Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DECEMBER 1979
Introduction
The quantitative analysis of drainage networks has gone
through dramatic advances since the 1%0's, mainly after
Shrews [1966] classical paper which led the way for a theoret,cal foundation of Horton's well-known empirical laws and
provided a new perspective for many other problems in fluvial
geomorphology. Although these developments are of great
.mportance for hydrologists, there has been a void in the cou
pling of quantitative geomorphoiogical analysis with the most
important hydrologic variable, namely, the streamflow rekponsc to surface runoff of the geomorphoiogical unity, the
aaiershed. This paper is a first step in that direction with the
conviction that the search for a theoretical coupling of quanmalive geomorphology and hydrology is an area which will
provide some of the most exciting and basic developments of
hvdrology in the future.
Figure 1 shows a hypothetical watershed with the Strahler
ordering procedure: (1) Channels that originate at a source are
defined to be first-order streams. (2) When two streams of or
der oj join, a stream of order a + 1 is created. (3) When two
streams of different order join, the channel segment immedi
ately downstream has the higher of the orders of the two com
bining streams. The quantitative expressions of Horton's laws
are
Law of stream numbers
NJN^t = R1
Law of stream lengths
LJL^ = RL
Law of stream areas
AJA^ = R,
1410
t,etattune'wu
i betack,edb*******
1. State is the order of the stream in which the drop is lo
P\2
P\3
Pzi
^
Pl2
P-a ^
Pm
PN2
PN3
Trapping state
Pin
P2N
Pnn
and us
(or. in
sitions
hen P
ns ocecause
ime is
iarkov
)blem.
i time
ransi.* stale
thesis,
;ed to
1411
or, in other words, that the drops starts its travel in a stream of
Equation (6) will not take us very far because it is quite dif
order i.
ficult to solve and it is impossible to generalize the results.
Unfortunately, the simple scheme described above is not Nevertheless, we can make two assumptions which make
applicable to our problem because the state at a given time things considerably simpler:
depends on the time between transitions as well as the number
1. Holding times ru are independent of destination state.
of steps, or transitions, to reach a certain state. In a watershed Then
die time between transitions depends on the location of the
drop because different streams in the same catchment have
hfr) = wfr)
different dynamic characteristics. We think of this as a semiP D H(t) = W(t) P(t)
Markovian process whose successive state occupancies are
2. Times between events are well described by the func
governed by the transition probabilities of a Markov process
but whose time of stay in any state is described by a random tionally appealing exponential density function. Thus the
variable that depends on the state presently occupied and on waiting time of the drop on a stream of order i is given by
ihe state to which the next transition will be made. Thus at
w,(t) = A,-A'r >w,{t) = e~k'r
transition instants the semi-Markovian process behaves just
like a Markov process. We call this process the imbedded where A, is a different mean waiting time for each stream or
Markov process. Nevertheless, the times at which transitions der.
occur are governed by a different probabilistic mechanism.
Assumption 1 is quite realistic for the traveling of a drop;
assumption 2 will be shown to be a reasonable hypothesis
The Formal Model
later on in this paper.
The order of the streams occupied by the drop on successive
The mean waiting time matrix is A"1, where
iransitions are governed by the transition probabilities p0 of
the imbedded Markov process. But the time Ty that the drop
0
will spend in state i before making a transition to state j is a
0
random variable that can take on any positive value with
A =
probability density function h0(r). We define now an uncon
A3
ditional waiting time in state /', t as the time spent by the
drop in state /' when one does not know its successor state. The
r, is a random variable described by the waiting time density
function
the A, being the inverse of the mean waiting time in streams of
order /.
N
The two previous hypotheses allow a drastic simplification
W-(t)=
I>A(t)
(4)
/-
of (6). Defining a transition rate matrix as
Following Howard[1971], we can define
A m A(P - I)
H( ) matrix of holding time density functions, NX N;
W( ) Nx N diagonal matrix whose rth diagonal element
is the unconditional waiting time density function
h>< );
-*a 2 Py ^iPi
J>2
UO = VX') +
... 0
dr hMM - r) (5)
i=l,2,-,N
j=i2,-,N
>robThe
atrix
)cess
0) is
eleate i
In matrix notation,
80 = 0 i*j
dt
-=(o)(
v
J.y
= (O)z0
= (ove
W^ + M3Ltf + Mitf+Mi
PV+-'NBY + *X,Y+*)
(*X + s)Qy + s)*x
('V + *)*^
('y + S-^yi-
.
,
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JUIOd
IBOI
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(oi)
(91)
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(W)
s
V0
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e Y-
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(ei)
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(SI)
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(6)
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(Y
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x ; n -- z\)
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(8)
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zicPy'y
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(A)
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7It,I
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ZNZ-
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(53)
(i-gyz)/y
'vz - z"vz + fv
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jo juomjsu sjiuy Buin jspjo jo s-Jjuq jo jsquinu ubsui aqj^
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"y - z"}fZ
Z + "XZ- Z"X
= '</
SB
jspjo jo suis-Bq joj t'c/jo snjBA sqj sjbuiijss ubd sm 'Xijejiuiis
(33)
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= ;>d
FNZ->N).Lzl
A/ + zNZ
si suibsjjs jspjo-puosss OJUI mBjp
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IW
oy*9p
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mou si uiSBq jspjo-pjiqj sqj joj HHI 3UJ-
-i
joj dn S5JBUI qatqM 'j - / jspjo jo swbsjjs omj sqj uiojj suiod
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sjspisuoo suo usqAA isdBd siqj ui usjjbj sisXjbub jo jjjom
-suibjj sqj jspun smij Suijibm uibsjjs sqj jo jBqj UBqj jsqBUis
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sb jusds suiij sqj qjoq jo spsm ussq SBq uoijBJSpisuoo usqM
; sjbjs in dojp b Xq jusds smij ubsiu sqj si ,_'y 'jsuubui siqj uj
(Z.3)
(93)
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(z + ^i-svru
7- -17^ - 1 - (O)l0
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'A/3-
I -'NZ
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sunj Suijibm uBsm sqj suusj sSbjsab ui jBqj psj sm snqj puB
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asNOdSHy DiooioyoAH :s3qiva qnv Haynxi-zanojyao^
t'lt'I
(0)
- V
'7/ = 'Y
ssqdun qoiq/i.\
(3)
0 Y3 Y30
0
rY
0
0
0
Z Y-
0 o n ^ Y " f fl y ' y -
"3U0MJSU SBUIBjp
siotjjM sq, ,noq3nojq, sujbs sq, Xp,BunxojddB si ,usuioui Xub
jb XjtsopA sq, jusas jjounj-UBjuiiBj usaiS b joj jBqj SuiumssB
()
0
0
0
rY3 EY3- 0
(63)
= d
'7/='X
" d
0
z'd
0
O iapjo sqj oj innbs 'y JO jsquinu B pssu 3AA ssuodssj sqj jo L
JUSUOdUJOD DIUIBUXp sq, PUB JDSJJS S,BDS JO SZIS B qjoq UIBJUOD
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S] xujbui XjqiqBqojd
. uotjisubj,
A qsqj e ^pJO
u s JO
a i SuisBq b jo
m oj u
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suibuisj
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urejqo
o,
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3qj jnq (Sl) Pub '(w) '(n) Xq uaAIg Qytf pUB .(;)0 ( )WJ
sjsqumu uouoH sqj jo uoijounj sb V ssijqiqBqojd uoijisubt, suoisssjdss sqj ssSuBqs a sjbjs bjjxs sq, jo uoijdopB aqj
sqr Joj Pub (Oy0 ssijqiqBqojd reijnr. sq, joj suoijBnbs'sqx
"i-7^ = ,-cYJ anjBA UBaiu qitM
,JiBjs mou
_ , mM upnB
i S utp,(i)^p
o
o
o j s siqj
z ui ug)i ouisbo
jj
Xqq jUaA,Sj bs| (asBD
(83)
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xrf_3Xjl/ = (x)t,M
_vy -1 = or
/ . ( Y- 5
ziSX-'Y)
(ZY-*EY3)ZY
[ud^Y\- YYjVy V
z(z\ - *CY)('Y ~ ZY) _ 3
</Yt(Y)
= zv
(I)
V
(0)^ + V (o)^ + v (0)tf = V = Hni
(/)"*/>
(;)SS^P
(;)^p
(/)s^
SpuiJ SUO 'XjSAIJDSdsSJ > PUB S3JBJS 0
PUB r; ssjbjs J3ujjoj Suutbd Pub g sjbjs js>pnq sqj 3uinBD
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spaaj
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"i.iuj;
3~/*S-2 =A
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(,-JM)b
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f
>
1(1
nt
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^1
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00 00 c
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11 I*111
oo IS ti:
'
1418
.tp(hfs)
M0R0V1S
UNIBON
5.0
RB
3.2
40
2.7
E.8
2l.6(Kms)
22.4(Kms)
RL
Ln
12
56
V(mAec)
Fig. 7. Examples of the variation of the time to peak of the IUH as function of the flow velocity.
equations for all orders are related as will be shown in the
next section of this paper. It is important to notice at this mo
ment that different hydrologists may assign different fi to the
same basin, depending on judgment and the scale of the map.
RA, R, and R,, on the other hand, do not depend on the scale
of the map. Clearly, the IUH should be the same for both hy
drologists, but the equations are different in their functional
structure because they represent two differents $2. It turns out,
as the experiments of the next section show, that both IUH's
agree almost perfectly as long as one compares, say, an IUH
of fourth order with a certain L, with an IUH of third order
12
Fig. 8.
(mAec)
Examples of the variation of the peak of the IUH as a function of the flow velocity.
1419
RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE AND VALDES: HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE
e=\.3lRL-,sl
R2
0.991
(38)
(40>
(41)
tP = k/v
where th stands for the base time or total duration of the IUH.
The th is the time that it takes the last drop of the unit impulse
rainfall to reach the outlet of the basin. Thus th is some length
over a certain velocity, and qp then will be a velocity over a
length. Therefore 9 and k have dimensions of L"1 and L, re
spectively.
The task is now to find the geomorphologic dependence of
6 and k. With fixed L, and ft a regression analysis was per
formed between the 126 combinations of RB, RA, and RL ver
sus 0 and A:. The regressions giving a better fit are of multipli
cative form, for example,
1.31
LaRi.
Rl
k = OMLuR^R^Ra-^Rl62
and for any 2 and any , one has
1
1.31
T Ti R l
LaRLl-u-- RlQ~3
k = OMLvR^R^Ra-^R^R"-'
which simplify to
k = aR/tR/iR^
With all the R2 above 0.97 and most of them above 0.99
they are shown in detail in the report by Rodriguez-Iturbe et
al.\\919\.
It is crucial to understand that the regression analyses per
formed here are not empirical; we knew the functional rela
tionship of the geomorphologic IUH, and thus the regressions
have to yield excellent fits. Their only purpose is of an opera
tional character in order to present general results which are
very difficult to obtain with straight mathematics from IUH
equations because their form, sum of exponentials, does not
lend itself to clean mathematics.
The generalization of the results may be better understood
in terms of an example taken from the computations. For a
third-order basin (ti = 3) and a size parameter L, = 500 m the
following regression equations are obtained for 9 and k:
5 = 2.61 R,;
R2 = 0.997
k = 0.22RBo5'RA-oi5RL,
(36)
R2 = 0.993
(37)
9=l.3l/Ln-RL043
(44)
k = 0MLaRBO55RA-oi5RL-"i
(45)
Equations (44) and (45) are the basic general equations which
allow the estimation of the peak and time to peak of the IUH
through the relations
qp = 6-v
t = k/v
'
rx-ostQun,r* (46)
servation has hf*n ~,o^ , CI"er r or q). This obesting role when trvinp to , I TY* cou,d P,ay an mterProbfem of hydr ^ SSSSVZ **" "d ***
trying
to
make
**LX^^+
logic response of different basins. * hydr0"
Conclusions