University of Sulaimani

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Course Book of

2010

Communication I

Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen

M.Sc. in
Electronics & Communications

Course Book
Course Title
Lecturer in Charge
Department/College
Contact Details
Course Link in the University
Coordinators Name
Contact Details
Course Overview:

Communication I
Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen
Electrical Eng. College of Engineering
Email: araz.sabir@yahoo.com
www.univsul.org
M. Aso Abdul Kareem Hassan
Email: asohssn@yahoo.com

The subject of this course is the transportation of information from

point A to point B using electricity or magnetism. This field was born in the

mid- 1800s with the telegraph and continues today in a vast number of
applications. It is perhaps interesting to note that the first electronic

communications (telegraphy) were sending digital data (words were

turned into a series of electronic dashes and dots). As the invention of the

telephone took hold (1870s), communication became more focused on

analog communication as voice was the information source of most interest
to convey. The First World War led to great advances in wireless technology
and television and radio broadcast soon followed. Again the transmitted

information sources were analog. The digital revolution was spawned by

the need for the telephone network to multiplex and automatically switch a
variety of phone calls.

This course is organized to allow a slow logical buildup from a base

knowledge in Fourier transforms, and linear systems, to an understanding

of the fundamental concepts in communication theory. A significant effort

has been made to make the development logical and to cover the important
concepts.

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Course Objectives:
In this course, the student will learn:

1. Types of systems and signals classifications.

2. Frequency bands used in communication systems.

3. Modulation and the reasons of modulation.
4. Types of modulation.

5. The different between amplitude modulation and angle modulation.

6. Analogue communication system and digital communication system.

7. Sapling theory

8. How to use digital modulation schemes for analogue signal

transmission.

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Course Reading List and References:

Main References:
1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
JOHN Wiley & SONS, New York, 1985, ISBN: 0-471-06302-9.

Useful References:
1. P.B. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Third
Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, ISBN: 1-800-334-

4249.

2. Mischa Schwartz, Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise,

Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1981, ISBN: 0-07-055782-9

3. A. B. Carlson, P. B. Crilly, J. C. Rutledge, Communication Systems: An

Introduction to Signals and Noise in Electrical Communication, Fourth

Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0-07-011127-8.

4. Leon W. Couch, II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,

Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2007, ISBN: 0-13-142492-

0.

5. Ferrel G. Stremler, Introduction to Communication Systems, AddisonWesley, New York, 1990, ISBN: 0-201-1849-2.

Useful Links (Web Sites):

1. www.gigapedia.org
(By creating an account in this site, one can search for Books by Title
or Author and download it easily).
2. www.wikipedia.org
(This is a free encyclopedia, by entering the desired keyword; one can
obtain descriptions and references).
3. www.ethos.bl.uk
(By creating an account and entering the desired keyword; one can
obtain thesis).
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Syllabus
Lecturer: Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen
EE 307: Communication I
Third Year

Theory:

Units: 5

2 Hours

Tutorials: 1 Hour

Term: Annual

Practical: 0

Chapter One: Signals, Spectra, and Modulation:

1.1 Systems and Signal classification

1.2 Fourier series and Fourier Transform.

1.3 Single Sided Spectrum and Double Sided Spectrum.

1.4 Unit Impulse Function and its Prosperities.

1.5 Parsevals theorem and Rayleigh's energy theorem.

1.6 Convolution, Cross-correlation and Auto-correlation.

1.7 Hilbert Transform.

1.8 Block Diagram of a Communication System.

1.9 Frequency Bands.

1.10Modulation, Reasons for Modulation.

Chapter Two: Amplitude (Linear) Continuous Wave Modulation and

Demodulation:
2.1 Amplitude Modulation (Normal AM).

2.2 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC).

2.3 Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC).

2.4 Vestigial Side Band (VSB).

2.5 Super Heterodyne AM Receiver.

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Chapter Three: Angle (Exponential) Continuous Wave Modulation and

Demodulation:
3.1 Bessel Function.

3.2 Frequency Modulation (FM).

3.3 Phase Modulation (PM).

3.4 Super Heterodyne FM Receiver.

3.5 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) System.

Chapter Four: Digital Communication System

4.1 Digital Modulation and Demodulation:
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK).

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).

4.2 Multi Level Signal Modulation and Demodulation.

4.3 Signal Constellation.

4.4 Sampling Theory and Quantization.

4.5 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation (DM)

4.6 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) System.

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Lecturers Name: Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen

Chapter Objective:
In this Chapter the student will be introduced to:
1. Elements communication system.

2. Type of systems.

3. Signal Classifications.

4. Modulation theory and the reason for modulation.

5. Frequency Bands.

6. How to find the frequency content of a signal depending on their types.

7. Properties of Impulse function

Chapter Overview:

A communication system conveys information from its source to a

destination some distance away.

There are so many applications of

communication system, but all have the same basic function of information

transmission. One of the most operations in any communication system is

the modulation. Modulation involves two waveforms: a modulating signal

that represents the message, and a carrier wave that suits the particular
application. The receiver of the message needs a reversible operation of the
modulation which is called demodulation.

Electrical communication signals are time varying quantities such as

voltage or current. Although a signal physically exists in time domain, it

also can be represented in the frequency domain where the signal is

viewed as consisting of sinusoidal components of various frequencies. This

frequency domain description is called spectrum.

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Spectral analysis, using the Fourier series and transform, is one of the

fundamentals methods of communication engineering. It allows to treat

entire classes of signals that have similar properities in frequency domain,

rather than getting bogged down in detailed time domain analysisof

individual signals. Furthermore, when coupled with the frequency response

characteristics of filters and other system components, the spectral

approach provide valuable insight of design work.

This chapter therefore is devoted to signals and spectral analysis,

giving special attention to the frequency domain interpretation of signal

properities. We will examine the line spectra based on Fourier series

expansion of periodic signal, and continuous spectral based on the Fourier

transform of non periodic signals. These two types of spectra will ultimately
be merged with the help of the impulse concept.
Chapter References:
1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
JOHN Wiley & SONS, New York, 1985, ISBN: 0-471-06302-9.

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Lecturers Name: Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen

Chapter Objective:
In this Chapter the student will be introduced to:
1. Types of amplitude modulation.

2. Sketch the waveform and envelope of a normal AM and DSB-SC signal.

3. Identify the spectral properties of normal AM, DSB-SC, SSB-SC, and

VSB.

4. Construct the line spectrum , and find the sideband power, total

power of normal AM, DSB-SC, SSB-SC, and VSB signal with tone

modulation.

5. Distinguish between product, square-law, and balanced modulators,

and analyze a modulation system.

6. How to retrieve the original message from the received modulatied

signal through the demodulation process.

7. Identify the characteristic of synchronous and envelope detection.

8. The advantages and disadvantages of each modulation type.

Chapter Overview:
Modulation is the systematic alteration of one waveform, called the

carrier, according to the characteristics of another waveform, the

modulating signal or message. The fundamental goal is to produce an

information bearing modulated wave whose prosperities are best suited to

the given communication task. The term Continuous Wave (CW)

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Modulation System is refers to a system in which the carrier is a sinusoidal

wave modulated by an analogue signal or digital signal.

This chapter deals specifically with linear CW modulation, which

involves direct frequency translation of the message spectrum. Double Side

Band Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSB-SC) is precisely that. Minor

modifications of the translated spectrum yield normal amplitude

modulation (Normal AM), Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC), or

Vestigial Side Band modulation (VSB). Each of these variation has its own

distinct advantages and significant practical applications. Each will be given

due consideration, including such matters as waveforms and spectra,
modulation methods, and demodulation methods.
Chapter References:
1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
JOHN Wiley & SONS, New York, 1985, ISBN: 0-471-06302-9.

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Lecturers Name: Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen

Chapter Objective:
In this Chapter the student will be introduced to:

1. Different between amplitude modulation and angle modulation.

2. Types of angle modulation.

3. Find the instantaneous phase and frequency of a signal with

exponential modulation.

4. Construct the line spectrum of FM and PM with tone modulation.

5. Estimate the bandwidth required for FM and PM transmission.
6. Bessel Function and its relation with angle modulation.

7. How to retrieve the original message from the received modulated

signal through the demodulation process.

8. The advantages and disadvantages of each modulation type.

Chapter Overview:
Two properties of linear CW modulation bear repetition at the

chapter: the modulated spectrum is basically the translated message

spectrum and the transmitted bandwidth never exceeds twice the message

bandwidth. A third property is that the destination signal to noise ratio can
be improved only by increasing the transmitted power.
modulation differs on all three counts.

Exponential

In contrast to linear modulation, exponential modulation is non linear

process; therefore, it should came as no surprise that the modulated

spectrum is not related in a simple fashion to the message spectrum.

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Moreover, it turns out that the transmission bandwidth is usually much

greater than twice the message bandwidth. Compensating for the

bandwidth liability is the fact that exponential modulation can provide

increased signal to noise ratio without increasing transmitted power.

Exponential modulation thus allows you to trade bandwidth for power in
the design of a communication system.

This chapter begins with defining the two basic types, phase

modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). We will examine signals

and spectra, investigate the transmission bandwidth, and describe the
typical hardware for generation and detection of FM signal.
Chapter References:
1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
JOHN Wiley & SONS, New York, 1985, ISBN: 0-471-06302-9.

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Lecturers Name: Mr. Araz Sabir Ameen

Chapter Objective:
In this Chapter the student will be introduced to:

1. Identify the format of binary ASK, FSK, and PSK.

2. State the distinction between various ASK, PSK, FSK methods.

3. Draw the constellation diagram of multi level digital modulations.

4. Study the sampling theory and draw the spectrum of a sampled

signal.

5. Define the minimum sampling frequency and the meaning of Nyquist

rate.

6. Reconstruct a signal from its samples using an ideal LPF.

7. Quantization level and quantization error.
8. Define the PCM, DM systems.

Chapter Overview:
Long haul digital transmission usually requires CW modulation to

generate a bandpass signal suited to the transmission medium-be it radio,

cable, telephone lines (for PC internet connection) or whatever. Just as

there are a multitude of modulation methods for analogue signals, there are
many ways of impressing digital information upon a carrier wave.

Part of this chapter applies the concept of CW modulation to the

study of bandpass digital transmission. We begin with waveforms of digital

CW modulation for binary and then for M level modulating signal. Also we
focus on the demodulation process of binary signals using the coherent
(synchronous) detection and the non-coherent (envelope detection).

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The other part of this chapter deals with using the digital modulation

schemes for transmitting analogue signal instead of digital signals. This can
be done by converting the analogue signal to the digital form using

digitization techniques. The process of digitizing analogue signal depends

on the sampling theory. We also focus on the PCM system and DM system
that can be used to convert the analogue signal to digital form.
Chapter References:
1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
JOHN Wiley & SONS, New York, 1985, ISBN: 0-471-06302-9.

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Examples
Example on Chapter 1:
Two signals x1(t) and x2(t) having Fourier transforms X1(f) and X2(f) shown

below, if y (t) = x1(t) +2 x2(t) cos (2fct), and fc=20000 Hz

1. Draw the two-sided spectrum for y(t).

2. Find the bandwidth of the signal y(t).

X1(f)

X2(f)

10- 4

10- 4

-5

f(kHz)

-10

f(kHz)

10

Solution:
1- () = 1 () + 22 (). cos 2

+ 2 2
= 1 () + 22 ().
2

= 1 () + 2 (). + 2 + 2 (). 2

() = 1 () + 2 ( ) + 2 ( + )
y(f)

10- 4

-30

-10

-5

10

30

f(kHz)

2- Bandwidth of the signal y(t) is the range of positive frequencies that

y(f)exists. BW= 30 kHz.

Example on Chapter 2:

For the AM waveform shown below, if the message signal to be sinusoidal:

fAM(t)
10 V

5V

t
-5 V
-10 V

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1. Find the modulation index.

2. Calculate the transmission power, carrier power, side band power,

and efficiency.

3. Draw the waveform shown below for modulation index=1.

Solution:

1- from the diagram shown: A(t)max=10 v, A(t)min=5 v

=

2-

() () 10 5 1
=
=
() + () 10 + 5 3

= + ,

2
=
2

() = (1 + )
1
10 = 1 +
3

2 ()

, = 2 . .

= 7.5

(7.5)2
=
= 28.125 , = 2 . .
2 ()
2
1

= (3)2 28.125 2 = 1.5652

= + = 28.125 + 1.5652 = 30.1277

=
3-

1.5652

=
= 5.2%
30.1277
fAM(t)
15 V

-15 V

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Example on Chapter 3:
Consider a Frequency modulated signal:

() = 10 cos[ + 2 sin(4000)]

Where the message signal x(t)=cos(4000t).

1. Draw the single-sided spectrum of the FM signal.

2. Determine the modulation index, transmission bandwidth, if the

message signal x(t)=2.5 cos(4000t).

Table of Bessel Functions Jn()

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.2

0.5

0.990
0.100
0.005

0.938
0.242
0.031

0.765
0.440
0.115
0.020
0.002

0.224
0.577
0.353
0.129
0.034
0.007

-0.260
0.339
0.486
0.309
0.132
0.043
0.011

-0.178
-0.328
0.047
0.365
0.391
0.261
0.131
0.053
0.018

0.172
0.235
-0.113
-0.291
-0.105
0.186
0.338
0.321
0.223
0.126
0.061

Solution:
1-

() = cos + ()

= cos + cos(4000)
= cos +
= cos +

cos(4000) (4000)
4000

sin(4000)
4000

= cos[ + sin(4000)] = 10 cos[ + 2 sin(4000)]

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Therefore =2, Ac=10

=

() = () cos( + )
=

= 10

=( +1)

=( +1)

=+3

() cos( + )

= 10 (2) cos( + )
=3

= 10[3 (2) cos( 3 ) + 2 (2) cos( 2 ) +

1 (2) cos( ) + 0 (2) cos + 1 (2) cos( + ) +

2 (2) cos( + 2 ) + 3 (2) cos( + 3 )]

= 1.29 cos( 12000) + 3.53 cos( 8000)

5.77 cos( 4000) + 2.24 cos + 5.77 cos( + 4000) +

3.53 cos( + 8000) + 1.29 cos( + 12000).

XFM(f)

5.77

3.53

fc-6
-1.29

2-

fc-2

fc

1.29
fc+2

fc+4

fc+6

F(kHz)

-5.77

= 2 =
=

fc-4

2.24

3.53

=
=
= 4 /
2 2

2.5 4
=
=
=5
2

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Example on Chapter 4:
Draw the timing diagram, and the block diagram for a communication
system (transmitter side only) that can be used to transmit the message
signal f(t) shown below using a (4ASK) modulation scheme. The sampling

rate is equal to (250 kHz) with 8 quantization levels. Start sampling at t=0.
4

x (t)

3
2
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

t(s)

-1
-2
-3
-4

Solution:
f(t)

fs(t)

Sampler
Fs=250
kHz

Quantizer fsq(t)
8-level

S(t)

Encoder
3-bit

2-bit store
and LUT

V(t)

VCO

q4fsk(t)

x (t)
111 3.5
110 2.5
101 1.5
100 0.5
011 -0.5

t(s)
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

010 -1.5
001 -2.5
000 -3.5

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S(t)

V(t)

fout

q4FSK(t)

-3.5
0v
f0

1v
f1

2.5
1

12

-0.5

3.5

-0.6

2.4

-3.4

Xs(t)

Xsq(t)

t(s)

2v
f2

1v
f1

3v
f3

3v

f3

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