INTRODUCTION:-

۞ GINGIVA is a masticatory mucosa and covers

the alveolar process of the jaw and surrounds the
neck of the teeth.

۞ The gingival extends from the dentogingival

junction to the alveolar mucosa. It is subject to
friction and pressure of mastication.

۞ The stratified squamous epithelium may be

keratinized or non-keratinized but most often it is
parakeratinized.

۞ The gingival appears slightly depressed between

adjacent teeth, corresponding to the depression
 on the alveolar process between eminence of the
sockets.

۞ The gingiva is limited on the outer surface of

both the jaws by the mucogival junction, which
separates it from the alveolar mucosa.

۞ The alveolar mucosa is red & contains numerous

small vessels coursing close to the surface.

۞ The gingival is normally pink but sometimes

have grayish tint.

۞ Gingiva is attached immovably and firmly to the

periosteum of the alveolar bone.

۞ On the inner surface of the lower jaw a line of

demarcation is found between the gingival and
the mucosa on the floor of the mouth.
TYPES OF GINGIVA:-

The gingival is divided into three types:

A) Free or unattached or marginal gingival

B) Gingival sulcus.

C) Attached gingiva.
 A) FREE OR UNATTACHED OR
MARGINAL GINGIVA:-

۞ The free gingival is the terminal edge of the

gingival which is usually about 1mm wide and
surrounds the teeth.

۞ The free gingival forms one of the walls of the

gingival sulcus and is separated from the
attached gingival by a groove called free gingival
groove.

B) ATTACHED GINGIVA:-

۞ It is the continuation of the free gingival and

extends up to the alveolar mucosa.

۞ The attached gingival is separated from the

alveolar mucosa by a mucogingival sulcus.

۞ The width :-
→3.5-4.5 mm in the maxillary anterior region

→3.3-3.9mm in the mandibular anterior region.

→Posteriorly the width of the attached gingival

is less.
 →It is the least at the first premolar area being

→1.9mm-maxilla and 1.8mm-mandible.

C) INTERDENTAL PAPILLA:-

۞ It is the part of gingival that fills the space

between two adjacent teeth.

۞ It is a shallow V shaped space surrounding the

tooth.

۞ It is bounded on one side by the tooth and on the

other side by the free gingiva.

۞ From oral or vestibular aspect, the surface of the

interdental papilla is triangular.

۞ The depressed part of interdental papilla is called

COL.

۞ Col is covered by thin non-keratinized

epithelium.

۞ Elastic fibers known as OXYTALAN fibers are

present.
MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF
GINGIVA:-

۞ Broadly speaking gingival is made up of

epithelium and connective tissue.

۞ The gingival epithelium can be studied under

three headings:-

1) Outer or oral epithelium

2) Sulcular epithelium

3) Junctional epithelium.

GINGIVAL
EPITHELIUM

OUTER OR ORAL SULCULAR JUNCTIONAL

EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM

STRATUM
BASALE

STRATUM
CORNEUM

STRATUM
SPINOSUM
1) OUTER OR ORAL EPITHELIUM:-

۞ The epithelium consists of the following layers:

a) Stratum basale:- cuboidal cells.

b) Stratum spinosum:- large polyhedral cells

→Desmosomes

c) Stratum corneum:- superficial most layer

Large, wide, flat and
lacking nucleus.
2) SULCULAR EPITHELIUM:-

۞ Extends from the coronal area of the junctional

epithelium to the free margin of the gingival.

۞ Epithelium is nonkeratinized.

۞ Epithelium lacks heavy ridges and papillae.

۞ It is not keratinized due to constant irritation of

plaque.

3) JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM:-

۞ Cells become cuboidal after ameloblasts have

finished formation of enamel.

۞ It forms a collar around the fully erupted tooth.

۞ It consist of stratified squamous nonkeratinizing

epithelium of 3-4 cell thickness having
length of 0.25-1.35 mm.

TYPES OF GINGIVAL
LIGAMENT:-
۞ The gingival contains dense fibers of collagen,
sometimes referred to as gingival ligament,
which is divided into:-

1) DENTOGINGIVAL:-
Extends from cervical cementum into
the lamina propria of the gingival.

2) ALVEOLOGINGIVAL:-
The fibers arise from the alveolar crest
& extend into the lamina propria.
 3) CIRCULAR:-
A small groups of fibers that circle the
tooth & interlace with the other fibers.

4) DENTOPERIOSTEAL:-
These fibers can be followed from the
cementum into the periosteum of the
alveolar crest and of the vestibular and
oral surfaces of the alveolar bone.

۞ There are also accessory fibers that extend

interproximally between adjacent teeth &
are also referred to as transseptal fibers.

۞ These fibers make the interdental ligament.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL LAYERS:-

1) KERATINIZATION (75%) :-

# In which the superficial cells form

scales of keratin & lose their nuclei.

# A stratum granulosum is present.

2) PARAKERATINIZATION (15%) :-

# In which the superficial cells retain

pyknotic nuclei & show some signs of
being keratinized.

# However, the stratum granulosum is

generally absent.

3) NON-KERATINIZATION (10%) :-

# In which the surface cells are

nucleated & show no signs of keratinization.
BlOOD SUPPLY:-
Blood supply of gingiva is by ALVEOLAR
ARTERY

NERVE SUPPLY:-
NERVE SUPPLY

MAXILLARY MANDIBULAR

NASOPALATINE NERVE
Inferior alveolar nerve
(Supplies facial aspect of anterior teeth)

POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR

NERVE
(Supplies facial aspect of posterior teeth)

GREATER PALATINE NERVE

(Supplies lingual aspect of posterior teeth)

ANTERIOR PALATINE NERVE

(Supplies lingual aspect of anterior teeth)
CONTENTS:-

1) INTRODUCTION

2) TYPES OF GINGIVA

3) MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF
GINGIVA

4) TYPES OF GINGIVAL LIGAMENT

5) DIFFERENT TYPES OF EPITHELIAL

LAYERS

6) ARTERIAL SUPPLY

7) NERVE SUPPLY

8) REFERENCES
 REFERNECES:-

۞ Oral histology and embryology -

ORBANS
S.N.
Bhaskar

۞ Oral histology and embryology -

A.R. Ten Cate

۞ Clinical periodontology -
Caranza
Glick Man

۞ Oral pathology -
Shaffers

۞ Local Anaesthesia -
Mallamaid