or IHl!:1dllg,

12

benslormer-cou pled amplifier

i n t e fSta g ~ or o utput

co

hei ng: subt racted before le ine combined wit h the

in-phase " ector t o fi nd the resultant. It CUll he
rcadilv deduced that if. in such a cnse, the recctauces were equal (resoua uce}, t he circuit
would act ns a pure resista nce. Complex circuits
with m nn v bra nc hes uud elements can be similurlv mmi\"Zeti by combinin g elements a nd recon~hi ni ll ~ resultant s as in the above, and those
iu terosted in t he refinements of such procedures
should consult any good electrical engineering
tex t ,
Burring re-onuur-e (wln-n reactances are equal )
it m uv bo -con that in circuits such us the forecoinc : I - Th(' current through the com bina t ion
is not in phase with the nppliccl voltage . 2-T he
volt a ges anti cu rrent s in anyone circuit element
alone ure not noce-surilv in phase with the result ant volta ges a nti currents J - T hE" a mount of
lag or load dP IH'lH b Oil the proport ion of resist un ce yroactauco presen t . 4-~ ill('e all such calculnt iun- d epend on tilt' rcnctuncc of the dement ,
which is n func t ion of t he freq uency, t he cotu putntiuns must I~' repen ted for 3 '" ma ny frequencies
a:- an' being invest iga ted.

Resistance Coupled Amplifiers

A conventionnl resista nce co upled a m plifier
:o;tage is shown ill Fig. ii. If we assu me a sine

N' ) '
( -N, RL

Fi9. 11 . Eq uivalent circu its of a transformer

wan' of volta ge on the grid, Fig, 6 (n) , as grid

becomes more positive the plat e will draw 1I1Ore
current , causing the voltage drop across the load
resistor to increase, ami simultaneously the
voltage at the plate to drop . T hus the plate
current is in phnse with the grid voltage, while the
plate output voltage is 180 out of phase with the
grid voltage. This Inct gives rise to the minus
sign in the familiar theorem that any such stage
. may be considered us a generator whose output
voltage equals - #l E a volts , where jJ is the amplification fa ctor and Ell: the grid voltage.
T he cou pling; condenser (C) and grid resistor
( H) of the following stage therefore comprise a
series circuit fNI by the alternating voltage across
the load resistor. As the resulting current in such
n ease depends largely on the proportion of the
capacitive reactance of C 3,.';; com pa red with the
resistance of R, if C has a large capacit y (a nd
r-nnsequerrtly low cupneit ive reactance) and H

September, 1945

NET EFFE~T OF TRANSFORM ~R PR.MARY

CURRENT THRU RESlS'

~TOR~TlJN

I: ~~TOTAL

PRIMARY

CCIlE

_ -

""REIH

foIAGNE TlZATlON

LOSS

VECTOR DIAGRAM
Of PLATE CIRCUIT

PLATE CURRENT
SECQoIOARY INDUCED VOLTAGE

Fig . 12. Ana lYling the transformercou pled amp li fie r

at low frequencies

i,. a high resistance, the-current flowing in /( (a nd

therefore the voltage impressed on t he grid of the
nex t st:I!!:!') will be - ubst unt ia llv in phase wit h the
pla te ou t put voltage. T im." there will be a total
of slight ly u nder ISOo phase shift between gnds
of such successive stages ,
X ow that at low freq uencies wh en t he reactunce of C be comes greater, t he current t hrough
/( will tend to loed the plat e out put volta ge a nd.
:I phase shift will he introduced by the cou pling
device. High-Frequency phase shift in such circuits is occasioned by the fact that t he grid-t ocathode capacitance of the following stage shunts
R, and it s reactunce becomes low enough to affect
circuit behaviour at the high frequencies. T he
preceding; stugo !lOW nets as a source driving this
eupucituuce, and t he voltage across it will lug the
current .
In hoth t he low and high-frequency cases, the
situaticn .is further complicated by t he fa ct that
the plate load is not now purely resistive, It has
a capacitive component, so the plate voltage
leads the grid voltage by less than 180, or, if you
prefer, it lags by more t hun 180. T his will aggrnvnte the phase sh ift in the high-frequency
case (sec Fig. 7), hut he some wha t compensatory
in the low-frequency instance as in F ig. 8.
At low frequencies, assuming the reactance of
the C equal to the resistance of H, and drawing
the Hoctor diagram as in Pig, 9, it is obvious that
the voltage across R is i O.i per cent of the stage
out put ,'oltal!:l'. This will be recognized 3." the
UNCANC[UEO PRIMA'll' INDUCTANCE
/
/
CURRfNT SAMe
,;.
THRU 80 TH SECTIONS
( RULE 31

f
VOLTAG E

ACROSS

~ GRlO
VOLntGE
PLATE

CURRENT

SECONDARY
INOUCfO VOLTAGE

Fi9 ' 13, The high-frequency picture of the transformercoupled!amplifier

13

e.

Fig. 14. Fundamental r' am plifier stage

critieul point often ll.....s umed in amplifier design

formulae, and represents a 45 0 phase shift in the
coupling network itself.
This delay or lead of some frequencies in com-

parison to others is termed "phase distortion"

and is not ordinarily detectable by car, but CUll
be seen to be inseparably associated with a dis-

through it, this voltage will be a t ot al of It\O

out of phase with the current t hrough thc
primary. Consequently t he grid to grid shift will
be IN) (F ig. 10).
In actual practice, these ideal condition- arc
scarcely realized. The coupling between primary
and secondary is never perfect, so not quite all of
t he primary inductive reactance is cancelled out,
and a small reactance remains in SCriC8 with the
resistance. Due to the loss entailed by the
primary magnetizing the core, another reactance
will appear in shunt with the primary. At high
frequencies the series reactance will be of im portance, and at very low frequencies the ,.. hunt
reactance will affect the operation . Both will
cause the plate current to lag the grid voltage.
Fig . 12 represent- the conditions in the low-Irequency case. The total primary current laj!:' the

continuity in response. As mentioned above, such

distortion will he objectional in video amplifiers.

Transforme r Coupled AmpliAe"

A somewhat different method of analysis applies to the audio amplifier terminating in a
tra nsfon m-r, (Fig. 10). I n describing t he action
of a tru nsfonuer, it is often stated t hat its primary
presents to t he exciting source a res istance eq ual
to t he load resist ance multiplied by (X x/N Z)2,
where .Yt!.\'2 is t he pritua ry-to-sccoudnry t urns
CURRENT THRU Lp

PLATE
VOLTAGE

GRID

VOLTAGE

'IO\..TAGE INDUCED
IN SECONDARY

Fig .1S.Vec
tor analysis
.of the r-f
amplifier

GRID VOLTAGE
nut I loqf

nuio. Wbut this act ually means is that the

secondary couples int o the primary a capacitive
react unce and a resistance in series, the cnpncitivc
reactuucc being; just sufficient to cancel the induct ive reactance of the primary winding. I n
other words the primary is a series remnant circuit similar to Fig . II (a) , the coupled resistance
being all that the exciting source "sees" upon
looking into the circuit. In such a circuit the
current will be in phase with the applied voltage.
Considering the secondary, Fig. 11 (b), the conditions in this circuit arc as though a generator
had been inserted in series with it . This generator
produces a voltage that lags the current in the
primary hy 00 (Hull' 6). Furthermore this genorator faces a circuit that is predominantly induct ive, so that the current through R will lag
the ituluced voltage by another 90. As the
voltnge across /( is in phase with the current

14

Cp,

e-

e.

Fig. 16. Triode amplifier stage as an oscillator

grid voltage; t he cu rrent t hrough the resisti ve

branch leads t his current . The induced voltu gc
will lUI-!: t he current through the resistive brunch
hy 90, a w l the volt age across R will lag t he ind uccd voltage by some t hing under 00. Thus the
volt uge ucross R will always lag the grid volt age
hy less t han 180. The somewhat differe nt conditions in t he high-frequen cy ease a rc sho wn j in
F ig. 13, where the primary current lags the grid
voltage mal the induced volt age will therefore
I:l~ the grid voltage by m ore than 00. " it h t he
voltage aero....... N laggin g by something under 00,
it is seen that it is possible to ha ve a condition
where the grid voltage and the voltage across R
will be 1800 out of phase. Should there he a
capacitive load across R the voltage 3CI"O:-o:-o it will

d,
d,

J"
Fig, 1 7. Fig. 16 rearrang ed, with the grid-plate capacity
shown as Cof

CQ

then lead somewhat a nd t he grid to grid shift

will be less t hun 180. Both interstuge a nd out put
trunsfortuers fnce loads t hut vary widely between
highly reac tive and resist ive chaructcrlstics, and
their behaviours can therefore be less accurately
predicted than a rcsistnuce coupled amplifier at u
given frequency .

INPUT VOLTAG E
GRID CAT HODE VOLTAG E

Fig_ 20

._ I NP CT

"\

VOLTAG E

+--

~ ' OUTPUT OF

CATHODE
f OLLOWER

R.F AmpliAer Stage

Ano t her circuit commonly enco u n tered is that
of Fig. 14. This presents a different problem due

Ej

VOLTAGE

CO' -c,

~ REN T

TH RO
QRQ.OT

ACI~OSS

PLA TE VO LTAGE

Fig. 18 . V ector
d i a g r a m showing
how the grid-plate
provid es regeneraa
tion (feedback) and
oscil lation

to the fact that the primary inductance is part of

u parallel resonant circuit. I n such a circuit the
current through the coil will lag the applied
vultuge hy 00. The effect of the secondary, n."
before, is to cou ple into the primary a small cupacitu tu-c :HHI resistnnce ; but in ordinary application."! th is hus oeligiblc effect on t he pri mary
incluet unec-e-in fact th is accounts for t he slight
ret un ing necessary when a tank circ uit is loaded.
T he indu ced voltage in t he secondary. which will
he 00 behind the primary current, faces a se ries
rcsonu ut circuit, anti it is desired to fi nd t he ph ase
of the voltage hpin,!.!; sup plied to the grid of the
ne xt st age, which will he t hat a ppearing a cross
t he condenser. Since t he current through the
secondary is in phase with t he in d uced voltage,
t he potential ncr oss t he condenser willing t he ind uced volt age by anot her 00. Therefore t here
has been a tot al of 270 la g (eq uiva lent to a 00
Il,.u l) between the voltage a pplied to the primary
pa rallel resona nt ci rcuit and t he voltage available
aero...... the secondary condenser. F ig. 15 is t here-

INPUT

20,000

OUTPUT

300 , ",

......
-Fi9. 19. A fund.mtntal yolumt-expander circu it

September, 1945

Phase rel. tio nships in the vcl ume-ex pendee circu it

forc"'a vector diagram of conditions existing in

Fig. 14, taking into consideration the 180 phu..- e
shift due to t he plate loud working against B+ .

O setlleters
It may be deduced from the previous sections
un amplifiers that when the grid voltage rises,
the plat e vcltuge drops. If the drop in plate
voltage could he made to cause a decrease in grid
voltage, the effect would be cumulative, and the
output of the st age would excite its own input,
and we would then have an oscillator. Pi g. 16
...hows a conventional triodc amplifier stage, while
Pig . 17 is a rearrangement. showing t he plat egrid capacity of the t ube as a condenser and the
grid circuit tuned to such a point t ha t it repre-cuts an inducta nce a nd resistance in series. If
we consider the pla te voltage as the refere nce
' "ector (Fig. 18) , t he currpnt t h rough t he C~f-l,~

~-(: ~

CURRENT

~.

DISTRIBUTION

r--.,,,-

""-

-,

"
~i'.FEEDERS

aA FEEDERS

Fi9. 21 . An ante nna with two ha lf-waves in pha se

f ig. 22. Half-wayes out of phase in an antenna

circuit will lead this voltage (Cd' predom inates),

and the voltage appeari ng across L~ will lend t his
cu rrent npproximutely anot her 00. Thus , ignoring the neutralizin g condenser for the moment ,
the plate a nd grid voltages will be approximately
l SOo out of phn..se and oscillation will occur . By a
si milar met hod of reasoning, it may be ded uced
that the plate voltage and the voltage ac ross L p '
will be ISO out of phase. " 1 len the neutralizing
condenser is brought into play, these 180 opposing voltages will both be fed int o L. anti
when equal, will cancel, and the stage will cease
to be oscillatory. H owever, when the neut ralizin g
condenser is increa..."'C<1 beyond t his point, an interesti ng sh ift takes place. The frequency of the
oscillator then moves to a point slightly highe r
t ha n t he resonant frequency of the grid circ u it,
and t he circuit betwee n t he grid a nd ground fi llpears as a condenser in se ries with a resistance.
[Continued on page 351

15

H E "PA:,\OH.UIlC" ('OIU'Ppt i~

full of practical

ram ificutions. This article, intended primarily

for tlu- amateur :IIHI short-wave li...tenor,
donls with one application. the ;' P all odaplQr" hut tho render IHU... t not conclude that this repro~('Ilb tilt' only 11",(' either iu civi! or military rndio.
Technicellv, " Punornmir Reception" i... defined
u- tilt' ... ituultnneou... 1'1','lIUl I reception of a multipl it-ity of r:ulio ...ignal... over a broad hand of frequcucic-. ~Ion' ...imply, and especially n:... applied to the adaptor. Panoramic' Reception provide- all indieatiou of tilt' frequency, tYIX', a nd
st renjrth of the various radio ...iznals which arc
prt-sent in II uiven receiver. Deflection- or ]w:lk:o:
appea ring a." inverted ,T
'", (Fig. I) on tho screen

PANORAMIC
A Visual Method o f Rece p tion
which makes it possible to See
Signals on each sid e of a Tuned
Station - with Ham Possib ilities
Galore
i.. a picture of a pluuu- station. :\lor(' In-n.

d
o

dO led

bo" ti" .

Fi g. 1 . Four signal s appearing simultaneousl y on the

Panoramic scree n. Only station (c) will be heard on
the receiver

of a

t he sideband- will 1I0t he visible us separate

clefh-ctions, a phone -tution heill~ reeoguiznhlc
hy a tendency to "bob' up and down between
the center peak and the lower center peak.
~
In addition, the vuriou- frequencies shown may
be compared with reference to each other, or
with reference to the receiver tuning dial . .\ :-0 au
illustration (st ill with Fig , 1), let It:' imagine t hat
till' Tfrci/'l'r di(ll rends tl,OOO kc . Sigual (c) , tlu(' . W , station discussed above, nppeurs itutuec1iatl'ly above the zero on the scale. This scale
rl':ulin,t( indir-ntes that the freq uency of tilt' :,i~IIHl
(c] i... that indicated Oil t he dial of the n-r-r-iver,
or ;"),()(XJ k c.
Anot her wuy of :-;ayinJ,!; t he same t hing is that
the freq uency diffe rence bet ween the rrx-eivor
dia l reading und the ~i g;llnl uppc nriug uvt-r the
ren ter scale m urk iug , is Z('I"O . I t follows [n un this
that signal (a) is 100 kc lower tha n signa l
or
.i ,H(X) k c : ami f'iJ,.!:Il:l 1 (d) is up proxi mutr-ly ,"'0 kc
hiaher than siznal (c) or .1,OSO ,ke. Hence, while

.)

t ube :1 rc in dicut ive of the

pn'~f'Ill'l' of signul-. The character of each indi('U t hocle-rny

vidual dcfk-crion tells its own story,

c.w.

In.terpreting the Screen

J, In Fig. J, (a) i~ a :-iK11UI of ronstnnt amplitude
indicar ing a :-ote:uly currier. T h e height of
the peuk shows that (a) eompnred with (h) or
(e} i~ a weaker signal than the others.
2. Sj~UlI (b) i.. a non-varying signal the strength
or which is about twice U:-i great as that of {a}.
B. I II Fig . I, .) i.. a peak which appears and disuppeurs so rapidly that the ba..s eline appears
('10:-'('(1 beneath the deflection.
T h is type of
detkx-tiou is produced by a very rapidly keyed
c . w. siguul. For slower keying, the baseline
will :IPI)('ar open uud the c.w. signal may be
n-ad directly from t ilt' screen (u"ith pmcticei ,
4 . ('f'ak (d) i:- ('ompo:'l'd of :'l'parate parts. T h e
1"lIlallf'r pCll k~ an' prO(hll'('(1 hy the ~ id('hands
of thl' JII()(lu lat ed (':lrrifr. T he high ('('ntl'r
])f':lk f('pn":"('uts til(' ('arrif>r it:-'t'lf. Hellr<" thi~

16

) .7

l.'

) ,

l .'
),I

E G A C YC l E S

Fig ur ~

"

"

II

J'

'-__.,;':.-<< , c C l B

F i g ur ~

CQ

RECEPTION
HARVEY PO LLACK , W2HDL

only ~ i~lIa l (e) i:o- heard 011 the recei ver, the other
signals will be :",( '('11 rli .. tributcd as ...bow on tho
diagram.
Panoramic Tun ing

choose the ;L~) me (Nl-u U'\('r) amat eu r

hand for our di:,wll~...iun . Th is band ext end... from
:L') me to 4.0 IlU' uud i~ sho wn graphically ill
F ig. 2. A:->:-'llI ll ing that your receiver has 1)('('11
equipped with u Punaduptor of 200-kc bUIUIwidth and is tuned to 3.7 megacycles, all the
...ianuls between a.tj ud 3.8 me will be visible
0 11 t ill' Pnnndnptor screen (F ig. 3) . The sigun l (c]

heard Oil the receiver will of ('OUT:-;C appear at t he

center of t he screen . Shou ld you wi... h t o listen
to the signal (a) , t he receiver would ha ve t o he
t uned t o a lower freque ncy. As t he receiver is
sh ifted, all the pea ks will move to t he right
across t he screen until t he signa l (2) is hea rd ill
t he phones . At t hat moment, it will uppenr
centered (F ig. 4). Si",TI:lI (c) has now moved to
the right of tilt' screen and is visible hut Ill)
).N 11:'

Fig. 18. A s the military like it-the Penedeptcr eombined with receiver for the Army and Navy
IOIl,I.!p r uud ihle ; (b) has passed cen ter und W:l S

proba bly lu-u rd for a n ins tan t whi le t uning

through ; und (a) is 1I0 W a ud ible and centered . A t
t he snme ti me, :-ti~l lll ls (d) , (c) a mi (f) t hat were
1I0t presen t previously have now mude uu uppou ra uee at t he left side of the screen .
Since t he signals in the exam ple ure nIL c.w.,
the images will a p lK'ar and d isappe ar wit h t he
keying. Should you now tunc to t he phone b:lIH I,
the signals will appear as peaks pulsat ing in
amplitude (as already explai ned ) due to modulat ion .

..

"

..

Figule 4

Connecting the Panadaptor

Some of the finer amateur conuuunications feceivers me numufactured with a Pa nora mic ronnevtor already installed. \\' it h such receivers, it is
only (ll'{ts.... ury to r-onneet the adaptor cnble betW{'('U " P;\ :\ " on the receiver und the input
connector on till' adaptor. If no connector is providr-d, it is quite simple to make the J1('(('s....nry
connections. Solder a J+watt isolating resistor,
either 2';),000 ohms Of ,;)(),OOO ohms (de pendin g 011
Figs. 2, 3 and 4. Pencremlc receptlen as applied to the
amateur 3.S to 4 ,O-megac::yc::le bend

Figure S

September, 1945

Figure 6

Figs, 5 and 6 , Visual selec::tivity c::ontrol with Panoramic::

reception is variable and c::om~res with the c::rystal Filter
in a standard c::ommunic::ations receiver

17

reduct ion ill sweopwid th . Thi... feature perm it...:

visual inspect ion a nd analysis of intcrfcriuz and
heterodyning signals. If you should he in the
middle of a QSO when 'lIe\ 1 starts to wa.... h it out.
u q uirk red uct ion in swec pwid th will disclose the'
side (high or lo w frequency} where the hctercdy ne modulation is taking place. A brenk-in
Ilash such us, HQSY 2 or :3 kc higher;" should
restore your QSO to a clearer channel. J ust us a
erystul filter or n variable seloctivltv i-f control
o n all ordinary receiver is employed WIH'1l t lIP
eo nges ti on in the band warrants it, the vnria hle
swee pwidt h feature of t he Panadaptor mo -ts t he
problem of visual in terfr-reuce wi th great effectrvencss.

Different Max imum Sweepwidth,

Fig . 14. The Hallicfaft~rs ' "Sup er Skv rid er" with a
built-In Penedeptcr

the Panadaptor model ] to the plate pin of the

converter (fi rst-dr-t rx-to r-tni xr-r) tube socket .
Anchor tho other end of the resistor to the
dU18~i~ by 1IU':I11~ of a st urdy, insulated lug. Conm-et the inner conductor of the coaxial cable supp lied with the P nnadaptor to the anchored end
of t he resist or II nd sokk-r t he coaxial sheat h cit her
directly to tln' (hal"....is o r to a strong, grounded
solder lug , Secure the connector at t he ot he r end
of t he ruble to the PAl' connector, or input , of
the udn ptor. Th is proced ure is a pplicable t o all
s t uud urd pre-war r-onunu nicat ions receivers ha ving 01 It' I t wo, or no r-f st 11,l:!;t':"5 of pre-select ion .

Variable Vi,ual Bandwidth

TIU' pn-codi ng diseussiun has becu bused UpOIl
the U~(' of thr- fu ll sweep of the Pana dnptor-ct hat is. the particular model discussed is capnhle
of p roviding a maximu m visual band widt h (or
swcepwi dt h) of 200 kilocycles . The number of kc
visible ut any time, however, is under the direct
control of the operator and may be reduced gradually all the wuy down to zero, if so desired . T I' e
value of this cont rol cannot be over-empha....ized.
because it provides the operator with 11 "visual
vernier" of the most fle xible verietv. As the
swecpwidth is reduced, the resolution constantly
improves. The term "resolution" is used here ill
the sumo sen-e as the word "selectivity" is employed in discus,...ing the frt'quclley dL"'Crimination
of f('('('i,eni. It i~ f<'aUy l<vilmal selectivity."
S c r('(' n i n ~ F ig3. ,j and 6 illustrate this point.
Two :-li~ual~ ditTeriu~ in frequency by say, a kc,
w oul d pr('S('nt the llppearan('e 8hown in Pig. ,j if
the swt'('lmidth ('outrol of the adllptor is set at itl'\
m aximu m p{):o;ition. H owcver us this control i~
b a ('ked off, the signals :separate and, at about
20% of mllximum, will a ppear somewhat 1\...
p n'N'ntf'd in F ig. 6. T he increa.-.c in vi:mal 1"('le'ct i" it y may he ('urried still furthe'r hy a ~f('ater

18

Uno of t Ill' fi rst que... tious to arise during un

iut rod uction t o the Panoramic technique' is "how
many kiIIK'y('IC's can I ~'C at O1I(,C?" Ysk vourself
t he analogous quest ion along photographic
lilU'~ -H llow wide IUl ungle will this lens cover?"
In t he first plur-r- you "ill buv that lens o r
Pnuadaptor which suits a :-;pe('i~ll purpose. If
you dl'~ire good resolution and fine detail, you
will wunt II narrow angle lens, a nd, in our analogy .
an arlnptor with a small hand width . On the
ot her hand, if your purpose is to obta in a " punorumu " wi t hout too 1I1lH'h emphasis Oil m nguif k-utinn of specifie smu ll portions of the radio Ire-

_ .,
.".. .
. . ~.
..

_ .,

~o

.- ._... .} ......."H L::Jl"' [ ..._

'<

~. ..

c(]

"'.0
" t.

V.

:'

..
B .
, .-

Fig. 7 .

Block diagram of the conventional sup e rheteredvne

queucy spectrum, then nn adaptor huviug a 1

to :1-111(: swcopwidtb is suitable. It must he remembered, 110WCYl'r- a nd this is impo rt a nt -ethat the tuning runge and intermediate Irequencv
of your receiver dictate what t he upper limit of
sweepwidth will be in an adaptor chosen to ope rute with it. Fo r example, it would he technically impractical to obtain a sweepwidth of :J
megacycles with a -l .~.~kc intermediate frequency.

H ow the Panadaplor Works

For the IH'lwfit of those who ha,'c pcrmittcll
t he m~I\'('S to I)('come rusty in elementary radio
tlwory, I('t us first re\"iew the principle of opera tion of IUl ordinary superheterodyne rccei\'(~r.
..\ s..., ume that a I l X)()....k c sil?;nal is to be retein'Cl.
Heferring to F i g. 7, the 1,()()()-'kc signal is fed to a
t Ulled 8ta~e called the con verter ( 1). At the 8:une
t im e, nn oscillator (2) feeds a si ~al of 1,400 kc
into the C-OJl\'ertf'f.
\\~h en t hese siJnmls of

co

different frequency " m ix" with t-a ch other, a new

f n 'quencv. represent ing the difference bet ween
the two origina l freq uencies, a ppears. I n this
case, t he d ifference freq uency or "intermediate
frequency" is 100 kc. The original freq uencies
ure st ill prese n t plus a fourth freq uency, the sum
of t he urijrinuls , hut the tuning of the next stage
(:3) is :-;0 shnrp that only the 400-ke signal is permit ted pas,...ugo und amplification . Following illtr-rtuediate frt-queney umplifir-ation, the signal is
detected or demodulated (4), the mod ulation
hdn~ amplified through (r) to II sufficiently high
1('Yf'1 to operate the speaker. We might then list :
~ itnllli Irequem-y-e-I ,000 kc
Osci llator fn'qlH'llcy- l ,4oo kc
lutcrmed intc frequency (iJ.)- lOO kc
T o tunc' a station on 1,aOO kc, the tuning ( '011den-or knob i- rotated to the uuw po:..itiou . III

,,

1I,
I ",

",

"

.,

_. ..

-...
'. .........4....

.
.
.
...........
.. ..............
I 1--.0.-

."

.,

Fig. 8. OH.resonance signal attenuation

converter stage

In

a typical

doing, W( ' IIll YC eha nJ,!;ell both the convert er

a w l the osci llator freq uen cies as follo wsSigua l frequcnc y-e- l ,:mo kc
Ow-illator fn'(lucllcy- l ,700 kc
H owe ver, the 400..kc i.f. has not changed bccause we han' tuuintuined II constant difference
between the signa l frequency a nd the oscillat or
frequ ency. Thus, th e i-f amplifier is a dj usted to
resonate pcrtunnently at 400 kc. By m enus of
two tuned st a ges (1) and (2) we ca n obtain a
higher degree of selcet ivi t y than was ever pruct ica l with the old t-r-f recei vers. T his is the m ajor
advant age of the su perheterodyne.
1'0

Adding a Panadap'or
Agnin referri ng to F ig. 7, it is obvious that
m any hu ndreds of ~il!lllll!' of d iffe re nt frequenc ies

Fig . 17. An A ,m y n n ion of the Panadaptor

September, 1945

n
I - '.

-,

",

".

",

Fi, . 9 . The unequal signals of Fig. 8 are leve lled oH in

th e a mplifier of the Pan adaptor

are inducing their respective voltages in the unn-nuu. Alt ho ugh the converter stage contains a
resonant (t uned} circuit. it:" selectivity is so poor
that signals differing by several hundreds of kilocy(']es from the one to which it is tuned arc
present wit hin the tube and it:" associated circuits .
Starting with the as...s umption that G signals of
equal strength roach the antenna, the signal to
which the converter is tuned will be the strongest,
while the others (ofT re-onunce] will fall ofT in
some pro po rt io n to t heir frequency sepnration
from the renter (F i g. 8).
T he presence of these signals m a kes it po:,~ih lt,
to receive a ll of t hem simu lta neously. wit hout intcrfcre nce or confusion , by menus of Panorami c
Reception. With reference t o Fig. 8, if t he reccive r con verter is tuned to 1000 kc, a nd the am
plitudc (st rengt h) of the received signal fa has
the value shown, other frequencies above a nd
below fa will suffer a tte nua t ion som ewha t as
illustrated. T he freq uency runge between - Ia
a nd +f3 might hC I for example , 200 kc. So much
for the receiver.
A sm all pnrt of euch of these dissimilar signals
is now injected into the firs t radio-frequency
amplifier of the Panadaptor. Thls st a ge is so designed t ha t the unequal amplitudes ns shown in
Fiq. 8 will emerge from it almost levelled-off,
resulting in the picture illustrated in F ig. 9
Using the values a.,..uuied previously , fa having
a frequency of 1000 kc would produce a n i.I. of
....00 kc when mixed with a n oscillator frequency
uf 1400 kilocycles. Assuming t he other Irequencics arbitrarily, we may draw up the following table-Sig, Freq. Rec. 0 , . Free . i.],
- I,
000 kc
1400 kc
500 kc
- II
!16O kc
I~OO kc
H O kc
- 10
1000 kc
1400 kc
100 kc
+1 1
1000;", kc
I~OO kc
:175 kc
+1,
1075 kc
1400 kc
:12.; kc
+13
1100 kc
1400 kc
:\00 kc
T hus , (July fa is reproduced in the loudspeaker
since the highly selective i-f amplifier tuned to
the 400-kc intermediate freq ue ncy produced by
fa will reject the spurious frequencies. B ut , the
small portion of each of these signals which i:o: fed
to the special radio-frequency ampl ifier of the

19

,7

' ~" "'"

r-------, -- - - - --- - ----1

, ,
is:

I.....

'

~.,

.- .'" 1

.:00.... ' , .

' -~- "

u
lll
,,

,,

'-.

,,
,,

~ _ .o

_. _Ii;

\ ._-

,,

.... .....

- ..-..' r- -...-

" I

"

,,

.-

- '<

Q100u " ","

~;,

1- __ _ _

... - - - ---- 't-:,- -.--- -- ----- -- - - - -- -- - ----- -,,

,
,

,,

..-_.,
--

,,

,,
,
I
I

---

" --. .'-'

~

",, ~

..oo

- ~

-_.-._ ..- r..

- '..... - - ,
C~ , "

-- - ,,

<-.~. ,... --

L.....L...

LULJl

1 .. _ -

--.

:!''::?!

. _ - ..-

'-

'

I
I

... .

Fig. 10. Block d iagra m sho wing relative signal str~ngth s

in d iff ~ n~n t po rtions of the receiver a nd Panadapto r

:H l:1 ptOI', n-nches t he convert..r of t he adaptor ill

the form sho wn ill P,!!. f) . T he block diagram
(F ig. 10) u un uu rizcs what we have suid t hus fur.

ju.... t riaht t o produce an i.I. of 200 kc to which

the ada ptor intermed iat e-freq uency amplifier
i-, f(..':'OU :lIIt. Thus. uno after another. the siuunls
in t he udu ptur-convert er PU:-i:,t'S through uud art'
am plified by t he i-f amplifier. (It should be understood. however, t hat t he oscillat or sweep in the
P:IIl:ulupt ( II' i... accompli...heel ('1('('1 ronicullv rut 11('1'
tha n manuu lly .) Tho problem IlOW urises :I.... t o
the :-< p(,("ll at which till' u...cillator Freq uency i:, to
vury. 1.4'1 u- r-nll th i." vu riution :-,pt't'il the ,~ I/'ft>J '
rule. If, fo r exam ple, t he osc illator reaches a frtqueney of 7()O kc once each second, d uri ng ti n'
:-i:UIH' -vccud it will han' passed th rough .j()() kc .
;).-)() kc. ;);),) kr- , etc., uud is sa id to have a :-<\H'Pp
rat .. of I ('~'c1p lx" second. Fo r reasons that will
lie uppnrt-nt later 011, we shall choose a sweep rute
of :m rvr-les-per-secund . (T he electronic m et hod
u-ed to accompl ish oscillator sweep will 1I0 t be
dotu il! here .. iur-e it b beyond the scope of t hi ..
urt icle.) T his II U'UIl:- tha t during every l / aO
second , the o..r-illator produces a n int ernuxliute
freq ue!H'y of 200 kc with each of the signal...
present in the converter.
Om' a t a t ime, these signal pulses a re fed to a
det ec tor and um plifier , :lI)peal'in~ us II voltage at
the o ut put of t he lut ter.. Earh sijmnl then follows
the ot her until, within I j aOt h second, cvcrv one of
them hu.... t-reated its own voltage for all iustnut .

The Cathod. Ray Indicator

we hun' ~H i( I, Panora mic Reception i...
ri.'lIIal rtx-cption -e-hy mea ns of a truce on H
ca t ho.lo-ra v tube screen. Since our ~ p:l('e is t oo
..b

FM Oscillator
Let 1I :-i now assum e that the adaptor converter
is followed hy a sharply tuned i.I. amplifier
rcsount..d to :!OO kc and that an oscillator inject s
lr l)OO..kc signal into the adaptor converter. 01.viouslv, only t he lOO-kt, sigunl will produce an
i.I . of 200 ki locycles with an oscillator frequency
of noo kc . If we rotate the oscillator tuning con..
d enser :-;0 that it s frequen cy cha nges back and
forth (or " sweeps"} continuously between 700
and .)(Xl kc, it will mix with one after another of
the signals shown in Block ;), Fig. 10, and produce
for eac-h l'iJ(ual an i.f. of 200 ke. For further
clarification, study the following table-sS igllnl i 11 (Hloek ,j )
OIS-c. Freq. 10 Prod uce
Adflplor-Gmll'erler
011 i.j. of .zoo k c
300 kc
500 kc
32;'; kc
52.') kc
375 kc
.:;75 kc
400 kc
f,()() kc
440 kc
640 kc
;,00 kc
700 kc
(Henjre of adaptor oscillator variation is from
;><Xl kc to 7UO kc )
At one time or a nother during; the " swee pi ng"
of t he oscillator hy rotation of its tunill~ dial
fro m 500 t o 700 kl' the o~ci1lator freque ut'y will he

20

,
-,
-'!--"

/'
/

F i g ur ~ 11 ,

C O'

C . r ' '''- ' 1' .

"0'--. ' 1'.

Figure: 12

/'

f\

II

t,

l-

1'1

1' 1
Fi g ur~

I-

13

co

Fig. 15. Worm 's eye view of the Panadaptor-which

can also be used as an S-meter, and for measurement of
d istortion and p e rce ntage modulation

Fig . 16. The Panadaptor as see n fr o m the top . This

equ ipment appears to be a must in the ue-tc-dete
post-war statio n

limited for an ('xt('IIIII'({ cxpleuetio of the

C.B .T., WI' -hull confine our discussion to the
more applicuhle portions of its opemtion.
A streum of ek-etrons emitted from a hot
cathode at one end of the tube is focussed on a
fluorescent sen-en at the other end, nppeuring
as a bright gree-n spot 011 t he screen. Two
parallel sets of mot ul platt's surrou nd the stream
(F i f! . 11), uud, when un appropria te voltage is appli"d to thrtu, the hr-atu is deflected so that it
trnt-es a line ucruss the screen. An ulternutin g
potential applied to terminals 1 and 2 will ca use
a vertica l line to uppcnr on t he screen in place of
the spot, whi le the sume voltuge applied across
te rminals 3 and 1 will produce a horizontal lim'.
Therefore, 1 and 2 nrc culled the vert ical defleet ing plates aw l :1 and -1 the horizontal deflecting plates.
T he output of the detector-ampl ifier combination is applied to t he vertleul detlecting plates.
Consider what happens to the spot during 1/3Q
of a :::'(.'t'OIHI. .-\s....uming signals of equal strength,
the first signal to puss the adaptor iJ. causes the
spot to jump upward anti trace a vertical line,
returning: immediately to the center position
(Fig. 12) . The next signal, coming on the heels of
the first , will do the same. The process is repeated until ('\'t'rr signal pre-cut in the adaptor
has pro.Iuct-d its own vert icul line. All this happens so rapidly ( l/a Ot II :,,(,(,OIH..I) that due to the
persistence of vision and the retentivity of
ftuore-cenee, the line seems to remain on the
screen as IOIlIZ as signals arc fed to the detector.

Sweep Actio n

Fig, 11 . Th e f. mi lia rvo ltage.d e8ected cathoderay tube

Fig. 12. Look ing at the screen from the front , with no
volt.ge ( left ), and with vertical deRection
Fig. 13. Showing step-by.ste p signal build-up when the
horizontal sweep is ap pl ied

September, 1945

The horizontal sweep action in volve- the u-e

of an ulternatinu voltujn- the frequency uf wh ich
muv Ior the munu-nt be considered :10 ("n'h'~
providing a SWf'C p mit' of :l0 cydl':-' per '~ 't'OIH I.
This ulteruating potential is applied to the borizcntul d('f1l'(ting plates of the C.H,T. producing
a horizon t al deflrx-t ion u t the :,:II11e t ime t hu t the
sign:l l~ nrt- tnH'i ng vorticul lines.
T hus , if the spot is moved to the right side of
tilt' sen-en by tile alternating voltage at the in..
stu nt tilt' 1)()()-ke siunul uf our example appears
at the vert ical plates, the resu lt will be somewhat
as shown in F ig. 13 (a) , This deflection is open
at the bottom lxx-nusc some time elapses while
the spot moves lip and down du ring the simultnnocus horizontal mot ion. .\ n instant later, the
-1-1G-kc -ignul produces a vertical deflection, hut
hy this time the spot has moved to the right and
the picture is that of (h). The first deflection is
still visible due to persistence of vi-ion and retentivitv of fluorescence. Following rapidly are
the oth~'r signals which produce tl~e composite
result shown in Fig, l B (c) . Remember that each
peak exists ouly for a small portion of the total
time, but nil peaks anpear to be present simultuneously.
Each peak will he of the same size only IX'.
C3U~ we started with the assumption of equal
signnl strengths. H ad the signal amplitudes diffen-d from cud, other, the peaks would very proportionately, Xote that the peak due to the
-1OG-kc intermediate frequency is at the center of
th(, screen. T his peak is, therefore the reproduction of the original 1000 kc signal to which the
receiver is tuned . It is clear that the signal liecrd
" i ll appear centered on the screen, while the (1)erutor will hi' able to see all other signal.... within a
[Conti'iued on page 361

21

TELEVISION SCANNING
B. W. SOUTHWELL, W60JW

and
receive intclliaible visual
Tele visl ce will doubtless playa lar9lt part in post-war ham radio. Teleimag('~ it il" ncce-snry
visi on is no longer the sim ple art it was in the da ys of mecha nical scann ing.
that the subject picture
It is " science .11 its own , en d here are" IflW o f the fundam entals.
focussed on the mosaic of
t he iconoscopc he scanned
very ra pidly so that a complete picture can be t ransmitted in a fraction of a
110 connec-tions to the deflection plates. the elec:'('('011(1. It is also essential that the image be retroll beam striking the screen appears ill the
produced on the fl uort-seent 8CT('C1l of the kine- center, midway between the ho rizontal deflecting
scope exact ly IL" it was seen by the iconoscopc. plates 1 aw l P, and vert ical deflecting pla tes 8
Three views of 111(' fluorescent. screen of n and 4. If a poten t ial is connected ac rose t he tube
('ll tho<!(' my tub e urc shown in Fig. 1. In A , with 1>(' \\\"( '('11 plates 1 ami 2, t he beam, which con~is ti' of negat ive pa rt icles of elect ricity, will move
horizon t ally toward the positi vely-charged plute
ELECTRON ....- :_ .
2, ai'i indlcutcd ill Fig. tB , Similarly, t he lx-nm
&AM3
cuu be displur-ed vertically upward as in Fig. t C ,
If the buttery voltage is replaced by a n
osr-illuting or alternat ing potential on t he horizontal plates , t he heam will sweep hack ami
forth across till' screen. The length of this S Wt'(' P

will depend 0 11 the voltage applied. An ultr-rnating potential applied to the vertical plates
will ('1U!1'>1' the spot t o move up and down betwee n
plat es 8 and 4.
ORUI-:R TO TH.\X:-;:\lIl'

Sawtooth Scann ing

4

L----'-Oililf-''-- - '

Fig. 1. Showing how the electron beam or "spot" is

deflected in I cathod e r.y tub e. A combinatio n of
rapid horizontal a nd vertical d isplacemenb bui ld up
the " picture"

22

In scanni ng an image it is necessary that the

defh-etion increase linearly in respe ct to time. I n
other words, t he voltage must build up linearly
wh ile t he bea m swee ps across t he face of the
sen-en and then reverse itself ami d een -a....e
rapid ly to its initial value. The waveform of the
voltage produced in t he out put of scan ni ng
generators appears as sho wn in Fig, f, and i...
known a... a "sawtooth" wuve.
Then' arc two typos of cathode ray t ube....the elcctrostatie-deflecting and magnetic-defleetiug, I n the electrostat ic-deflect ing des ign
the outputs of the scanning generators arc Ied to
t wo sets of deflecting plates. One pa ir SW('('p.-:
the benm horizontally and the ctbcr pair verticully . I n the magnet ic deflect ing typo deflection i.. . accompli.. . lied by varying the magnetic
field between two sets of coils placed Itt righ t
angle... to each other mound the neck of the tu lx-

co

AND

,t,CTlv

T IM E

-~

SYNCHRONIZATION

"""CT N E

PEk lOD

CyC LE

~. Of" 0"1 ""

Fig. 2. The "sa wtoo th" of a sca nning gen erator. In

conv enti o nal 5i5-li ne televisi on the ho ri zontal pe riod
is 1 /1 5,1 50th of a second

just beyond t he lust a node ill t he electron gun.

T he maguctic f1<'11i uf one set tends to 1ll0\"C t he
lx-am buck and forth in a huri zontal direction
(horizont al sweep coils) and t he ot her vert ically
(n '11 i(':1I swee p coils}. The sawtoot h wa ves prod uced ill the scanning generator for elect rostatic d eflect ion are voltuge waves, while t hose
generated for magnetic deflection are sa wt oot h
waves of current.
If a n ultoruu tin g sa wt ooth potential of l;J,7[,o
cycles per second is a pplied to the hori zontal
deflection plut es, und a sa wtooth volt age of 60
cycles to t he vert ical plates , t he bea m will swee p
back and forth ac ross t he screen 15,750 times a
-econd nud up a nd down GO t imes per second .
The TCS Ult W l t reproduced pictu re on t he Huoresce nt screen of t he cathode ray t ube is a scann ing
., Ta:S tcr " COU:,I:,t
, .IIIJ,!; 0 f o- ')zo I'm os .

in Fi g. S. T he mult ivibrutor pulse generator circuit is very similar to that of u re-gular resistancecoupled amplifier,
T he circuit requi res two
triodes which are generally included in one I'U"dope, T he output of th~c second triode is fed
hack to the grid of the first t riode in the right
phase to sustain oscillations, By varying t he
grid condenser C and the grid-resistance H, it is
possible to change the fundame ntal frequency of
the mult lvibrntor. T his arrangement is very
popular as it is easy to synchron ize .
The block ing osci llator t y pe of scanning J?;CUera tor ; illustrated in Fi g, 4 is a Int er development
a w l is nlso reliable a nd simple to adjust. Thc
oscillutions nrc blocked suddenly when the grid is
driven ucgatlvo by the pa..ssa gc of grid current ,
uml rommcncc uguin a..' l the cha rge flows ofT
through t he grid leuk. A sepa rat e triode, (which
in prncticc is generally the other half of a twint riode type tube) is used to discha rge t he enjuu-it or C. The Irequcney at which t he blocking:
oscillator operates is determined by the He combinatiun Rg:Cg:, As Hg decreases in value, the
charge leaks ofT C~ faster and the blocking action
rep ents itself a t a higher rat e.
Sawt ooth oscillators whi ch are not blocking
oscilla tors nrc generally termed "relaxation"
oscillators. Relaxat ion oscillators are divided
into t wo t ypes, the sym met rical and the Ull-

r------~- . +

Sawtooth Generato"
Th('TC art' various tnx-'s of sa wtooth genera tors .
Ono of these Pill ploys a t wo-element gaseous d ischa rge tube, Such a tube contains t wo elect rodes
immersed in a gus a t low pressure a nd is co nnected across t he terminals of a capacitor. T h is
t ype is of little value for television purposes due
to the fact that it cannot be accu rately svuc hron ized .
' .
The scann ing generator most commonlv USl'11
is a conventional th ree-element YfiCUUn; tube,
which is Irce from temperature a nd de-ionization
delay effects. This t.)'I,)( of scanning generator,
employing the multivibrutor princi ple, is sho wn

September, 19 45

'--+--0

.-

SCAHNG
FU-SE

OUTPUT

SYNC.o--r-~W

'NPUT

Fig_ 3. Muhivibrator type of Wlwtooth wave generator

23

B+

,r-- - "-- oW WMv--

vert ica l :--C'anllinc: ~('IU'ratol":-( t o m in imi ze ('ro",,.;talk . \r llt' ll vertical d eflec ti on intcrm iugl os with
t ltt' h or iw n t a l, till' pattern :,h:q)(' i:-: distorted.
l l urtno n ir's of 11.(' horizontal sawtooth uppcurimr
in thr- vr-rtir'al dolloetiou circuit ... cuu-c tho
..eunninc lines to beeouu- wnvv instead of st rniuht ,

Scanning Method.

t
\. D'SCHAAG

T uB<

Fi9. 4 . Blocking o scillator generator with d i,charg tub e

There ure various methods of seunniug a nti I"Cpro dur-iuu an iIl Hlj!(' hy an electron beam . t he
I)(';oot known of which arc the projrrc-...ive (nonintt'f!:t(,(t1 ) uud tln- interlaced {p n -Ie rul Ie
ux-thod) . Tl:e prol!ff:-~iw' system con-i-t ... of
a picture ;oo('lWIU"C! hy :1 single set of parallel. adjur-eu t liuc-. :1:- shown in Fig. 0.-1 . The solid linenrc the seunninu or ucrive line-. while th e b roken
lines a n ' the return or inactive Hne- . The inueti ve lint's urt- l.luuked out :-:0 that tl l'.' do lint

-vmmetru-nl . I II the synunetrical tYIM.'t u voltage

wan.' is g:('llerat("(1 with II quick "Hip-over" from

r-xtn-me negative to extreme positive values, fol10\\'('<1 by a IX'rilMI during: which the voltuge 11('('n ':I:--t':-; :-;lowly (reluxntion) , until the critical
value i~ reached uud the process 1''1>(,3t.-.; it ..elf in
tho opposite direct ion.
T he unsymmetrical
o-cillatnr gl'll('ra t('s posi tive a nd nega tive W:1Y{':,
of utu-qu ul magnitude a nd durat ion . T he wuveforms of these two ty)x's us vie wed on a 1(':-:1
o~ (' i ll o:-:( 'o l)(' , art' sho wn ill Fig. ,;.
The frvquom-y of hori zontal scuu ui ng gcn (' l'al0fs to reprodu ce all itnugc of a certain number
of lines is de rived from t he form ula
') -c- horiwn tal frequcncy
.
I ~l ll tS - _ .'\.
.

vert ical frequen cy

VOl" exa m p le, a ,:;25-liIlC imagc will require a
horizonta l oscill ator frequency o f l;j ,i50 cycles
( :I ~~ Ul l\ i ll g a HO-cy('!c vertical sweep ) .
whcu construction of a television recei ver is
contem plated , it will he desirable to consider
sepa ru te power s u p plies for the h ori zont al and

~-

- - -- - -

- ~- ~-

- cnvr

<

.1--'----\- - + - - -\-----01-- -\,

~

UNSYVMETR ICAL

Fig. 5.

24

R~lnation

oscillator w .. y~forms

- - - - - - - -

FATTERN (DOWNWARO)

- - - ~- - -

I-~ -=----- "'---

- - - - - - ...--

...,~ -- - ----

-- -

- = ,-

... ---

~
---- - :;~ = = =~
'"~~ - -= .===-

------ -

INAC TIVE P.....T T ERN (UP""ARO)

Fig. 6 ,

..

- - - - - - - - -

Pro,r~ss iy~

se.. nnin, patterns. In..ctive or reter...

sw~~p s ere dotted

a ppt'ar ill tilt' reproduced im age . T he electron

beum is moved back ac-ross the picture instn ntnueously d uring the t ime of the inactive lines .
.\t t ill' romplotion of nil inact ive line the hori zontal blunkiuz netion conses am i t he beutu
starts t o truer - uuothcr active line -Iiaht lv below
the pft'('('('( ling line. T Ill' distance one lin e lies
below 1 he p n-eecc linz one d e pend s pri marily o n
t he frC( IUf'II('Y uf t he h orizontal ...cnnniu u eon erntor, a nd t he coordina ted action of the vert ica l
oscillator on the' lx-am to b ring t he spot d own t o
the start of t ilt' nex t line. T he higher tilt' Ireq UC'llcy, t he great er lh(' IHlmhcr uf :,ca u u illg lim'..;
and ('OIl:'l'qlU'nt ly (':Il'h lim' is d O:"l'r to thl' pf('Ct't'd in g one, ~ imil:trly . if t he frcquf'Il('y i:-, low t hl'
nUIIlI )(' r of lim':" i.... :"IIl:lllef lU1l1 IH'IH'(' t ill' lim's a rt'
:,pn 'lul o ut from ('a('h uther. The downward ac-

co

s
~

3
cZ

:>!

,I

2
3

---

- ---, ------

----- -

-..

--- - -

-.

==
=

FIRST FIELD

SECOND FI::LO

Fig. 7. Odd-line interlacing. Return or lnectlve lines

afe dotted. Vertic.1 retum is shown on the tiS"t

lion of the vertical oscillator is constunt duriue

t ill' time of the ucuvc seunning line and the
blanked-out retrace. One cuu n':u lily -ee that if
the rcrrucc were not Instuntuncous horizonta l
dark lines or hands would run through the
picture.
'
.\t t he end uf the last scanning line, rertiecl
bln nkiu e is imposed on t he spot , extinguishi ng
and rt-turui ug it to the upper left corner of the
pict ure. This return is fast com pared with t he
dc wnwurd motion und the lim- moves buck nud
fort h several t imes as shown ill Fig . GB (iuuctive
pat tern }. Th ose upward motions const it ute t he
difference between the active lines anti the total
number of lines of the cn t ire pattern , The nu m lx-r of innvt ivc (upwa rd) lines must be ke pt to a
mi ni mu m . I n prncticc , t he number of verticn l
inact ive lim's is 41 or loss .
Each sca nni ng line sho uld he j ust thick enough
t o be adj acent to the prccccdi ua one a nd must
r-qunl the di sta nce between centers of a dj acent
lines. The line thickness is derived from t he

metho d the total number of lines is an od d uumber. It is simpler t ha n the even-line system uud is
the lIll'tIH.H.1 most com monly used. I n the even-line
method (F ;0,8) t l1(' total numbe r of lines is an even
numb er. T he difficulty lip!' in accurately forming
up and <lOWIi ructions of unequa l lengt h in the 1'('quirt d -ucee-siou . Since it i- superseded hy the
odd-line system we shall not discuss it further:
W it h odd-line interlacing, there are 26:Li lines
ill (':Il'h -ucce..lvc field, Everv lip and down motion must I){' precis..l'1y the -ume length in order
that interlnr-iug he preserved. At the sturt of
euch field, in order to avoid "pairing," the -pot.
mu...t 1-", one-half line distuut and exactly on t he
-ntue level a!' the -tnrt of the previous field.
(I'n iriug will lc described luter. )
TIIf'f(' nrc other methods of scanning in Ip::--)ZelH'f81 u-e. Sinusoidal scanning UJ",(':' simple d crk-cticn circuit..., which are relatively free from
distortion us well 31' inexpensive. Spiral scunuintr
makes maximum \1:'(' of a circular cathode ray
sen-e-n, but is wasteful of screen nrea in rcctungular pictures. Like sinusoidal scanning it i..
difficu lt to synch ronize.
Anot her method j ..
vclocitv sca nni ng which produces brighter h igh
li ght... and m-ods 110 synchroniza tion. Its prinvi ple is bri ght ness inversely p rop ortiounl to
~(,:lIltl ill~ ve loci ty, hut requ ires a ll excessive
verticnl b lauki ng period.
I II in tcrluciug, the sim ple two to one is the
easiest form t o obtuln nud is employed in t he odd lim' system. "'''i ll' urrntor det ail is available
wit h u hi g her ra tio intr-rlare, it i!' d ifficu lt t o syn-

formula

-------

-- ---

height
T hickness _ - ---,,-...c.:O::,,::.:--,,-number of a ctive lines
}' or a 52;) line picture with 483 actiyc line::! and
a h('i~ht of six inches, the line thickne:ss will be tj
d ivided hy 4sa or .01 2-1: inche.s.

AC T IVE n[LOS ( DOW NWARD)

Interlaced Scanning
The inh'rlueed lIlt'tlu.Hl of :-,('nnll ing: il'i a <l ifferent
:-tory. Th(lilles nrc :-('uIl IlPd in the order 1. 3, 5. "
(t c " follow('(1 by 2, 4 , n. S, (,tc. The t ime for
eO\'('riul! tlw pi(,turc 1m':l is r('(hu'Nl from }iot h to
l~ot h ::;ee und ::;0 tlmt in thl' fir:-:t fip ld in which t he
udd lIuml ){'rNI Jim'S a re l'i(':u uwd, t he spa l'ing I){'tW(,(,11 liu(':o; (ce nt" r to ('('nt('r) is d ouhl E'l1. The
:-,('cond fi(,lll ill which the en'n Ilu mlx-red linp::;
a re l'icallll('d mu:-ot fall a('curately :'0 that t he lim's
of the ~('llll d fi(hl a re hll)f.wa y hetw('('u the lines
of the fir:-:t field. The illlt'rb l'cd pattern i ~ ~hown
in Fig. i .
T h('re 1m' two IIwthods of i n terla(' i n ~-thc
olld-Iine lUll l c \'('n-line l'iy:-ot em:-o. In t he odd-line

September, 1945

I ,--==-,_. - - __
-- - -_ -..- --~-I

I-

-_

I __ -

- - -=-1

..=.""

- - - - __

zZ 1
-- , - - - -111l

---_---- - - ==-1

I-------=-

---..
_r--__

- --

.-----

- - -.::

...:: -

@
INAC TIVE F IE LDS

(uPW"RD)

FIRST FIEL D
-SECOND FELD

25

I 11111' III

chrnnize accurately to avoid pa mug, ami interline flicker becomes apparent clue to lower
frequency.

I I II

~\\\\\\\\\\\1 SCANNING

L INE O'

SECOI'<O n LO

Fi9. 9 . Showing "pairing" of line s in successive fie ld s

due to improper timing of vertical scanning generator

HORIZONTA L

SYNC. SI(:;NAL,

--- ------

- - -MA" LE VEL

l NF' RA BLAe ...

--- ----

REGION
- - BlAe ... L EVEL
-

B L A N KI NG

SIGNAL

Fig . 10. Harbantal sy nchro nLt ing pulses

Fig. 11 . V ertical synchronizing pulses

26

Synchroniution
The mothod bv which the electron beam in the
receive r is kept in step with the scanning: 1)(.',1111 ill
the im-onoscope at the transmitting position iculled synchronizution-r-or familiarly " sync."
The sytu-hm nizing signal is applied between the
grid circuit and the ground of each scanni nz
gcuerutor.
If, in each scanning cycle, the timing is not the
same a..; the proceeding cycle, the pictu re clemeuts in the cat hode ray tube will be displaced ill
the reproduced image. The picture element .. in
one line are di splaced t o one side or the other.
relat ive to the next line, if the horizontal synr-h ronizat ion is faulty" On the other hand , if t he
vert ical scanning synchronization is out of step,
lilies ill one interlaced field will be displaced
vertlcully with reference to lines of the prccccdina
field. The lack of vertical sync will cuuse what i..
known us "pairing," as shown in Fig. 9 . There
are two important frequencies in synchronizing :
I-The free or natural frequency of tlusca nning geuerutor itself which is goverued by the constants of the circuit (resistance nnd capueitunce values, tube
constants, ctc.) .
2- 1'hc synchro nizing frequency, which is
the freque ncy of pulses applied to the
grill of the scanning generator tulx-.
Whell the sync pulse is approximately the sallie
flWllICIiCY as the free freq uency, the scanning gonerntor then operates at a forced frequency, which
is equul to the sync frequency whenever an image
is lK'ing reproduced. Viewed on a test oscilloscope
the sync pulse appears to be riding; on the top of
the horizontal blanking pulse as in Fig. 10. It
is not desirable to have the sync frequency and
the Iree Frequency exactly the same. The general
nile is, to set the free frequency far enough below
the sync Ircqueucy eo that they cannot become
equal. but not so far us to cause the sync circuit
to 10::'C control. If the free frequency were set
above the sync frequency the period between
pulses occur during the time a line is being
scanned.
Setting the free frequency below
shortens the period between pulses, and the
oscillator is held back continuously because the
sync pulses always appear at the end of the
scanning: of each line.
Horizontal pulses occur at the end of each line
and "lock in" each of the successive transmitted
lines. These are sharp, nearly rectangular pulse...
(see Pig. 10) which occur 15,750 times per second
for a 525 line picture" For every 262J-i horizontal
(Continuro on pagt S4J

co

REPLACE OVER 8 7 5
TYPES OF BA LLA ST TUBES
WITH
O N LY 10
N. U . UN IBALL ASTS

N. U. UNlBAllASl
REPLACEMENT NEEDS WITH
COVERS YOUR
PROfITABLE TYPES
ONLY 10 fAST-SelLING
UN IBALLASTS are a real proht.maker for serv ice
men. With only \0 types ofN.U. UN IBALLAST to carry.
y OU keep your investment constantly turning, and putting
profll s in your pocket. Order UN IBALLASTS today from your
N .U. Jobb er. And ask him for the N .U. UN IBALLAST
Service Manual" ' o r write_National Union Radio Corpo ration,
O U BET

Newark 2, New Jersey.

SPIC.", CATlOHS
[vieD if one o r m ort: rilot l i(1h U burn
out UN 18AlLAS'T continues to operate
l

UN IBAU / ,sr _ the

univ~~l

balb.s
lubc _SlTlaU- comp&<:t_easy. quiCk. In '

,nMallauon.
Metal C1\"c1orc is eJ;ccllent heal radiator. " Plu g " n" silTli'!iciw .
ent
l'to
rJopc1' opC'f&ting cuu
c:;0fl vidcs
Jition rcprdlcU of variJ,nons SUC
\n Sline
i
,'oltaf.C and in the cbart.(ttfI
of
tube heatd'S and pilot lightS.

the tube filamenU in the

~Iflng.

at

cfficicn1 cuneo! u .nf,C.

ResistanCe is scl{-eompc1l~lin,, -.diuS1S

Itself au tomat ically- n u t ballast action.
Voltage drOPi,ing range is indicated o n

c.,I:1Y UN IBhLLASf.

NATiONAL UNiON

RADIO TUBES AND PARTS

T... ,.ilt"'" CA'boJ, ., ",i. i.'. S""i.1 p . , pou T o'" (..,.I,.un
1'.lo~' Cwo'''''' p.... EI,<I"' ",If, p ,1 LA" . f /, " Ii, b' 8 . lb'

Order Today from your N. U. Jobber

September, 1945

27

RADIO AMATEURS

WORKSHEET
No. 4.

A:"Y H.\llIO

Ht:cElyt:H~

RECEIVER ANTI-NOISE CIRCUITS

for point to point ap-

plications do not receive signals enntinuously but art' used ill a standhv or monitoriug condition for uppreciahle periods of time. In
many cases the transmitter is switched off during
the sta ndby pt'ri(KI hut sometimes both transmit ter a nd receiver remain operative at all times.
If the carrier is tmnsminr-d oulv during the
operutinu pe riod and drops to zero at other times ,
till' recei ver TIlay receive ...ufficient noi...c and
... tutic t o he a ma jo r un uovanee. This is partieulurl v true if tlu- rad io receiver employs a u t omatic
volume control . In th is en...c t he scnsit ivitv of t ill'
receiver i:-; routrollod hy t he incoming signa l
ca r rier during the u pe rut ing period but OW' " t he
cu rrier is cut off the rece iver .""II."it i\ ity inc reases
to maximum.
III ordina ry b road cast sho rt W:l.\"C receive rs , t he
-a rue sit uat ion resu lts when t he receiver is tuned
fro m o ne weak signa l to ano the r, WI1('n one
-Ianul is tu ned out. t he currier vanishes a nd t he
receiver sensitivity is increased by t he a utomatic volu me control to ma ximum, w here it remai ns u ntil a IIl'W station is tuned in .
T o remedy t his situution a number or ant i-

uoi-c or noi-c reducing circuits han' lx-eu 11(,

vi-ed . TI){'~t' circuits may he limiters of various
...ort- of circuits which render the audio circuits
inopcrut ive during: the periods when n o ca rrn-r i ~
being rtx-eived. One of the first circuits of th i:-i ...ort
con-i-ted of a currier rectifier whic h operated a
d-e relay. The relay cont acts were Ircq ucut lv
u:o'(',l to insert sufficient blas in a n a udio circu it
to 1'('11I It'r it inoperat ive, to short the heudphoues
or loud-spea ker, or t o op en the out put circuit at
SO!lW convenient point. Such a circu it is shown
in Fig . 1. Here the anti-noise circuit is eonuected
to the cathode of t he det ector. Whell no sig na l is
hl'ing I'ect,j\,pd point it is not sufficient ly positive
t o overcome the h igh negative bias of the antinoi...( ~ t uho ...0 no cu rren t flows through the relny
winding. IIO\\' l'Vt'f , when a signal is received ,
point .-l lx-comcs more positive due to m ore
plat e current flowing in cathode resistor N. This
overcomes t he bias of t he ant i-noise t ub e so that
cu rrent cnu flow through the relay winding. This
is shown in Fig. 1 as a bias of K Oil the an t i-noise
tube. The current in t he relay winding ca uses the
relay con tacts to d ose, short-circuit ing resistor
HI in the cathode circuit of t he a udio tube

DETECTOR

AUDIO TUBE

I
RELAY

...

VOLTAGE
DIVI DER

L - - ---.---f- -

",

NORIw' AL

BIAS

AN n~ N Dt SE

,,

CIRCUIT

.
x

NORMAL

...

BIAS

Figure 1

28

co

~1?U~me

BULEY has the crystals

P o st V J D n y p rod uc t io n of
B liley acid etch ed " crysta ls fo r
Fl\I r e c ei v ers, Aircraft a n d
M arin e rad ios, R ailroad com m u n icat io ns e q u ip me nt a n d
m any o ther a pplicat io ns is proceed ing wi th t he M IDC sk ill and
e fficiency t ha t m arked o u r wa r ti me cperat ion s.

Subst antial qu an ti ti e s of
these c rysta ls a re in the ha n ds
of fo resigh ted m anu fa c ture r s
who p lan n ed in a dva nce w ith
Blile y e ngineers for freq uency
sta b ilization in their post-war
m odels.
Now, m o re than ever before,
you need the ve rsa t ile ex per i-

ence of Bliley e ngineers a n d

c raftsmen gained thr ou gh m o re
t ha n 15 y ea rs of quart z crysta l engi nee r in g e xcl us ive ly .
Whe t h er you r r equiremen t s a re
o ne c r y sta l o r a million , you
ca n be su re of top qua lit y - t o p
d esign -c- nn d top perfo r m ance
- in Bfiley crys ta ls .
.;- -;-

A nolh.-r "'flr 1m. ~n ad ded. Uur SIll c:itntio'l In .. o ut,.ta nd ;lll/

<Xhift!<rmrnJ in prodw:ing malt'Tial. cs.tWnliaJ 10 the wor ~ffQrt.

-;-

A cid ri{'h mR quort : (' ,.)" st uff/ to I,.equ .. nt:y

u a pGl.nt.'t/ HI./,).

pN.X"f"SlI.

Rod io Engln..,.swrite for tempot"ory

lulletin

cn

BLiLEY ELECTRIC COM PANY U N I O N S TA TIO N B UILDING ERIE PENNSYLVANIA

September, 1945

29

causing the hloeked aud io t ube t o a..... . 111111'

normal hies and (unction norm ally , Wh'1l tho
incoming signal drops to zero, very litt Ie current
flows in U; und t he voltage at ~l becomes lee...
posi tive due to lower detector plate current , T he
bias of the anti-noise tube is beyond cutoff and
since voltage at A is almost zero, t he anti-noise
tube is b lock t -d nud uo plate current flows through
the relay wind ing. Al' a result the relay contacts
O)X'O, /( 1 is hack ill circuit and the audio tube is
biased beyond cutoff. T his circuit must operate
quickly or the first syllable of the modulation
may be r1i pIX"i1 off if thc incomi ng currier i...
modulated when first received.
Obviou...Jy the rt'lay contacts might han' ...hort
circuited the headphones or loud-spea ker or cut
them out of circuit . F ig. shows an arrangement

---

_ RELAY CONTACTS

Fig ure 2

which is also som et imes used to pre vent elipping.

II N C bulunccd repeater coils are cross-connected
ill such man ner that sig nals arc normally balanced out. T h e relay contacts are connected ill
such manner that for normal operation the cross
connect ions are sho rt circu ited allowing signal
to puss. Thus when the relay contacts nrc closed
the circuit is operati ve, and when they arc o pen
the bul uneod circuit allows no signa l o r noise to
P:lS~ t hrough th(' rt'IM'ating coil.
It i~ at onee uppareut that the relay contad.s
o ( Fi g. J ('ould just lL<;; well be norn13lly clost'd and
the wi nding; cu rn'nt Ul'N to open them. I this
WNt' dOlle, t hen the circuit of Fi g. 2 mig;ht be
ero....,s-(olltltt'1'd to ullow signal to flow when the
('ontuet:o; o( the r..tay arc oJX'n ami si~rml to he
h:llau('ed out wlwn the contacts a re clo"'etl. In

this ru...(' tilt, runtucts open more q uir-klv t han

t lH'Y ('lUI be closed atul syllab ic clippin g may be
reduced .
Pi g. ;J shows o ne version of a q uiet AYC circuit
o r Q.\ \C as it is sometimes culled . T hese cirr-uits genera lly ope rate o n the principle of re!ea:-ing a lnrge negative bins normally imposed
0 11 the grid of tho first a udio tube. Under eonditions of no :,ignal input , the audio t ube is
hia.-; t -d several volts beyond cutoff :'0 there ca n
he no audio out put. w hen a signul appears,
direct current flows through t he load circuit of the
diode detector increasing the bias o n t he QAYC
tube and corrcspoudinalv decree...lnz its plate
cu rrent . For best. results t he pla te current of t ill:'
Q.\ \ ' C t ube should he reduced to zero, thereby
removing a ll blocking hias from t he audio tube.
The plate current of t he QA YC t uh.. flowing
through res istor HI in grid circ uit of thc aud io
tube provides t he bloc kin g bias , Resistor Hz
serves to control t he signal input requi red to ro1Il00'(' t he block ing biu from the a ud io t ube.
In future dat a sheet , severa l types of lim iters
for a m plit ude modulation recei vers will be ,It'scribed a nd their churacteristics discussr.. d . In
general , practical limiter circuits are designed to
ope ru tr- without manual adjustment for any utu plitude of signal received . Limiters in amplitude
modulation receivers a re generally m ost effe ct ive
0 11 weuk sijmuls.
Limiters in genera l consist
futn- tiu nully of uu a ut oma t ic cont rol system a nd n
limiter proper wh ich eit her OP('tlS a n aud io cireuit , short circuits l U I audio circu it , or hallu l<'t':-;
noi-- impul...l's out of t he audio frequem-y systeru .
In this way, Hoi...p impu lses may bo limited t o 111\
nrbit rury l)('n'I'Htn~t of modulation determined
by ti lt' va lue... (' I II N'1I (or the circuit consta nts .
Limi ters ill a m plit ude modulutiou receive rs o perate most d T((tinly on those typl':-: of Hoi:-:l'
wh ich ((ml'i..~t of l'harp. rpp('t itin' implll:,t':-:. :\hlch
mun-nuu le int('rft'n 'w'!' i:-i of thil' nat ur'. In till'
CUt'e of lIt'mtH)t h" Iloi:",(' ~ ueh as tulH' hi~.-; . tl!'nwli
H~itut ion, l'{( . tilt' Iloi:"(' limit('r i... of no pnu'tieul yulue, ,si lu'c tlw lim ite r and eontrol l'y:-:tl'lll
('Ullllot r'adily c1i~t illgui:::h IWtwfftl thi~ tYIH' of
noi:'C llIul de:- it1"f1 si l!;ual.

DIODE DETECTOR

I It. AUDIO TUBE

.,
OAVC ON-QFF SWITCH

AVC
C AVC

TUBE

Figure 3

30

co

Be One of the First to Own and Enjoy

This Ce/ebra/ed "Radio Man's Radio"
Pent-u p d emand by shor t-wave listeners
and rad io a ma teu rs for world-famous
H a llicra ftcrs isgreater than eve r !
IT 'S \VI SE to reserve you r receiver right now a nd
be su re of ea rliest del ivery. Allied R ad io's new plan,
through coopera tion of the H aJlicrafters Co m pa ny,

MOD EL SX2 8 A- La re st mode l of Halficcafters famous Sllp~r Sk)'- R id~r . . . th e

finest communi cations receiver b uilt today! Has a frequency r-a n g e o f 550 kc. to , malt s
4 2 Me. co n tin uo us in 6 bands. \X'ilh crystal. le ss speaker. net .. .. . . . . . . . . . $223.00

it easyfor J'ou.'
HOW 'TO'l/tSEIiVE YOUR HAWt:RAFTERS

MODEL SX. 2 S-Th eSl#prrD tfi,mt

. lone -time favor ite of amateurs

who want fine performance at II

moderate p rice. Has II freque nt)"
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leu speaker, net _ . . $94 ,50

"I

c c

~
. s

5.,-

....
I, .

i n low cost fi d d . H u II fr equency

r an ee o f 55 0 kc. 10 4 3 M e. con linuo us in " b and s. Wi th built-in
speaker, n ee $60.00

"

,
..u

__ "

.0'
~_.L.

"

the current price w ill put yo u

amon g th e first in line to re
ee ive d e livery of a Ha lli
crafters Rece iver.

(Prift! Utbjrc-/ 10 PoluM~

"A rse nal of Supply"

for Everything in
Radio & Ele dronics
Cerlijic-alr oj Achie ,'rm e n t a u'ardr d

September, 1945

'0

is mode, yo u may hove your

d e posit bac k if you wish.

r~ I ';';I1" lit /i",~

of Jhil",rrnl.)

0.'.

ALLIED RADIO CORP.

833 W. Joc kson Blvd., Dept. 56.JJ..5

Ch ico go 7, III.

Allird Rttdiof orlu/p

inK lpud t he prodec1; 0 11 of u-a r m ate rial,

Depf. 56-JJ.5, ChlcClSlCl 7 , U. S. A .

O ~e r 20 Yeors of Service
th. Nof ion

6 . Eve n offer you r reservatio n

:.: , M A I L THIS COUPON, ;TODAY' ~ " , " .

10

ALLIED RADIO

in good cond itio,... will b e eccepted for a lib era l tradei,..

allowance instead of cask
d own payment.

H a llic ra fte rs UtS have r e nd ered o ursea ndi ng servi ce in war

communicat ions. Y o ur new H a lfic ra fre r s will have vital wac pro ve d features . . pIllS la test e ngi neering d evelopmem s ,
C hoice o f m odels t hat co ver both wor- ld-wide short-wave a nd
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rh e firs t co have o n e and g la d you r ese r ve d you rs now !

Conce ntrated he re are th e w orld' s lar-gest

and most com p le te stock s of parts and equ ip .
m e nt under one roof. And All ied h as alwa ys
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a:n w. JClc!tsCin.

5. Any co mmunica tio ns re ce ive r,

3. A d eposit of only 10% of

MO DEL $-39-51,. R"''' ~tr pon

able . . . o pecales (ro m its o wn

sel f-co nrained b a tte ries o r 11 '

volts .c. o r d.e. H as freq uen cy
rantteof 54 0 kc. jo 30. 5 .\fc. eon.
rincou s i n .. ba nd s. Net . '$110.00
P'M 2 3 SPE AK ER- fo r S X2 8 A a nd
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2. You d on', have to pa y the

f ull amoun t in advance.

~r
ChO D E ~ S.'OR _ P apu l,. r
" m!Jffm 0 en top per o r ma n ce

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4. When your set is re a dy, e asy

pa yment terms may b e erra ng ed.

1. All yo u have to d o is enter

Plea se r eserve H altic r aftees Model ... .

.
for m e. En closed is m y 1 0 ~ depoair $
( II is unde rstood I retain r iGht to cancel o rd e r an vrim e
befo re deliver)', a nd jtec my d e po sit back. )

Pl ease send furt h er i nfo rmacion o n r o ur Com mu nl cati ons Receiver R eservat ion Pl a n.

NAME

..

DDRESS

I
I
L

CiTy

ZO NE. ST.T'E. .

31

..

--

VllMAx

-.-.-" ----- ~

When " V O M AX"

"

,h.

p o st- war va cuu m-tu be vo lt-ohm -

d b -milliammeter and aJ.-r.l. sigeel-treeee - wa s a nnounced Ju ne

ht, w e rolher expected " ~ ,e.
wo rles" , W e g ot th em . twe-te-

1 . 8ra'ld 'lew DOll_ wa r de~ ,IOl'l . . . PO~ i ' . ~e ly '1 01 a " w o, medo ". '
p'e wor mode l.
2 , M Ot e !hon an "etecuce.e" ~ohm e le' , VOM AX II a II"e "ae"" III
I"b. ~oh "'.'ef , 'I .~e ry YaIrO';le! r," ,uo nee ' d b. lunelion.
3. (ompl.,. ~ill",;11 lrac ,ng I'om 20 cyd ," 'h' O<I';Ih Over 100 me ';lO
c'!"Cl e~ by ..... ,lhd,o .....o o le r.I d ,cde p'ob e ,
.. . ) .h,o u';l h 1200 vO I I~ d e. lull K o l" ,n 6 ' o n';l" l 01 SO, o nd ,n
6 o J d ..d ' On<;l,, ' 10 3000 VOhl 01 125, meQ o"ml ,np ul l e l'sto nc e .
S, ) ,h,ou\lh 1900 volu o e. lull Kal e in 6 rongtl'~ 0 1 ho " . " e Hecl,ve
e lfeu" loo d lno 01 6 .6 m Q<Johm~ and 8 mml d .
6 . 09 I" ,o uo h 9000 mego hm' in ~ i . tlO, ily ,eod ' 0'1';1"' .
7. 10lh,o u..,h -t-SO db (0 db - 1 m...... in 600 oh",, ) in 3 ,0 no,J ''' .
1:1 1 9 rna lh' o ll',) h 19 o rnp e. el full Kol e 'n '5 d.c. 'O~\le~ .
9 Ablo l"I. ly Ilobl. - o n. r. ' o OdIUll",,, nl l eIS 011 ro no e l
No
p robe , ho " "' <;1 10 , e' c meon'nolen l O' O .....hic.. Ih, Il, 01 'oon 01
p robe! .-"" lePO'O!tl'\J. G" d curren l " " O f! cootl p!"'.'y . I"'''no led
10 H o ne1'. 10( luol 'XC"'O<.-Y 30/" o n d c.r ~ So/" On 0 ( ; 20'"
h'OWh 100 meo,Joc'!"C1 el, !: 2 % 01 lulliCo1., !: 1% 01 ,nd .colec!
' .....Io nce vol",e .
1 1. Onl y h. (o lor ,d, lferenl'Oled lCo!.~ on .. ~'H D' A flOn\fQ1 ", ,
10' ">1 lonll'" ( ",c1 u d ,no d c. vo h, po lo"tv ' .". '101) .I",unole
(onl.."on
12 . M e Ier 100'.": p,olecllld OIlO'n,1 ove,load bu'"O<1 r o n vo h"
oh..., ' d b
13. 5",0. lol'luol leolhe, ( O,ry,,,,", hand le . S 'l e 0111'1' 12~ ~ P:' H . S ~ ' .

H.

N... i" ". nl;O"' '1' 01/ ell" o btoi"

ONLY i" " V O M A X" o _hoI 11'0
h.""cMor. ..."o"oi"obl. le'lulll POI
,i bl. lo4o y

on e in firm ceders. Created by a

wor ld -fomous receiver e ngi nee, to
soli dy his own design and
production needs, " V O M A X"
makes possible the complete
meDluremen ls in rad io servicing
here tofore possible only in th e
heavily

financed

manufacturers

laboratory.
" V O M A X" spells time sand
in th e d esig n laboratory . .
greatly increosed efFiciency Qnd
e ase in servicing . greoler
se rvice profits. This is proved by
th e avalanche of priori ty orden
re ceived . . . steadily Rowing in.
Beginning where other lest instrume nts lecve off, "VOMAX "
wa s immed iately fecogn i, ed for
what it is . . . the key to modern ,
p ostwaf radio design and ser vice
profits .
If yo u hov e n't olre ady pl a ced
your ordef with your e lec tro nic
d istrib utof for the new re vo lutionary " V O M AX", moy we
suggest that you d o so imme
d ia te ly ? Ship ments a re in strict
rotation . A A -S servicemon
o rig inoted, o r hig her, prio rit y
will p ut you in line for rodio's
bigg est detler-ve fve In service
instru ments.

NET PRICE
$59.85

..-........ _........

"'_ .$ 'c~_,

'1' 0 ....... S" ,.

.. . .. ... . l.

c.~~

.....~

~, --------~--

A OOII (5 S

C"'

32

STAn

co

CRYSTAL CHIRPS
D ur ing: tlu- hot :-pell

regret table errors

crept t hrough unnot iced ill our .JUIIC' issue. In
t lu- -ehcuuu ic on page ~, till' output t ransfo rmer
('('n1('1' ta p wu", omit t r.. l. .\ corrected section i...
I

r--- '- - -

~.

-'--_

:I

TllLf
'
o
:....
~:.
8

500_

- - - I e .. ,

lJ'~ "'='
~
I
.
I

:-;OIlU'

1. '1=~

~ T:::

_ T'----_

...J

POWER MEASUREMENT LA MPS

f igure 1

.~ ,

.~

III the Xlurch ('Q, page IS, it was sta n-d that
" the eart h tuak..s one full journey arou nd the
su n every twenty-Jour hou rs . .. " Th is was
true' a g(K.Hl IIUlllY million yea rs ago - hu t it
takes some :~( ~) times as long now! The state ment , of course , sho uld hnvc been to ti lt' effect
tha t the curt It make'S one co m plete revolution
a bout its axis in twenty-four hours.

-howu ill Fig:. I. 011 p :q;!;(' I~. the B plus lend

fro m S:? to t he :-('f('1'11 grid of t he IT5GT was left
ou t. .lust join tht"l"4:' two point . . a nd it will work
OK. On p:lj!('
tilt' lend Iroru point "C" sh ould.
of t-ou r...(" eom ux-t to t he B plu s line in st ead of

I,.

Figur2 2

J!TOlJJul. :1:-0 ... huwn . Aud . 011 page 2. , a ground lead

wn ... omit t (t I. .\ corror-t ed sect ion of t his schema t ic
is showu ill FiLt. 2.

<im pie. direct IIll'll..... urcmcnt of t he power out put

uf electrouie und radio r-om mu nicat ionequipme nts
at Irequenr-ies up to !oo me. are provided hy six
ty pl-'s of power nu'usurement lamps den'lo pNI by
r-vlvauiu. Built with two identical small filam ent s
and mounted in lock-in tyP(' ha."'l's t hese lamps
mcusurr- power out puts ranging between 0.0;-) :11111
:!.~) watt s with ucc urucies within .~% or 1(>:--..... depending on the type of rending taken.
Power out put meusurement e are made hy r-onnect ing oue filumeut to the high frequency output
and the other to all u-c or d-e source. \"olta~e of
the :'('('01 111 filament is regulated until both filuments art' eq ually bright. Powe r is determined
hy meter f(:ltlings ill the a-c or d-e circuit with
eq ual pOWN di s.... ipnted hy the filament ill the'
high frequency circuit .
Hut ings, ehuructeristics and curves of six t ypes
of po wer meusuretuent lamps may be obta ined on
request tu Svlvuniu Electric P rod uc ts 111('..
Emuori um . Pll.

I
I

for mor. thon a Y.or OX Crysta ls

ho " . bn ou1 0m a ticolly d. e p
ekhed by a n.w proc.u Roth
..... m.thod o n d mach in.s w. re
p.erl.cl.d by OX Eng ,nee,." so

tha t all OX Xto l, con how e the

nth deg r 01 stab ility and en
d uro nc. neC.Ma ry to wart.....

Th'n. obou t OX Prod ud ' for your

DX

September, 1945

33

TELEVISION

RADIO AND
ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT-DEVICES
POPULA R TUBE ADAPTERS
BRANDES SUPERIO R HEAD SETS

.50
2.35

WEBSTERASTA TIC
CRYSTA L PICKUP ARMS

2.97

TRIPLETI MILLIAMMETERS

IC(m lilllu d from page f6I

sync pulses. there must occur one vertical syue

pulse. This vertienl sync pulse has the :-:'IlIlW umplitude as the horizontal ~)o'lC pulse and i!O. prolonged to endure through some 3 or .. horizontal
sync pulses. The vertical sync pulse dee- not
wipe out the-e horizontal sync pulse:" as this
would cause the horizontal generator to l'lip out
of sync while the vertical pulse is present. In
order to pr~rn> the continuity of the horizontal
pul-es. the- prolonged vertical pulse is broken up
into a series of ~m311('r intervals, each serving 3~
u horizontal pulse. .\ series of "equalizing" pul-es
of twice the line scanning frequency is inserted
before the vertical pulses to make the effective

in stock

2'ft METER TUNING UNIT

SINGLE HOLE MOUNTING

3.50

Less Tube

CALL-WRITE-WIRE

RADIO ELECTRONIC SALES CO.

46 CHANDLER ST., WORCESTER 2, MASS.
Phone 4-9200

All phases of

RADIO DESIGN
PRODUCTION and
OPERAnONS are
",...._......., Covered by

Subscribe :"ow.
Subscription
Price :
$3.00 per yea r
in U.S.A.. $-1.00
elsewhere.
"RADIO" is
first choice of
radio-el ectronic
en gineers.

RA DIO MAGAZINES, Inc, 342 Madison Awe., N.Y.C.

34

Fig. 1 2. O scill oscope w~ veFo lm s showing se pere ted

"s ync" sign.1s
~hal)t

of each vert ical pu lse ident icnl, after t'('pa 1'3

tlon. These pulses occur durimr the time tilt' scanning lwum i~ blnnkrxl out. The- vertical sync plll~f'
and equuliziug pulses ride Oil top of the vertical
bhlllkillg pulse us shown in Fig. 11. The ideal
sbupc of any of the :"'yllc pulses (plott ed nguiust
time) should he rcctunguler. They are, however,
trapezoidal in shape, as the rise to the level of
control vcltuge is more or less gradual rather than
iust antuneous.
The synchrcnizm ion pubes arc generated in
tilt' sync generator at the transmitter location
mal are used to initiate the horizontal and
vertical sawtooth scanning generator o-r-illntious. They are combined with the pk-tun- ami
blanking signals which modulate the trnnsmittor.
These signals art' sepurnted from the picture awl
blanking signals in the receiver, where they arc
fed into the' scanning generators to lock tl1('111 in
with tho-c at the transmitter. By doing this. the
picture- on the -creeu of the cathode ray tube is

CO

undlstorted reprod uct ion of

Iccnsscd on t he iconcscopc mo-nic.
till

the

nuege

Se"" rating Sync Pu lses

W bcn the combined sy nc signals are received
it is necessary that they be separated so that
there is no interaction between the horizontal
sync pulses and the vertical sawtooth generator,
and similarly between the vertical sync pulses
and the horizontal generator. This separation is
accomplished ill u circuit {'311l'4:l the "S~'IC
separator" stugc. Aftl'r separation, the waveforms of the sync signals when viewed on a test
oscil loscope arc a." shown ill Fig. 12. The signals
illustrated are those occurring with progress...ive
sca nning. Sync signals of the interlaced system
appear :1.0;; in F igs. 10 awl 11 ,
'
The sync .si~l:lb occur in the region which is
called the "infra-black' or "blacker than black."
Sin ce this region of amplitude is above the black
level. the synehroniziug :,i~lnls (':\1II10t prod uce
light in the received image. If the peak ampli t ude of t he radio-freq uency television signal is
taken as 100 pe r cent , the Xntionnl T elevision
Svst cms Committee in 1939 designated as
sta ndard the usc of not less tha n 20 per cent, n or
more t han 2r) per cent of this totu l umplit ude for
synchronizing: pulses.

WOllND RESiSTORS

S
CHOKE COlL

.-

ELECTRICAL REACTANCE
CORPORATION ~
F RAN K LIN V ILL E, N o' Y .

PHASE

[Conli mw l from lJuge

} .j

T he vol tage nt t he j!rid will then be ill phase with

the voltage a pplied across Lp ' . The grid uud
pla te volta ges will uga iu be 180 0 out of phase a w l
oscillat ions will occu r .

......
......
...

A Volume Expander

T he operation of a vol ume expander (F i g, 19)

is almost impossible to u nderst a nd. wi t hout co nsideri ng the various phase relnf ionshi ps. The
signul voltage from t he preced ing: stage is impre-sed direc tly on the cathode of the tube, and
is also uvailnhle to the input of the fol lowing
stage. In a ddition, a portion of the signal is
rectified by the G1I6, and a d-e voltage, proportional to the amplitude of the signal. is impressed
on the Wid of the expander. T he action of the
tub' will depend on the grid-to-cathode voltage.
Since the grid voltage is fixed negative, and the
cathode voltugc is in phase with the input siJO'l:11.
when t he cuthode vcltnge 1)('('omC:5 more positive
with respect to ground. the grid-cathode voltage
will become mort:' negative, ami vice versa. III
other words, t he gri d-cathode voltage is 180 out
of phase wit h t he input voltncr-. T he stage i:,
essent ia lly U ca thode follower and the ou t put
voltage d eveloped is in pha,..e with t he grid ca t hode volt age. .\s u result two voltages will
appear across t he cat hode network (the orieiual

......
...
Handle! AC and DC Voltmd tr. DC Milllammebr, Hioh Ind
Low ,lrIge Ohmd er. Size S'l tx8x3Ye , 3" mrttr with slKnly
D' ANn u al mOftmtn t. Wri te fo, prlorlb' infOrINlI.n today
P HONO A.M PlI FlER KITS
Complete witb tubrl, all part! .
cl1asslJ. di&lnlIl. ete. I"rloritr

......
......
......

.....

tit
~~~l~~ ~::~O;9~...$9.50 t
We Feature Hallicrafters t
Available for im mediat e de- ..
livery o n priority. Reser ve
y our P OIlt- WBf Jl allieraft e r"
now! W ri t e Leo for drtai ),J.

...
..
...

Then Itrms EIClusiYo at leo' s

..

44 Pale R_ li, p wts Fir er. FREE

Tube and Circilit Boak I Oc

..

Giant Rad io ReferPIIC1! Map .l5c

...

Handr Tube-Base ta.lculdor.25c :

Aid'"' L.., W'GfQ. D. ;ll CQ ' .CtllDdl I llIftl, IftJ
...

...

*
September, 1945

35

vultugc uud the vclnun- develo ped hy t ill' tube

I~OO 011 t of pha:-:t), :l ilt I t hese will t om1 t U (':lI II'P I.
Thi- ~t:q;!:t will t herefore o pe rate as all r-xpando r
IIy virt ue of the fa ct that on high :,ig:nallen'!'" the
g;id will lx-eome suflicieut lv negat ive to cut off
the cathode follower netion, anti the -tuge will
pa:--.. . the input . . ignal to its out put with pruct icallv no utu-nunt ion. At lower levels the out put
will hp rvdueod a . . compared with th e input .

Antennas

On e of the flnelt commercial or amateur bugl

available. Chrome flnilh ed bale and superI t r uct ure. Springs made of l elected blue spring
I teel for uniform performance In all keYI. NIn e
points of ad jultment to lult the most crltlcol
touch . Fully adjustoble. Sliv er contacts 3 /16 "
d iam eter.

I
I

MO DEL C, '10 S'UD KIY Similo. 10 o bove ."eepl I h.

t, o,eh 8olrl .~p gro )' w.lnl..l. fini"'- Am ol eur Net Pric. $6.7'

III o-rtuin uutcuuu in . . tnllatiou-, de-.. ired ('fTpl'''''

an ' ohtuiued lly operating two or more untonuu.. .
"in phase.' Sucb un untenua is shown in Fig. !1
co n.. . i ~ t i l l J!: of two halt-wave- with :1 quart erwave t uned feeder sect ion . The u-nu "ill phu..''
he n - refers to the far-t that when "looking" at the
uutonua hrondsidr-. the waves of current (or
y()lta~l') on the two unu-unns ure exactly similnr,
III other words. all point:" along tilt' uutonnu
wl.ich an:' tho b-mrth of one of the- (,I('III1'lIt"
npurt , are in phu....e. This i.. in euntru-t to Fig, ! -2
which :,h()w~ two hulf-wnve section- opcru tina
1:-.0 0 out of phu-e.

PANORAM IC RECE PTION

ba nd extending 100 ki lo-vole.. . uhu ve :1111 1 Iwln w
tilt' cent er In -quoucv. As the n x-e iver i ~ t um-d.
the peaks will 11l(J\"C : H'I'OS.... t he . . crec n and d i:-:appeal' while now frequencies ta ke tlw ir pl'II'I.
But 1I11<!f' r :1 1l~' condi tion..... t he siguu l hoa rd 0 11 t ilt'
receiver will :l1 way.. . a pp(':tr a t the ct-nt r-r of t ho
. . en-en.

Amateu r Applications
Either the t rn nstuit ted signal or tlre n (pin d

~~~~:-~Great

Time Saller

Here's something you need every day

in your work. Easy to operate. Solves
mony problems lor you in 0 jiffy. We're
offering it Free to rodiomen,eleclTonic
engineers and others in the business.
Attach coupon to your letterhead.

BURSTEIN-APPLEBEE CO.

ij)\ ~":~c~E~~~~N~A~~::'~O~_
~I
I
I~

BU RSTEI NAPPLEBEE co.

1012 McG EE, KANSAS CITY 6, MO.
Send me FREE Calor Code and Ohms La.... Cal
culator along wilh latest ( at alog.

lam
ST,Hl CO.... (CT 'O .. ' .. ' ''' CUS TlIl T

NAME
I ADDRESS

L~~
36

~~~

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

__ ~

signa l may lit' t'a~i ly cheeked fo r pen-en tummod ulation wit h the Puuadaptor . T IH' :ooignal
under tr-.. . t i, first picked up Oil t he recei ver ami
the recei ver gain or sen.. . itivit v :-:0 udjust ed that
a horizonta l line half-way up on the . . en-en uppf'ar.. . at Zt' W sweep (Pa nad a ptor swee p control
. . et at 7.pro). Xl od ula t tou i.. . then applied . T he
horizontal Jim' will brenk u p int o a -eru-s of vert ir-ul detlcction.. . . the Hu mber depend ing on the
Irequency of the modulating source. the atuplitudes of whis-h an' determined by the pereentnge
modulation . T Ill' ~(Tl'(' 11 requi res calibration wit h
the aid of a vuthode-ruy osci llosco pe or sim ilar ill-trumr-nt , hut OlU'P ealibruted will provide an nccurate, rapid ('ht'('k 011 the m odulat io n of a ny reeeived signal . Fu rt he rm ore. if sine-wave modulat ion i ~ used . d i.. . t o rtion becomes inuuediutelv appnreut anti can 1)( analyzed .
E ve rv
hu m soon I.wt:" to know thl' rhyt
hm of a

C Q a nd t h(' ~wi ll ~ of hi:'i o wn {'a ll.

Si IH'C' a
P:lIlofll1 ui(, IItfI((tion d m' to a (.W. ~ i~lw.l bob...: up

CQ

Secure YOUR Monthly Copy

of CQ by Subscribing NOW
Due to paper restrictions, CQ will
not be sold on newsstands lor the
duration . A selected list of Ham Distributors will have a limited number
of copies on sale at 25c each.

_ tea t out,
b elo'"
ol
coupo"
t",e c."n
f ill in lhe L 'cI, 0 ' tAo
by ",ail).
LOU' c"e
h . en l
atlac" y
'ble 10' ca'
be .espon~O/'.'il

12 issues
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. $2 .50
. 4 .00

36 issues

In U .S.A.

5.00

,lo ss e s s iOIlS
E Isf' u ,IIf' re $3 ,50 p erxeo r

11.'<::

tAAIL 1

r
I - - - - - - - -- - -TEA R OUT-MAIL TODAYI

I
I

CQ-RADIO MAGAZ INES, INC.

342 MADISON AVE. , NEW YOR K 17, N. Y.

- - - - - - - - - - I
C. IL ............................. ....... ........

I
I

Sirs: H ere is my 0 check (or 0 money order) for S

12 issues $2.50-24 issues 54.-36 issues 55. Canadian and fore ign subscri ptions lire 53.50 ennu.lly.

Subscriber's N ame (prin t carefully)

II

A dd,. ..

II

City ...

II

What is your o ccupation or profession

issues o f

ca . I
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II

..
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Stale
..

--_.- --------

September, 1945

Send me

Zon...............................
-.......

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- -- -- -- -- - - - - 37

a nd down in perfect step with the keying, it is flo

ma tter of u little practice before the operutnr cun
immediat ely isolate CQs a nd his own call letters
- from t he remaining conglomcrut ion of signal
peaks on the panoram ic screen . Thus , he can
1m /cit [or CQs or answer to his own CQs without
touching the receiver tuning k nob . If he wunts a
t hree-cornered QSO he ca n answer t he fi rst
sta t ion that signs by telling him to wa it whil e the
second operator cont inues to call. At the end of
the second cull, he QSO:, both a t t he same time.
Tuning from one to the ot her is no longer gu esswork because nil the op has to do is center t he d eflecti on in question with a fli ck of the band spread t uning condenser on the receiver.

We arc proud of the sple ndid showing our

amateur friends and old customers arc making
tod.y. We will be rudy 10 serve y ou .g.in
soon.s you .re through wilh your job and we .re
th ro ugh liking Clre of mililary requirements.
May we have. happy reunion soon.

SEATTLE RADIO SUPPLY, INC.

211 1 Second Ave

Seattle 1, Wash.

Phone: Seneca 2345

:BU ILD YOU ROW N RAD I 0

c.w, or phone. Accurate comparisons on c.w, are

possible because t here is no mcehnnicnl inert iu
present a nd the peak volt age of each character
is clearly delineated . C alibrut iou of the vert ical
d ivisions of the screen ill terms of sign al st rengt h
is very easily accomplished by using any set of
a rbit rarily chosen stat ions as comparison markers.
I t is a real field-strength indicator when applied
to signuls from beam antennas, and you can help
a ny Iellow-o pcrntor adjust his directional a nteuna with a maximum of urcurncy and a mini mum of effort.

It' s Ea sy We Show You How

. ComPle te K it of P art s including

tube s w ith di.g rams and fu ll
instructions.

10

Write l o r detail

95
-

RADIO KITS COMPAN Y

Dept. l

Reading Signal Strength

T he Pauaduptor is a Iagless 8-mete r for eit her

120 Cedar St., New YOlk 6 , N. Y.

ELECTRONIC SPECIALISTS
FORT ORANGE RAOIO OISTRI BUTIN G COMPA NY
UNCLE DAVE'S RADIO SH ACK

356 Broadway
Albany 1, New York
Phones 32109, 3-2100

Clean QSOs

Rod io nic's Cotolog No. 26

lil ts hord log e t ra d io ports l He lps
yo u f i ll y our ro di o ond e l. c t r o n ic
needs. An parts a re ovailable for
immediate shi p me nt All are h ig he lt
qua lity. All ore e . ce plio no l value s .
SEND TODAY FOR YOUR
fR EE COPY TO L O ~

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

A d d r es s ChangesSubscribers 10 co sho uld no tify our

Circulalion Dep'.. 011 least 3 weeks
in ed.... nee regardi ng any change in
address. The Post Office Dep't. docs
not forward maS'uines Ie:nt to
wron s .ddress unless you pa y "ddi.
tion. 1 poslaje. We cannot dupl teet e
-:opi es of CO lent to your old address.
CO Circulation Dep't.

R ADIO MAGAZINES, INC.

L..

38

34i: M .dilon Ave .,Ne wYork 1 7,N Y.

...J

1.('1's tuko a t y pir-nl QS( ) to illust rate this poi nt .

W2X X X culls CQ , you spot t he mil 011 ti m
I'a uuduptor, tu ne quickly to his Ircq ueuey a nd
t-all him. WI ]('1I lu- ('O I1U'S har-k, your Pnnuduptur
slrows a nothe r stat ion t-u u.... inJ?; QIL\1 a few kilo('y(' ll's highe r. At your request , W2XXX shift:-;
ubout ;) kikx-yr-les lower while you -watch a nd
trnr-k with him . li e usks for a chock 0 11 modulation qualit y a nd st ab ility . \Yhile he is transmit ting. you open your Panud uptor S\YEEP to
zero nud obsorvr- some residual frequency modulutinu in his .-\ :\1 siJ?;naL \Y2X X X checks a nd
C1ui('kly dis('o\"('r:-; that his final amplifier is not
ecru Illeh 'ly 1I1'lIt rulizr l. .-\ sim ple acIjustment , alii I
lip i ~ bar-k on t IIf' a ir witII a ('1f':1II signal. Wit h t IIf'
Pnnuda ptor sti ll :-<d at zero.. .s weep, you notk-e a
t('lId('lll'y towa rd overmoduluti on 0 11 pea ks.
\\'2XX X relhH'('S his spee ch amplifier gain
:-oligh tly, a nd this difficultv is immediately cleared
up . Tll1I ~. p:H'h little st ep is handled uniquely by
t he l'unnduptor a nd provides t he operat or with a
tool that heretofore was the ob ject of some pret ty
stu rry-cyt'd wishful t hirrking!
Phot ographs of an amateur Pa noram ic receiver
by Hullieruftcrs arc shown in Figs. 14 . 15 and }owhich :idI'CluHtf'ly suppleme nt our technical d escript ion. Illust rat ions F ig. 17 end Fig. 18 shew
nrmy nml nuvy vuriutious of the Panorum ie idea .

CQ

7!lere ore two funnr tIIinfs

(/ooo!HIlmer

The fint is Wilmer's getu p.

The second is t ha t he doesn' t care if he

does look like a castoff scarecrow.
Because Wilmer's a lot smarter than he
looks. Wh ile he's making more than he's
ever made before, the d ough he'd spend
for a fancy wardrobe goes right smack
into War Bonds .. . and for this Uncle
Sam is mighty proud of him.
N atura ll y, you d on' t have t o look like
Wilmer . . . or tramp around in rags . . . to
make your country proud of you, and y our
own fut ure a whole lot more secure.
All you have to do is keep getting those War
Bonds -s-and then forgetting t hem t ill t hey
come clue. Not bad - t hat fou r d ollars for
every three, and the safest investment in
the world!
Why not get an extra War Bond today?

BUY ALL THe BONDS YOU CAN

KEEP ALL THE BONOS YOU BUY

CO Mag azine:
Th is is an official U . S. T reasury advertisement-s- p repared u nder
auspices 0/ T reasury Depa rtment and lVar A dcertieing Council

September, 19 4 5

19

EXCITER AND AMPLIFIER

[C01ili,lUed f rom page 10 1

easily obtulned from t he link-coupled 8.32

t.riplor. It is advisable to loud the fi nal amplifier,
(a 2;)-\\"a tt lamp bulb with short leads will suffice),
us the tubomn y h( ~ impaired if it is operated with-

Advertising In d ex

ou t a load for unv length of t ime . '1'11(' out put

o r antenun ha irpin is ngnin 11 U about i inches
loug and eonstrurtcd of U" ('UPIN'r tubing.
All the plat e and I-t"rid ('opl)('r tubing sections

ALLIED RADIO CO RPOR AT ION

,
H am Pa ~ t . a nd Eq ... ipm .. nt
BULEY ELE CTRI C COM P AN y . . "
HU

nn- plated: but not too much difference was

notr... 1 between till' plated and unplntcd ('opper
rods at thi~ Frequency. Corrosion should, of
course. 1)(' watched for and removed immediately
if unpluted rods me US{'(1. The combined exciter
and umplifir-r u nits a re shown ill Fig. n.
Although CC~ rnt ings only uro supplied 011

31
,

~...aru C ry.lal.

T EI N-APP LE BE E CO.... ,.... ......

29

. .. . . , . .. 36

t-Ia m Pari' and Eq"ipm e nt

C AP ITOL R ADIO ENG INEER ING INSTITUTE .. . " ..

Ed u cational
CORNELL MA R IT IME PR ESS _
,., ,
,.
P u blica tio n.

C R YSTAL PRODUCTS CO

C ~v.t,l.

"

OX C A,YST AL CO,

33

C ~Y'la l.

EITEL-McC ULLOUGH. INC

El ec t ronie T ube.

the saz, a w l t he ma xnnum plat e potenti al IS

gi ven as 42;) volts, this flunl is heinJ,!: operat ed
l e A S nt ;)(X) volts ami 60 ma-e-or an wat ts inpu t.
T IH' out put liJ?:h t.... a 2tHm tt lamp bulb to about
t hree-quarters of full brilliancy. T he effieieucy is
excellent at this ( rCfl1H.II(~y, Abo ut 10 or Uj wa tt s
o f audio will be required to mod ulate fu lly the
filia l.

ELECTR ICAL REACTANCE COR P ,

35

~ cilor .

ELE

RONI C LABOR,\TOR IES

Comm u ni c a t ion.

, .. ,

Ett u ipme nt

ELE CTRONI C S P EC IALT IES MFG . CO. . . . , ..... . . . .

S~ia l

A....mbli...

. .,

GEN ERAL ELECTRON ICS, INC.

E1t~o ni c T u b...

FT. O RAN GE RADI O DI ST, CO

. , . . . . . -,

_. 36

Ha m Part. and Eq...ipment

HALU CRAFTERS CO

Tra ramill.. r. and R"'C~ v"r.

. . . . .. 2. C ove r 3

HAMMARLUND MA NUFACTURING CO. INC, ., . _. , . 6

Com m ... n icatiolU Eq... ipm"nl

McELROY MANUFACTURING CO RP
McGRA

I n th e Rocky l\lount a in R eg ion

it's

,32

Elee t ro nie ~~ment

t-! ATI ONAL CO

ANy .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .

..

Reeeiveee and Ham Equ ip men t

N AT IO NAL UN IO N RADi O COR P. . .

Ra dio- E1"Ctronic T ... be.
RADI O AND TELEVI SI ON SUPPL Y CO.

27

., ., .. . 40

I-I a m P art . a nd ~ ...ipm " n l

, ., ., . 34

RADI O ELECTRON C SALES CO. . .

MEASUREMENTS CO R POR AT ION .. ... , .. , . . Cov er "

Ir lr u m"nh and T ...t Eq...ipm"nt
MEI SS NER MAN UF<\CTl1R ING CO. .. . . . . ..... . , . . , -

I In"N:-t;;-e;n 7;;;0-;"-;:- - - - - - - .
ii's
I
SA
N FRA N CISCO RADIO & SUPPLY CO.

..,

T " .t Eq... ipm"nt

" 1/ w. Jon ', hll<'e ii, we 'Il ,d ilor It '"lin', be IoGJ I

Piton. 5719"

, . . . . ..

M acMILLAN CO
,
Boolr..
McM URDO S ILVE R CO.. ,.,

808 EUCI.IIJ AVENUE. l'UE BLO. CO LO.

-H ILL BOOK CO

Boo"

Radio &Television Supply Co.

Public Address Equipment

Sh ort~W. ve Receivers & Transm itten

40

T ..le a ph ic A p pa ra l ....

..

H a m P ar t . 'a nd Eq...ipm " n l

I
I

RADI O KITS COM P AN y "

.. .. .. . 38

RADI O MFG . ENGINEERS. INC.. . .

Co m m u nica tion. Eq u ipmen t
RADi O SH ACK
,
,

. .... ' . Cove r 2

H , m P art. a nd E, u ip m .. nt

Helldquarters For Amateur Radio Supplies

I
I
20 Years Dependable Service.
I 1280-1284 M arket St., San Fra ncisco 2, Calif.-1I
'

H am P art. and E <:I'.I ipm"nt

,*

RAD IO W IRE TELEV IS ION, INC

H a m Par t. and Eq ... ip m e n t

RAD ION IC EQUIPMENT CO

" "

38

I-hm P ar tl and Eou ipm"nt

CLASSIFIEDADS I

RAYTH EON MAN UFACTUR ING CO R P

Eleet ronic T ... be.
SAN FRAN CiSCO RADIO 6; SUP P LY CO
H , m Pa~t . and Eq uipm" nc

SEATILE R ADIO SUP PLY. INC. . . ..

Ad"ertiJinc n thi' 'ection mu d put.in to am.teur

or ellpe rimentation r.dio actldtle e . Rate--2Oc:. per
word per inaertion . Remitt anc e in full mud accomp,any cop"
No ...eoc,. or term or c . ,h diK oun la
lIawed ,
No dl,play or . peela l t,.po......phic.1 .d
_Iup. allawcd . "CQ' d ac , not r u a r . n l _ any product o r .er.ic d.ertiaed in th e CI... ified Section .

Surplus 1 u U(,::: . Condensers. Xl otcrs. Et r-.

Bottom pnces. Quest , Great Xr-ck- L x. Y.

, . , . , 40
,

36

H a m Part. and Equipm" n t

SOLAR CAP AC ITOR SALES CORP.. .

Capacitor.

STANDA R D T RA NSFO R M ER CORP. .

I SUN

T ran.fa rme r

RAD iO

6;

ELEcrRON ICS CO. , .... , . , . ..... ..

H a m P art e and Equ~m"n t

SYLVAN IA ELECTR IC PRODUCTS, INC

E! ~cl ronic

WHEN Amateurs are on the air again there will be a complete line of James Knights Precision Crystals Jar every
Amateur acti vity. Th e James Knights Company. Sandwich , Illinois.

Tu bee

T ELEGRAPH APPARATUS CO. ,

Sp".d K."
WHOLESALE RAD IO LABORATORI ES
Ham Part. a n d Eq u ipment

WILEY 6; SO NS, INC.. J OHN

Boolr.

",

36

3S
.

.-rhe am o u nt o f .pac" CQ allot. to adv e r li...r. i. ~...reieted d u e

10 t he paper . ho rl a c e, An , .leri.1r. ( .) appearinc aft.. r an a d verti ee r', nam.. i ndica t ... that n e ad v"rti ee m"nt app"a~ in the
c ... rr.. n t i ........

40

CQ

 CLIP THIS COUPON NOW

RFC

DE PARTMENT

5025 We st 65th Siree t

1 1 5 , HAlllCRAFTERS

Ch ico go 38 , Illinois

o Send furth er d etai ls a nd pr i ce on Key er

o Send l i stin g s of other c vc tfc b te items
Esp e cia lly i nl ere sle d in

TG 1 0 f

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ADD RE SS
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ZO N E.

MODEl

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StAND ...RD SIGN AL G N UATOR

751030,000 k,loc;ydes ......0 ." ...... 100"- ..... odulo tion

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MOOU 10 St AN D"' RD SlGN"'l GNRATOil

2 to 400 m.go cycles ...M ond " ulse .....odulol io:l

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V A CUUM TU8 VOU MUU.

o 10 100 vOl ls "'C. DC a nd It F

M O OU 71-8 STA NDARD SI GNAL G N RA TOR

T...o Fr.qu.nc y l o ..ds b . t....... IS o nd 250 m.gocycl.s

MODEl SI U.H .f. RADI O NOISf

A ND 'IUD STRNGTH MUll

15 10 150 m.gacycl.s

MODU 79-1 "UlS G NERATOR

SO 10 100.000 cycles 0.5 la .. 0 micrOlKond pulse wid th

MODEl ... U ,H .f . STANDARD SIGNAL GNllATO R

300 to 1000 .... gocyd.s. AM a ..d "ulse Mo dulatiots

Standards are the result af years af experience

MEASUREME NTS CORPORATION

BOONTO N, NEW JERSEY